Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “MILITARY SCIENCE”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources

The development of HIV research laboratories in the Royal Thai Army Medical Department.

The development of HIV research laboratories at the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Royal Thai Army Medical Department in supporting of HIV-1 vaccine trials in Thailand was implemented in 1991. The collaboration between AFRIMS, Royal Thai Army Medical Department, and the US Military HIV Research Program with the ultimate goal to conduct the HIV-1 vaccine trial phase III. The HIV serology lab was set up for surveillance program in military recruits. Then, there was a need to strengthen more on the existing laboratories by training personnel to cope with the confidentiality of the lab results, specimen processing and data management which are critical. Later on, the necessary laboratory for measuring of vaccine immunogenicity was developed, such as lymphoproliferation assay. Additionally, a molecular biology lab was also developed. The HIV research laboratory management must include an ability to deal with some problems, such as late specimen receiving, fluctuating of power supply, technical staffs maintained. Good laboratory practices and safety must be strictly implemented. Communication network among facilities also played an important role in HIV laboratory strengthening at AFRIMS.

Academies and Institutes↗

Exposure assessment and the health of deployed forces.

The risk assessment process is a critical function for military Deployment Toxicology research objectives, emphasizing improved health protection of deployed forces. Reliable risk assessment methodology is essential for decision making related to risk reduction procedures during combat deployment, as well as during routine occupational activities. Such decision making must be based upon quality science that both guides sound judgments in risk characterization and management, and provides necessary health protection tools. The health and fitness of deployed forces must be considered for both acute and long-term issues. Exposure assessment specifies populations that might be exposed to injurious agents, identifies routes of exposure, and estimates the magnitude, duration, and timing of the doses that personnel may receive as a result of their exposure. Acute or short-term catastrophic risks for deployed forces are of immediate concern and must be addressed on a risk prioritization basis using Operational Risk Management (ORM) procedures. However, long-term effects of exposure to the same agents must be considered as part of the overall health concerns for deployed forces. In response to these needs, a number of military, federal government, academic and private sector organizations are currently developing new classes of biologically-based biosensors with the programmed capacity to detect the presence of virtually any environmental chemical or biological stressor with the capacity to induce health consequences in deployed personnel. A major objective of this engineering effort is development of biosensor systems that detect novel (previously unresearched) chemical or biological agents that might be used during international combat or terrorist attacks to induce acute or long-term health effects on military or civilian populations. A large portion of the discussion in this paper is devoted to describing the development, testing, and implementation of tissue-based biosensors (TBBs) that utilize small samples of living tissue from laboratory small animals for a wide range of human risk assessment applications.

Animals↗

Electronic access to military/uniformed services nursing research.

The Graduate School of Nursing of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, with the help of Cinahl Information Systems, has created a virtual electronic military/uniformed services nursing research (EMUSNR) database. This database is an integral component of the newly created specific interest category for military and uniformed services, which will tag all their documents in the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature database. The virtual research database will allow easy access to military/uniformed services nursing research documents completed by students at the Graduate School of Nursing and final reports of the TriService Nursing Research Program. The EMUSNR offers electronic searching and retrieval of citations to the nursing research documents. The citations will be fully indexed, consisting of an informative abstract, unique subject headings, cited references, and other research concepts. Individuals both in and out of the military and uniformed services around the world will benefit from this new resource.

Databases as Topic↗

Changes in perikymata and their significance to a postmortem dental identification.

Perikymata are wavelike features that are normally found in the surface enamel of teeth. These structures are known to undergo regressive changes due to gradual attrition, mechanical abrasion, or chemical erosion. Forensic science has suggested that significance be placed on some forms of their loss as indicators of age, oral habits, and alignment of individual teeth. The dental identification of victims of a Vietnam War military aircraft crash is presented. The unusual pattern of perikymata change on two of the teeth suggests the antemortem existence of a removable partial denture. These findings support the exclusionary conclusions.

Dental Enamel↗

[Forgotten Dresden Surgeons (I)].

