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At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Etiological agents of dairy cows' mastitis in western part of Poland.

The purpose of the study was to determine the etiological mastitis agents in cows from herds located in the western part of Poland in years 2003-2005. Bacteriological examinations of 18,713 samples taken from California Mastitis Test (CMT) positive quarters were performed according to standard methods. Some Gram-negative bacilli and Gram-positive cocci were examined with the use of API tests (Analytical Profile Index). It was found that 32.7% of samples that were CMT positive were culture negative and 9.3% of samples were contaminated. Streptococcus species (15.7%), coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) (14.6%), Staph. aureus (8.6%), Gram-negative bacilli (4.0%) and Corynebacterium species (3.8%) were most frequently isolated. Escherichia coli (52.3%) dominated among Gram-negative bacilli followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (4.1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.6%), Enterobacter cloacae (3.6%), Serratia marcescens (3.1%), Pasteurella multocida (3.1%), Acinetobacter lwofii (3.1%), and 26 other bacteria species. Stahylococcus xylosus (31.5%), Staph. hyicus (12.2%), Staph. haemolyticus (12.2%), Staph. sciuri (11.6%), Staph. chromogenes (8.8%), Staph. epidermidis (8.3%) and Staph. simulans (6.1%) were the most frequent CNS. Streptococcus uberis (50%), Str. dysgalactiae (19.7%), Str. acidominimus (6.6%) and Enterococcus faecalis (5.3%) were mostly found among CAMP-negative streptococci. An increase in frequency of mastitis caused by non-agalactiae streptococci, Staph. aureus, A. pyogenes and yeast-like fungi and a decrease in that produced by Str. agalactiae in 2005 as compared to years 2003 or 2004 were observed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Non-lactational mastitis: our experience].

The most frequent breast inflammatory diseases are lactational and non-lactational mastitis. The diagnosis of these lesions is always difficult, as they often mimic breast cancer. The Authors report on their experience about 830 clinical cases of non-lactational mastitis, 804 were superficial abscesses and 24 were phlegmons. In 379 cases an infectious cause was found: in 249 by Streptococcus/Pseudomonas and in 30 by Staphylococcus Aureus. All patients underwent surgical treatment. Diagnosis was obtained by clinical examination, routine investigations (ultrasound, mammography and cytology) and post-operatively by histological evaluation. The non-lactational mastitis are more frequent in the postmenopausal and the menopausal period, but MDAIDS (Mammary Ducts Associated Inflammatory Diseases Sequence) are particularly interesting. MDAIDS was observed in 178 cases, these are very peculiar lesions characterized by ducts ectasia, squamous metaplasia, lymphoid infiltration and strictly correlated with heavy smoking. Sometimes, only surgical treatment clarifies the nature of these lesions. Patients with inflammatory diseases of the breast present with mastalgia and secretions, symptoms which alert patients to consult quickly a specialist. Instrumental investigations often don't clarify the diagnosis and surgical treatment by incision and drainage or excision is definitive.

Abscess↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Microbiological, physicochemical and cytologic indices of milk in cows with latent (subclinical) mastitis].

To detect latent (subclinical) mastitis in cows lactenin isolated from the alveolar mucosa epithelium and udder milk cisterns of cows suffering from mastitis was used in combination with a mastitis diagnostic agent. Lactenin produced a bactericidal effect on pathogenic Escherichia and Streptococcus, and p6cteriostatic effect on toxicogenic Staphylococcus and Salmonella, depending on the cow resistance. The diagnostic agent components were destroyed by epitheliocyte lactenin and transformed into mucosal mass and gel-like coagulate. The mixture of milk with the diagnostic agent in the absence of lactenin presents a uniform fluid.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Economic effects of mastitis prevention strategies for dairy producers.

