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PubMed1983

Motivating the geriatric patient for rehabilitation.

Geriatric patients often appear unmotivated for rehabilitation, and "poor motivation" is frequently the reason given for excluding them from rehabilitation programs. However, these patients may actually be impeded by specific obstacles to the development of motivation. Appropriate intervention may enable them to make better use of rehabilitation opportunities. In this paper the authors review the concept of human motivation and what is known about aging and motivation. Specific age-related changes are examined and treatment interventions identified to maximize the patients' participation in rehabilitation toward improved functional ability.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Motivational interviewing to promote sustained breastfeeding.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility of using motivational interviewing to promote sustained breastfeeding by increasing a mother's intent to breastfeed for 6 months and increasing her breastfeeding self-efficacy. DESIGN: A longitudinal experimental two-group design with repeated measures was selected to explore the feasibility of using motivational interviewing to promote sustained breastfeeding in primiparous mothers. SETTING: Three Western rural community hospital sites. PARTICIPANTS: Convenience sample of 73 primiparous breastfeeding mothers ranging between the ages of 19 and 38, M = 25 (SD = 4.5). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Mothers reported the date of their last day of breastfeeding, defined as any breastfeeding during the previous 24-hour period. Breastfeeding behavior was confirmed at each visit by infant test weights. RESULTS: The motivational interviewing group (M = 98.1 days, SD = 75.2) breastfed longer than the comparison group (M= 80.7 days, SD = 71.9); however, this difference was not significant, t(69) = 0.991, p = .325, Cohen's d = 0.24, related to the variability in the sample. CONCLUSIONS: Although not a statistically significant difference, the mean number of days that mothers in the intervention group breastfed was 98 days compared to the mean of 81 days by the comparison group; therefore, motivational interviewing may be useful as a strategy to test in a comprehensive intervention plan.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1980

Effect of an instructional motivation program on oral health in Danish adolescents after 1 and 2 years.

A 2-year study of the isolated effect of an intensive motivation program in the oral health of 11--15-year-old schoolchildren was carried out in a Danish provincial town. The motivation program consisted of small-group sessions during which maximum effort was made to obtain active engagement from the children. After 1 year the experimental group was supplemented with two new groups of children who in addition to the motivation participated in a competition on dental hygiene. The effect of the motivational program on knowledge and behavior was evaluated. While the program seemed to result in a reinforcement of the already existing positive attitude, the cognitive level was only slightly improved and no change in behavior resulting in improved oral health was registered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Obstacles to regular dental care related to extrinsic and intrinsic motivation.

The aim of this study was to test factors preventing regular dental care as put forward by persons who are extrinsically or intrinsically motivated in relation to dental care. The series consisted of 390 randomly selected young and middle-aged patients, 207 women and 183 men, visiting two occupational health centers in Oulu, Finland. Logistic regression analysis showed that the probability of being extrinsically motivated was greater among those who mentioned the purposelessness of brushing their teeth, lack of time, lack of interest, expense, laziness and failure to appreciate the seriousness of dental care as factors hindering regular dental care very much or somewhat. Thus extrinsically motivated persons seemed to propose superficial reasons and reasons related to non-appreciation of dental care more often than intrinsically motivated persons.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Self-care motivation: a model for primary preventive oral health behavior change.

Attempts to promote compliance of children with preventive health practices are most successful when strategies for motivating self-care behavior change address the physical, cognitive, and affective components of individuals. This study evaluated the effectiveness of using a Self-Care Motivation Model and curriculum to promote oral health and hygiene behavior change among 92 third grade students randomly selected according to homeroom assignments in five Gloucester, Mass., public schools. Student gingival health and oral hygiene measures were obtained two weeks prior to, and two weeks, three months, and one year after educational sessions. Group one, comprised of mid-high socioeconomic status family students, served as an oral examination control. Groups two-five received educational sessions designed to teach students various aspects of oral health. Significant improvements (p less than .001) in gingival health and dental plaque scores were observed in all experimental groups for up to three months. During a period of three months to one year, mean group scores returned to baseline and worsened for all groups except group five, the lowest socioeconomic family status group and the only group receiving the full series of self-care motivation curriculum sessions. Experimental group teachers reported that most children responded favorably to the program, and specific attitude and behavior changes were observed in many children. Further research evaluating the efficacy of using this self-care motivation model in primary preventive health education programs is indicated.