This article describes problems some surgeons of Dresden were confronted with in the time between 1750 and 1850. These surgeons present the transition of the 'Age of Enlightment' and the period of sciences. Special achievements are mentioned: Hedenus as the founder of the modern surgery in Dresden and as a pioneer in practising the operations of glandula thyreoidea, Ohle, Meding, Pech and Graeffe mainly as military surgeons and surgery teachers, Ammon as a plastic surgeon and Andrée as a dental surgeon.

General Surgery↗

[Lifetime achievements of Bogomir B. Mrsulja. 1940-1944].

Bogomir Mrshulja was born on September 18th, 1940 in Lendava. He finished both elementary school and high school in Belgrade and subsequently graduated from the School of Medicine, University of Belgrade in 1965. As an undergraduate he was an assistant at the Biochemistry Department and the subject became his profession for life. The University of Belgrade awarded him a scholarship and in 1968 he defended his MSc thesis entitled Glycogen of the Central Nervous System--Methods of Separation, Fraction Isolation, Regional Distribution and Variations in Different Levels of Deprivation of Paradoxical Sleep. Soon after, in 1970, he defended his PhD thesis, as well: Brain Glycogen and Deprivation of Paradoxical Sleep--Biochemical and Pharmacological Aspects of Glycogenolysis. In the period 1973-1975 he spent 18 months in the capacity of a visiting scientist in the Laboratory for Neuropathology and Neuroanatomic Sciences of the National Institute of Health in Bethesda (USA), and again, twelve more months in the same institution (Laboratory for Neurochemistry) in the capacity of a special expert of this institution (1983-84) where he was the chief investigator of neurochemical sequelae of experimental cerebral ischemia. He started his university career as an assistant professor in 1965; he was elected associated professor in 1970, promoted adjunct professor in 1978, while in 1984 he received the full professorship of biochemistry at the School of Medicine, University of Belgrade. In 1970 he was elected research associate of the "Sinisha Stankovitsh" Institute of Biological Research. He was professor of neurochemistry and Head of Department of Neurosciences of the Center for Multidisciplinary Studies, University of Belgrade. He was the Head of the Institute of Biochemistry and Head, Department of Biochemistry and Specialized Courses in Clinical Biochemistry at the School of Medicine, University of Belgrade. Owing to his original hypothesis on mechanisms of the occurrence of ischemic cerebral edema and possible therapeutic approach, Bogomir Mrshulja was frequently invited to lecture in university centers of USA, Canada, Japan, Germany and former USSR. He also participated at over 50 international congresses and symposia worldwide. In the mid seventies, Bogomir Mrshulja started more intensive studies of pathophysiological events in the course of cerebral ischemia and already with his early papers intrigued the professional circles which was reflected in an exceptionally high number of his citations in international scientific and referential literature, including the textbooks. The research activities of Bogomir Mrshulja was impressively fruitful: he published 183 papers in extenso, out of which 42 in books of international publishers and 6 invited review articles. In all these papers he illustrated extensive knowledge, maturity, originality, critical attitude, high level of creativity and, finally, courage to oppose the conventional principles. It should be pointed out that in his works Bogomir Mrshulja tended to draw conclusions that stimulated both himself and his colleagues, researchers in the related fields, insisting on extensive evaluation and testing of hypotheses, which is easily illustrated by the number of citations of his papers. According to the Science Citation Index, by 1995 he was cited 1700 times in the world literature, and in the period 1995-2002 he was cited 250 more times. Besides, he set up and headed the Laboratory for pathological neurochemistry at the School of Medicine in Belgrade that was the cradle for many outstanding researchers and lecturers that now work at the Schools of Medicine in Belgrade, Nish and Kragujevac, Military Medical Academy, and other institutions countrywide. He insisted on indispensable link between laboratory and clinical work, and, at least in the field of neurosciences, he is one of the pioneers of this kind of dialogue. In the year in which he left us for good (1994) scientific contribution of Bogomir Mrshulja was recognized by his election for the corresponding fellow of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. In the same year, he also received the October Award of the City of Belgrade for research.