For efficient disease management in dairy production, the influence of disease prevention strategies on farm profitability must be known. A survey of mastitis control practices, milking machine function and maintenance, and cow environmental conditions was conducted with 406 dairy producers on the Michigan Dairy Herd Improvement-somatic cell counting program responding. These survey data, in conjunction with Dairy Herd Improvement production data, were used to develop a model estimating the marginal value products of mastitis control practices. Lost milk production associated with increased somatic cell count was calculated for each herd. Mastitis control practices, milking machine function and maintenance, and cow environmental conditions were used as independent variables in an analysis of covariance model with lost milk production as the dependent variable. Variables significant in explaining changes in production from increased somatic cell count were the use of teat dip, use of sanitizer in the wash water, milking cow bedding, summer nonlactating cow housing, summer calving locations, type of regulator, alternating pulsation, and rolling herd average milk production. The marginal value product (change in revenues received) from the use of iodine, chlorhexidine, and quaternary ammonium-type teat dips were $13.79, $16.09, and $22.17/cow/year, respectively, and these changes were statistically significant. However, sanitizer in the wash water was associated with a decrease in production. Management practices that have previously been shown to be economical and did not appear in the final model included nonlactating cow therapy and single-use paper towels.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Quantitative and qualitative properties of host polymorphonuclear cells during experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in cows.

Polymorphonuclear cells have a critical role in the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis. We have documented that experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis is associated with cyclic increase and decrease in the quantity of viable bacteria shed in the milk. Concomitant with this cycling of bacteria is an inverse cycling of the hosts cells within the milk. Such somatic cells were determined to be greater than or equal to 95% polymorphonuclear cells. The quality of these cells was evaluated by measuring their relative efficiency of bacterial killing and phagocytosis at various times during an infection. Host polymorphonuclear cells had as much as 10,000-fold variation in the bactericidal failure rate for staphylococci during cell cycling. The most efficient bactericidal effect was observed at or near the peak of the somatic cell count (SCC). The ability of these cycling cells to ingest fluorescent beads was also quantitated by use of flow cytometry. The percentage of phagocytic polymorphonuclear cells that ingested fluorescent latex beads ranged from 15 to 80% of the total cell population during cell cycling, and tended to be optimal at or near peak SCC. In addition, the average number of beads ingested varied between 1 and 2 particles/polymorphonuclear cell, with as many as 17% of the phagocytic cells ingesting 4 or more beads at maximal efficiency. Polymorphonuclear cells from quarters infected with S aureus varied quantitatively (total SCC) and qualitatively (bactericidal activity and phagocytic ability) during the course of an infection. Not only is the quantity of host's phagocytic cells in the mammary gland central to the defense mechanism against infection, but the biological activation state appears to be equally important. The role of these cells in the pathogenesis of a cycling infection is presented in a model to explain the cyclic nature of mastitis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fine needle aspiration cytology of granulomatous mastitis. Report of a case and review of the literature.

A case of granulomatous mastitis diagnosed by fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology alone is reported. A 24-year-old pregnant woman presented with a six-week history of a rapidly enlarging breast mass, considered clinically to be malignant. The FNA smears contained numerous aggregates of epithelioid histiocytes admixed with Langhans' and foreign-body giant cells, lymphocytes, neutrophilic leukocytes and apoptotic debris, leading to a diagnosis of granulomatous mastitis. The features of granulomatous mastitis and its differential diagnoses are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mastitis neonatorum.

Eleven cases of neonatal mastitis diagnosed at National Taipei College of Nursing Health Center, since 1983, have been reviewed by chart retrospectively. All 11 cases occurred in full-term infants 1-4 weeks postnatally. Female predominated with male: female ratio of 1: 1.75. The mastitis of these cases were confined to unilateral side and did not spread systemically. Gram stain smear of the purulent material got from aspiration, incision or spontaneous rupture of abscess were attempted in ten cases and Gram positive cocci were observed in nine of whom pus culture yield staphylococcus aureus later in eight. We feel Gram stain is one of the rapid and useful diagnostic method. Treatment was given by appropriate antibiotics parenterally followed by surgical incision or drainage when fluctuation was present. The prognosis of neonatal mastitis is excellent. In general, these our clinical observation are similar to those described in the literatures since 1950s.

Female↗
PubMed1989

Group B streptococcal breast abscess in a mother and mastitis in her infant.

Group B streptococcus is a common cause of postpartum infection, but breast abscess in a lactating woman has not been reported. Seven days postpartum, a woman developed mastitis resulting from type Ib/c group B streptococcus. She was treated with oral antibiotics for 1 week, with apparent resolution. Breast-feeding was continued, but at reduced frequency on the affected side. Two days later, local and systemic symptoms recurred, and a large breast abscess was surgically drained. Five days into the mother's initial episode of mastitis, her infant developed type Ib/c group B streptococcal mastitis, requiring hospitalization and parenteral antibiotic therapy. It is likely that the pathogenesis of infection in this mother-infant pair was circular, and that either early abscess formation during the mother's first clinical infection and/or milk stasis due to decreased frequency of breast-feeding resulted in transient group B streptococcal bacteremia, with seeding of breast tissue in the newborn.