Affect↗
PubMed1997

Incentives and motivators in school-based hepatitis B vaccination programs.

During a school-based vaccination program, incentives and education were offered to help motivate students to participate. Each student at all schools in the program received scholastic credit for returning a signed form, material rewards for receiving each vaccine dose, and free attendance at a social event after completing the vaccine series. In two of four schools, classes received a reward if every student in the classroom returned a signed form within five days: in these schools, 91% and 98% of students returned signed forms within five days, compared to 82% and 85%, respectively, in the two schools without this peer incentive. Approximately half the students receiving the peer incentive reported that it played a motivating role, whereas 60% cited wanting to be protected. Few students named individual rewards as motivators. Although peer incentives appeared effective in encouraging some students to return parent consent or refusal forms, the desire to be protected may have been a stronger motivator.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

A pilot study of motivational interviewing in adolescents with diabetes.

AIMS: To obtain preliminary data on the impact of motivational interviewing, a counselling approach to behaviour change, on glycaemic control, wellbeing, and self-care of adolescents with diabetes. METHODS: Twenty two patients aged 14-18 years participated in motivational interviewing sessions during a six month intervention. The effects of the intervention on HbA1c and a range of psychological factors were assessed. RESULTS: Mean HbA1c decreased from 10.8% to 9.7% during the study and remained significantly lower after the end of the study. Fear of hypoglycaemia was reduced and diabetes was perceived as easier to live with. There were no other significant changes in the psychological measures. By contrast no reduction in HbA1c values was observed in a comparison group who did not receive the motivational interviewing intervention. CONCLUSION: The findings of this pilot study indicate that motivational interviewing may be a useful intervention in helping adolescents improve their glycaemic control. A larger, longer term randomised controlled study is indicated to clarify the mechanisms and extent of these benefits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Effects of brief yoga exercises and motivational preparatory interventions in distance runners: results of a controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the efficacy of two preparatory interventions on one mile run performance in 90 high school long distance runners. METHOD: After participants had completed a one mile baseline run, they were randomly assigned to participate in either one of two interventions (brief yoga exercises, motivational shouting exercises) or a no intervention control condition. Experimental conditions were implemented one week after the baseline run about 20 minutes before a second one mile trial. RESULTS: Participants assigned to the motivational intervention improved their running performance significantly more than those assigned to the other two conditions. Although the magnitude of the effect was small, participants assigned to yoga exercises showed significant improvements in running performance relative to control condition participants. Consumer satisfaction ratings indicated that participants who were assigned to the motivational and yoga exercise groups liked their interventions more than those assigned to the control group. CONCLUSION: Motivational and yoga interventions designed to improve long distance running performance were equally acceptable to the participants, but the former had a greater effect.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Motivational deficits after brain injury: effects of bromocriptine in 11 patients.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that treatment with bromocriptine would ameliorate deficits in clinical motivation, responsiveness to reward, and frontal cognitive function after brain injury. METHOD: An open trial in six men and five women who had had either traumatic brain injury or subarachnoid haemorrhage between two months and five years previously. After repeated baseline assessments, bromocriptine was given in gradually increasing doses. Assessments were repeated at increasing doses, during maintenance, and after withdrawal. Novel structured instruments for quantifying motivation were developed; measures of anxiety and depression, and cognitive tests sensitive to motivation or frontal lobe involvement were also given. RESULTS: Bromocriptine treatment was followed by improved scores on all measures other than mood. Improvement was maintained after bromocriptine withdrawal in eight of the patients. CONCLUSION: Poor motivation in patients with brain injury may result from dysfunction in the mesolimbic/mesocortical dopaminergic circuitry, giving rise to associated deficiencies in reward responsiveness and frontal cognitive function.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Work motivation theory and research at the dawn of the twenty-first century.