History, 20th Century↗

[Bailey K. Ashford, more in his remembrance].

The military physician Bailey K. Ashford (Washington, D. C., September 18, 1873--San Juan, Puerto Rico, November 1, 1934) is mostly remembered for having identified in 1899 the cause of fatal anemia prevalent among Puertorican peasants, but he was also a distinguished investigator of other diseases, and organizer of mass medical services, in peace and in war. In spite of Ashford's own sober statements, the great influence of his scientific work in Puerto Rico and the impact of his personality in patients and colleagues have helped cast him as a mythical figure. His personal archives (kept at the library of the University of Puerto Rico's Medical Sciences Campus) make clear that his autobiography presents only a selection among the episodes that would form a complete biography.

History, 19th Century↗

Advances in knowledge related to wounding, repair, and healing: 1885-1984.

The purpose of this paper is to record objectively the contribution of Annals of Surgery to the development of the science of surgery and its application to patient care in commemoration of its Centennial. Though many other subjects could have been chosen, the literature relating to wounding, repair, and healing is pertinent to all of surgery and uniquely comprises a significant portion of its history and science. By reviewing the articles and content of the 200 volumes, a personal perspective was gained and hopefully captured in the body of the manuscript. By departing from the usual format of a bibliography, names of authors appear rather than impersonal numbers. The editorial eras are apparent, punctuated by the beginnings, the World Wars, the Wars of Korea, Vietnam, and North Africa, the development of biomedical research, and the technologies in other fields. Annals also reflects the logarithmic increase in higly competent surgeons through the burgeoning educational programs of university health centers, major hospitals, and clinics in the United States and in other parts of the world. Societal needs and problems are reflected by the scope and breadth of the surgical articles in response to the medical needs of its constituents during war and peace. The evolution of specialization is apparent from the beginning. Declining morbidity and mortality rates reflect the application of research, technology, and experience to the science of surgery and the biology of wounds through their dissemination.

General Surgery↗

Public health implications of emerging vaccine technologies.

The field of public health and medicine stands to benefit immensely from the emerging vaccine technologies and improved application of existing technologies. Technological advances may promote: (1) greater flexibility and simplicity in the design and operation of immunization campaigns or ongoing prevention programs, including reduction in number of vaccine doses, cold chain elimination, slow-release/prolonged antigenic stimulation, reduced cost and hazard and increased ease of administration through noninvasive, oral delivery systems, greater population levels of immunization and health; (2) the development of documents by FDA, WHO, and other regulatory authorities and groups, to assist the manufacturer in the appropriate manufacturing, preclinical, and clinical development of these new vaccines; (3) a greater array of vaccines to protect the civilian and military populations; (4) increased vaccine potency; (5) vaccines eliciting mucosal immunity, cytotoxic T cells, and/or neutralizing antibody. At the end of the 20th century there remain many unconquered pathogens and noninfectious indications for which medical science suggests that vaccines could be effective. New technologies may provide the best hope to address this wide array of public health needs.

Humans↗

[The treatise "Nouveaux eléments d'anatomie descriptive" of H. Beaunis and A. Bouchard (1868)].

The treatise of anatomy of H. Beaunis (1830-1921) and A. Bouchard (1833-1899) published in 1868, had an important influence on the French anatomical sciences for more than thirty years. New editions were published in 1873, 1880, 1885, and the last in 1894. Both authors were professors at the Faculty of Medicine of Strasbourg, and tutors at the French Military Medical School established in Strasbourg. The 406 black-and-white woodcut ilustrations are mostly original. They were principally based on the drawings of E. Schweitzer (1837-1903) and A. Chuquet (1811-1899), both of whom lived in Strasbourg. Most of the illustrations were engraved by the Alsatian J. Lévy (1843-1918).

Anatomy↗

A study of the prevalence and distribution of dentine sensitivity in a population of 17-58-year-old serving personnel on an RAF base in the Midlands.