Abscess↗
PubMed1989

[The administration of homeopathic drugs for the treatment of acute mastitis in cattle].

The general principles of homeopathic therapy are described together with a number of homeopathic drugs used for the treatment of acute bovine mastitis. Fifty cows with acute mastitis were used in the study. The initial treatment comprised aconitum D 4, phytolacca D 1 and bryonia D 4. In subsequent treatments phytolacca D 1, bryonia D 4 and lachesis D 8 either singly or in combination were used; mercurius solubilis D 4 was also used. Encouraging results, especially in the treatment of cases of E.coli mastitis, were achieved.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1989

[Escherichia coli mastitis in cattle. II. Pathogenesis and symptomatic therapy].

The pathogenesis, course run by the disease, and symptomatic treatment of mastitis due to Escherichia coli in dairy cattle are reviewed in relation to the functioning of cellular and humoral defence mechanisms. The systemic symptoms of disease during mastitis caused by E. coli are attributed to the release and subsequent absorption from the udder of endogenous inflammatory mediators, rather than the direct absorption of endotoxins into the circulation. The course run by the disease during mastitis due to E. coli varies considerably. Reasons for these variations include genetic variation, stage of lactation and the function of humoral and cellular defence mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Escherichia coli mastitis in cattle. III. Antibacterial therapy].

This review paper is concerned with antibacterial therapy of mastitis caused by Escherichia coli. The choice of an antibacterial agent is discussed, and nine criteria are referred to, on which this choice should be based. In the second part possible forms of antibacterial treatment are discussed. Literature on parenteral and local treatment of mastitis due to E. coli is scarcely available. The evaluation of antibacterial drugs is mainly based on MIC values and pharmacokinetic studies in normal animals. Unfortunately, results of clinical trials are hardly available. Today combinations of trimethoprim/sulphonamide apparently are the best available choice for the parenteral treatment of mastitis caused by E. coli. Infusion of polymyxins or gentamycin is discussed as a method of intramammary therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Factors for the genesis of bovine subclinical mastitis].

The infection risk of the bovine mammary gland is determined by susceptibility of the cow and contamination and invasion by mastitis pathogens. Genetic (e.g. yield) and lactational physiologic (e.g. stage of lactation) factors support the genesis of subclinical mastitis. This paper considers new data on cow individual and milking related influences on defence mechanisms in the teat end tissue acting in prevention of penetration through the teat canal by mastitis pathogens.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

A hospital-based study of the relationship between retained placenta and mastitis in dairy cows.

We investigated the relation between retained placenta and mastitis in Holstein dairy cows admitted to the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine. Cows with retained placenta were three times more likely to develop mastitis during hospitalization than animals without retained placenta. Since the hospital population was not representative of the general population, the possibility of a bias existed; a large bias was not likely because most distorting variables occurred equally in animals both with and without retained placenta. The literature suggests that the relationship between retained placenta and mastitis may be mediated through activity of the peripheral leukocytes. Further research is necessary to test this hypothesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Treatment of non-lactation suppurative mastitis].

The author analyses the case records of 238 patients who were treated at the clinic for nonpuerperal mastitis during a period of 10 years. Concomitant diseases were encountered in 31.7% and trauma of the breast in 14.1% of patients. Staphylococcus was the main causative agent (in 85%) of nonpuerperal mastitis. Surgical operation was the method of choice in the treatment of this form of mastitis; it was undertaken in 237 of the 238 patients. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of making sparing incisions which ensure good immediate results and the best cosmetic effect.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1989

Morphological study of chronic Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in the lactating bovine mammary gland.

Pathological changes and leucocyte response to chronic Staphylococcus aureus mastitis were studied in bovine mammary glands. Less synthetic and secretory activity was evident in quarters with chronic mastitis than in control quarters as indicated by a distended stromal area, diminished alveolar lumina, and epithelia without secretory characteristics. Ultrastructural examination demonstrated decreased cell area occupied by cytoplasmic organelles which further substantiated impaired synthetic ability. Leucocyte infiltration into the stroma, epithelial lining and lumina was more marked than in uninfected tissue. However, prolonged exposure to S aureus mastitis appeared to interfere with the antigenic stimulation of B lymphocyte precursor cells into plasma cells. Involution and loss of alveolar function may have been associated with extensive leucocyte diapedesis into luminal spaces and, or, potentially harmful staphylotoxins.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Prevalence of udder infections and mastitis in 50 California dairy herds.