In the first Annual Review of Psychology chapter since 1977 devoted exclusively to work motivation, we examine progress made in theory and research on needs, traits, values, cognition, and affect as well as three bodies of literature dealing with the context of motivation: national culture, job design, and models of person-environment fit. We focus primarily on work reported between 1993 and 2003, concluding that goal-setting, social cognitive, and organizational justice theories are the three most important approaches to work motivation to appear in the last 30 years. We reach 10 generally positive conclusions regarding predicting, understanding, and influencing work motivation in the new millennium.

Affect↗
PubMed2006

Classroom goal structure, student motivation, and academic achievement.

Over the past 25 years, achievement goal theory has emerged as one of the most prominent theories of achievement motivation. This chapter uses an achievement goal framework to examine the influence of classroom and school environments on students' academic motivation and achievement. Considerable evidence suggests that elementary and secondary students show the most positive motivation and learning patterns when their school settings emphasize mastery, understanding, and improving skills and knowledge. Whereas school environments that are focused on demonstrating high ability and competing for grades can increase the academic performance of some students, research suggests that many young people experience diminished motivation under these conditions. The implications of achievement goal theory for examining the impact of school reform are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed2001

Assessing the influence of payment on motivations of women participating as oocyte donors.

We report on the motivations of potential ovum donors entering an assisted reproduction program and discuss the potential ramifications of escalating payments to donors. From July 1995 to July 1998, recruitment of ovum donors was directed at healthy women between 21 and 34 years of age. Financial remuneration for services rendered was USD 2,500 from July 1995 through March 1998 and increased to USD 5,000 after that. Donors were screened and consented according to established SART guidelines. The demographic background of the women was similar for women paid USD 2,500 to those receiving USD 5,000. The financial motivation was greater in those receiving USD 5,000 (68%) than USD 2,500 (39%). Some form of expressed altruism was similarly present in both groups (USD 5,000 90%, and USD 2,500 91%). However, altruism expressed as the sole motivation occurred more in those receiving USD 2,500 (61%) compared to USD 5,000 (32%). Financial reimbursement has escalated for the services of ovum donors in order to maintain the increasing demand. While money has become a dominant factor motivating ovum donors, its seductive nature requires even greater attention to adequate informed consent. Young donors may be unable to adequately weigh the risks of ovarian hyperstimulation and oocyte retrieval against the monetary reward.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Patient motivation as a predictor of process and outcome in psychotherapy.

This study examined the effect of the patient's level of motivation upon process and outcome in short-term psychotherapy. 18 shy, anxious, and depressed male college students received up to 25 sessions of therapy with experienced professional therapists. Analyses of audiotaped samples from four therapy sessions indicated that motivation was a good predictor of a patient's behavior in therapy. These analyses also suggested that the patient's level of motivation may influence the therapist's behavior during treatment. Lastly, ratings of motivation significantly predicted both the therapist's and the clinician's ratings of overall improvement, but not the patient's rating of overall improvement or the residual maladjustment scores derived from the MMPI.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Athymhormia and disorders of motivation in Basal Ganglia disease.

The author proposes a general model of human motivation as a separate function at the interface between emotion and action, which can be ascribed to subcortical circuits that are mainly centered on a subset of the basal ganglia and on their limbic connections. It is argued that the long-standing historical understatement of the notion of motivation in neurology is not only due to the complexity of the issue, which has proven hard to disentangle from other domains of dysfunction, but also to the persistence of some misleading conceptual orientations in the way neurologists have considered the brain mechanisms of goal-directed action, torn between a nonspecific "activation" view and an exclusively cognitive conception of motivation. How combining early clinical intuitions of some psychiatrists, careful clinical observations of neurological patients, and data derived from experimental studies in animals provide the basis for a coherent model of human motivation and its specific impairment in clinical neurology is explained. Clinical implications that can be drawn from such a model for some neuropsychiatric conditions are proposed.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Young children in recreational sports. Participation motivation.