Previous studies have reported on dentine sensitivity (DS) prevalence in hospital and general practice populations. Results from these studies indicate that perception and prevalence of DS vary depending on the population. The study aimed to determine any major differences in the perception and prevalence of DS in subjects in a military training establishment. Questionnaires from 228 subjects [188 completed by males, 39 completed by females, with one person not indicating their gender of mean age 24.0 years (s.d. 7.16)] were collected and analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Fifty percent of the subjects (n=114) claimed to have DS. Yet approximately 30% of the subjects (29.8%, n=68) perceived the condition as a slight problem and approximately 40% of the subjects (40.8%, n=93) claimed it was an occasional problem and approximately 50% (49.1%, n=112) did not seek treatment. Seventeen subjects (7.5%) used a desensitizing paste during periods of discomfort. No clear pattern emerged with regard to seasonal variation in DS although 5.7% (n=13) subjects considered DS to be more of a problem in winter. Only 7.9% (n=18) reported any previous periodontal surgery, consistent with previous studies (12.6 and 15.5%). Of those who received regular scaling (27.2%, n=62), only 23 (10.1%) reported any discomfort following treatment, which did not last >or=5 days. The results indicate that self-reporting of DS was similar to previous reports, although it is of fundamental importance that such studies should be supplemented with a thorough clinical examination to determine more reliable prevalence data.

Adolescent↗

The Danish Conscription Registry: a resource for epidemiological research.

According to the Danish constitution all Danish male citizens must appear before a Conscript Board for assessment prior to military or civil service. Conscript Board examinations have followed the same standardized procedures over many decades, and the Danish Conscript Registry represents a valuable resource for epidemiological research in Denmark. During the last two decades investigations based on information in the registry have produced significant contributions to many areas of medical science. Within the last decade new procedures and electronic data processing and storage have resulted in restricted possibilities concerning current and future utilization of the Danish Conscript Registry for epidemiological purposes. To improve this it is recommended to maintain all codes describing present illnesses and conditions together with the civic registration numbers in the computerized archive of all subjects assessed by the Conscript Board.

Adolescent↗

Research should not ignore the power of elite groups.

For a long time, public health research has focused on many and diverse types of vulnerable groups in society. Whether drug abusers, prison inmates, smokers, poverty-stricken, mentally ill, HIV positive, or any number of other ailments, the public health system and, in particular, researchers have addressed and reported on people and populations with so-called deficits. Research on these vulnerable groups has been designed, conducted, reported, discussed and analysed, but vulnerable groups continue and, in fact, appear to be increasing in number, size, and range. An alternative approach that begins with entirely different questions is possible and advisable. Public health research could, and in the author's point of view, should, examine the lifestyles and, specifically, decision-making by members of elite groups. Studying up the economic and political ladder calls for examination of how a few reap enormous benefits for themselves, leaving the rest of us to our misfortune. Such decisions as the elite groups make affects resource allocation, use of information, and results in the public health and other social, economic, military, and political sectors in society.

Epidemiologic Studies↗

[Scottish professors in the Polish School of Medicine in Edinburgh].