The California mastitis test (CMT) and bacteriologic culture were performed on samples of bulk-tank milk and cow-composite milk (n = 23,138 cows) from 50 California dairies, 19 of the 50 with known mastitis problems. Thirty-eight (76.0%) bulk-tank milk samples and 12,334 (53.3%) cows were positive by results of the CMT. Potential mastitis agents were isolated from 5,085 (22%) cows. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from all 50 herds, Streptococcus agalactiae was isolated from 47 herds, and Mycoplasma sp was isolated from 24 herds. For cow-composite milk samples, the prevalences were 9.3% for Str agalactiae, 9.1% for S aureus, 0.9% for Mycoplasma sp, 1.2% for coliform bacteria, 0.9% for other streptococci, 0.8% for coagulase-negative staphylococci, and 1.3% for other organisms. The relative sensitivity and the relative specificity of the CMT performed on cow-composite milk samples were 83.4% and 55.2%, respectively, and the predictive value of positive CMT results was 34.2%.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Clinical and bacteriologic studies of the frequency of mastitis during and after parturition in heifers lactating for the first time].

The udders of 100 heifers were examined for clinical changes during parturition. Of each quarter colostral samples were taken and analyzed bacteriologically. 35 heifers (13.5% of the quarters) showed clinical changes of the quarters and/or of colostral samples. 14 of these animals (4.75% of the quarters) suffered from cellulitis-like mastitis. 13 (5.25% of the quarters) had acute catarrhalic mastitis and eight heifers (3.5% of the quarters) showed acute galactophoritis. In all milk samples of animals with pathological changes of the udder or of colostrum the causing bacteria could be identified. Besides the group of 35 heifers with clinical lesions udder-pathogenic bacteria were found in samples of 24 apparently healthy animals (20.5% of the quarters) during parturition. However, these animals failed to show clinical signs of inflammation at least until the end of this study (10 days post partum). Isolated bacteria included facultative and obligate pathogenic species, 70% of which were gram-positive cocci (i.e. Streptococcus [Sc.] uberis, Sc. dysgalactiae, Sc. agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus and other staphylococci) versus 30% of gram-negative bacteria (i.e. Escherichia [E.] coli, Klebsiella and other coliform species. In-vitro-susceptibility tests showed best effectiveness of Penicillin against Sc., Cloxacillin against staphylococci and Gentamycin and Polymyxin B against coliform bacteria. Possible pathways, leading to bacterial infection of first lactating heifers during parturition, are discussed. Pathways of infection seem to be of lesser importance for the development of apparent, sometimes severe mastitis with coliform bacteria.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Endotoxin-induced bovine mastitis: arachidonic acid metabolites in milk and plasma and effect of flunixin meglumine.

Arachidonic acid metabolites (AAM) were measured in milk and plasma during the course of acute endotoxin-induced mastitis in 12 lactating cows. Mastitis was induced by intramammary challenge exposure with 10 micrograms of Escherichia coli (026:B6) endotoxin. Endotoxin was injected into the teat cistern via the teat canal of a single randomly selected rear quarter of each cow. Concentrations of prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha and thromboxane (Tx) B2 in fat-free unextracted milk and of 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGF2 alpha in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. Total production of AAM in milk was determined by measuring quarter milk production. The AAM were compared in 6 cows administered flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg of body weight) and in 6 cows administered saline solution. Concentrations of TxB2 in milk were significantly (P less than 0.001) increased during the early course of acute mastitis in endotoxin-treated quarters of cows not administered flunixin meglumine. Peak concentrations of TxB2 in milk occurred at 8 hours after endotoxin inoculation. Flunixin meglumine treatment produced significant (P less than 0.05) reductions in milk TxB2 and plasma 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGF2 alpha concentrations. Concentrations of PGF2 alpha in milk and total PGF2 alpha and TxB2 production per quarter per milking were not significantly influenced by endotoxin challenge or by flunixin meglumine treatment.

Animals↗