More than 20 million children between ages 6 and 16 years participate in nonschool sports programs, with increasingly more programs being established for younger-age children. A questionnaire based on previous research with adolescent athletes was developed to determine participation motivation of 6- to 10-year-old children. Three hundred fourteen boys participating in a basketball program were interviewed privately with this instrument. Of the 12 participation motivation items, "learn to do my best," "learn and improve skills," "have a coach to look up to," and "get stronger and healthier" were most highly rated, whereas "win games" and "become popular" were rated least important. When responses of 6 and 7 year olds were compared with those of 9 and 10 year olds, older children rated "feel part of a team", "have fun and excitement" and "be with and make new friends" higher at a statistically significant level (p less than 0.05). Older children rated "win games" and "become popular" lower at a statistically significant level (p less than 0.05). The authors conclude that young children in this recreational sports program make significant distinctions in their participation motivation and that some aspects of participation that motivate them change as they grow older.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Goal importance and students at risk of having language difficulties: an underexplored aspect of student motivation.

The purpose of this study was to compare the motivational determinants of students at risk of language difficulties (in reading and spelling) and students with high language skills. Teachers' evaluations in language and mathematics at the end of the academic year constituted the dependent variable. Motivational orientations were examined using the constructs that reflect the theory of planned behavior and goal importance. Participants were 202 elementary school students-22 at risk of language difficulties and 180 with high language skills-drawn from 30 elementary schools in northern Greece. The results indicated that the two groups differed significantly, with the at-risk students exhibiting significantly lower perceptions of goal importance, intention to achieve, belief strength, outcome evaluation, and normative beliefs, and eventually scoring lower in language and mathematics at the end of the academic year. A finer analysis of students' motivational orientations was conducted using covariance structural modeling (CSM) and EQS 5.7b. The planned behavior model with goal importance produced a comparative fit index (CFI) of 1.00 in language and mathematics for the at-risk group. The respective CFIs for the high language skills group were .97 and 1.00 in language and mathematics, respectively. Although model fit was excellent across samples, different weights and signs linking motivational orientations to achievement partly explained the observed differences in language and mathematics manifested in the two groups.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predicting LD on the basis of motivation, metacognition, and psychopathology: an ROC analysis.

We examined how strongly motivation, metacognition, and psychopathology acted as predictors of learning disabilities (LD). The results from five studies suggested that level of motivation (as shown through self-efficacy, motivational force, task avoidance, goal commitment, or self-concept) was highly accurate in classifying students with or at risk for LD. Metacognition and psychopathology were also strong predictors. Classification accuracy using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves ranged between 77% and 96%. These rates were much higher than the chance-level (i.e., 50%-55%) rates sometimes yielded by cognitive indices. Linear discriminant function (LDF) analysis substantiated classification accuracy. These results suggest that motivation, metacognition, and psychopathology are strong predictors of LD. Understanding the influence of these characteristics may help researchers and practitioners more accurately screen and treat students with LD.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Motivational strategies used by dietitians to counsel individuals with diabetes.

The purposes of this study were to determine the use and perceived effectiveness of motivational strategies used by dietitians and to evaluate dietitians' perceptions of barriers to client compliance. A three-part questionnaire with 32 motivational strategies, 16 barriers to adherence, and demographic information was designed and mailed to 862 members of the American Dietetic Association's Diabetes Care and Education Dietetic Practice Group. Statistical analyses included frequency distributions, chi-square analysis, and factor analysis. Only 13 of the 32 motivational strategies were used frequently by 50% or more of the dietitians. The main strategy based on perceived effectiveness was "Tailor the diet to the client's lifestyle." Strategies perceived as effective also were used frequently by a majority of the dietitians. There were differences in use of strategies based on practice setting, CDE certification, and education level. The most significant barrier to adherence was "Complications with lifestyle/competing demands." Factor analysis revealed nine factors for motivational strategies and five factors for barriers to adherence.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