In 1941, on the initiative of the University of Edinburgh, a Polish School of Medicine was founded at that University for soldier-students in the Polish Forces in Gr. Britain. It was a joint Scottish-Polish academic enterprise, unique in the history of universities. The Polish school of Medicine became an integral part of the University. As only 7 Polish professors were available (apart from associate professors and senior lecturers), a number insufficient to start a Medical School, a similar number of Scottish professors filled the vacant Polish chairs. Such an arrangement had been agreed by the organisers of the School and was included in the Agreement, negotiated between the University of Edinburgh and the Polish Government in London. According to the agreement the Scottish professors were proposed by the University authorities. A special invitation was sent to them by the Polish Government in London. The Scottish professors of the Polish School of Medicine were: Lt col. F.A.E. Crew honorary professor of the Polish School. L.S.P. Davidson (medicine), A.M. Drennan (pathology), D.M. Dunlop (co-examiner to prof. L.S.P. Davidson), R. W. Johnstone (obstetrics/gynaecology), T.J. Mackie (bacteriology), G.F. Marrion (chemistry/biochemistry), C. McNeil (paediatrics) and Sydney Smith (forensic medicine). Replacement due to retirement: R.J. Kellar, R.W.B. Ellis, Sir James Learmonth. Polish lecturers were attached to all the Scottish professors who held the Polish chairs. Thus the instruction in the above-mentioned subjects was given in Polish but the examination was conducted in English by the Scottish professors. But in some subject, both the instruction and the examination, were in English. The students had to learn English quickly as the language was essential for their reading of English textbooks and dealing with Scottish patients in the wards. A typical picture at that time in the wards of the Royal Infirmary was of a group of Scottish students being instructed by their professor at patient's bedside, and at another bed, a group of Polish soldier-students in battledress, being taught in Polish by their lecturer. The co-operation worked very well indeed. Seemingly impossible things can be successfully accomplished in exceptional circumstances for instance in warfare. A total of 227 students obtained the diploma M.B., Ch.B. It was valid only in Poland. By an Act of Parliament the diploma was made valid also in Gr. Britain. The diploma was in two versions: a Latin text of the diploma of the University of Edinburgh, and a Polish text of the Polish universities. In recognition of the invaluable help extended by the University of Edinburgh to Polish science and learning, a bronze plaque was unveiled in 1949 in the Quadrangle of the Medical Faculty.

Faculty, Medical↗

History of the Public Health Institute of Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest.

The science of public health of the XVIIIth century named politia medica together with medicina forensis became an independent obligatory subject in 1793 at the Medical Faculty of the Hungarian Royal University of Science. The independent Public Health Institute of the Medical Faculty was established in 1874. The first professor of public health was József Fodor who attained international reputation during his professorship. He organized training for school physicians and health teachers first in Europe and he organized courses for medical officers and for military doctors. He held courses for law-, engineer- and architect-students. He promoted all fields of the public health. His research on the bactericide effect of serum places him among the founders of immunology. Fodor's successors at the Chair of Public Health were Leó Liebermann whose research activities included physico-chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology and social hygiene; Gusztáv Rigler who focused on the epidemiology of communicable diseases, on the health effects of spa treatment and mineral waters. The next famous professor was Gyula Darányi. His scientific field was public health bacteriology and public health chemistry. They were followed by József Melly and László Dabis (Scheff). After the Second World War fundamental changes took place in the life of the university. The Faculty of Medicine was separated from the University of Science on February 1, 1951 and became an independent university under the control of the Ministry of Health. In 1953 the Institute of Public Health was cut into two separate institutes: Institute of Public Health and Institute for the Organization of Health Service. The Institute of Public Health was transformed to Institute of Public Health and Epidemiology in 1973. The Institute for the Organization of Health Service was transformed into Institute of Social Medicine and History of Medicine in 1985 and later into Institute of History of Medicine and Social Medicine in 1991. The Institute of Public Health and Epidemiology and The Institute of History of Medicine and Social Medicine were reunited as Institute of Public Health in 1997. The Institute teaches public health to medical, dental and pharmacy students in Hungarian, in English and in German.

Academies and Institutes↗

[Simon Morelot (1751-1809). A pharmacist out of the common].

He was born in a family of pharmacists of Beaune. He was a pharmacist in Paris, successively in four different places. He played an important part in the life of the Collège de pharmacie, which became in 1793 the Société libre des Pharmaciens de Paris. In the school of pharmacy, which was conducted by this Society, he had large charges in the administration and the teaching. With these offices, he was obliged to leave his pharmacy and to live in the school, Arbalètre street. In 1803, this school was replaced by a State school, and he was deprived of these functions. He joined in the armies of Napoléon, and successively was: a pharmacist of first class at Brest, a pharmacist in chief during the campaign of Prussia and Poland, and in the end major pharmacist in the army of Spain. He died in Cataluna in 1809, as a result of an "adynamic" fever. He wrote four important books, between 1800 and 1809, dedicated to pharmacy and to natural sciences, which gave a large view of the teaching he had previously made.

Education, Pharmacy↗