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At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

The mechanism of insulin secretion after oral glucose administration. VIII. Pancreatic juice insulin excretion after glucose loading and meal ingestion in normal and vagotomized dogs.

On pancreatic fistula dogs, in the pancreatic juice, immunoreactive insulin has been identified. Insulin excretion is shown to be inhibited by an intravenous glucose load and to be stimulated in a biphasic manner by an oral glucose load or by ingestion of mashed meat. Insulin excretion is reduced 2 months after bilateral truncular vagotomy and the reaction to both oral stimuli is abolished. -- There is no statistical correlation between pancreatic juice insulin and blood glucose, plasma IRI, or plasma amino nitrogen concentrations. Single extrainsular B-cells shown by histologic examination are suggested to be the source of pancreatic juice insulin. Compared to insulin secreted into the portal blood flow, insulin in the pancreatic juice amounts to only 0.1--0.2% of the daily secretory rate of the islets of Langerhans.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

Scanning electron microscopic studies of the palatine mucosa and its microvascular architecture in the rat.

Detailed observations were made on the structure and microvasculature of the palatine mucosa of the rat by means of microvascular corrosion casts and epithelium-digested specimens using scanning electron microscopy. The rat palate was divided into four regions according to the characteristics of the palatine plicae. In the atrial region, no transverse palatine plicae were present, but there were longitudinal ridges and folds in the median area. These structures contribute to the transportation of rough and grainy foods with the assistance of the hairy buccal part. Capillary loops in the ridge and folds appeared as continuous, sagittally elongated loops. In the palatine fissure or antemolar region, only three typical transverse palatine plicae contribute to the regurgitation of food. Capillary loops appeared in variant forms on the top, and the anterior and posterior slopes of the plicae. Venous palatine plexus was observed only in the palatine fissure region. In the intermolar region, each of the five transverse plicae was composed of many wedges arranged sagittally. These plicae contribute to the transportation of food toward the larynx. Capillary loops in the plica were in the shape of complicated villi. Filiform protrusions or papillae were aggregated immediately posterior to the last plica. The capillary loops appeared as typical hairpins. They contribute to swallowing of food with active assistance from the epithelial eminence of the lingual dorsum. Palatine plicae showed considerable local differences, which may contribute to the prehension, transportation, and mashing of food.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Energy metabolism and metabolite patterns of rats after application of dexfenfluramine.

Serotoninergic neuronal networks are important for food intake and body weight regulation. However, the mechanisms by which some metabolic pathways are influenced are rather unclear. Dexfenfluramine (DF), a serotonin releaser and re-uptake inhibitor, was used to investigate changes in food intake, body weight development, energy expenditure, respiratory quotient and substrate oxidation rates for 12 days. Normal rats, receiving an energy-controlled mash diet and water ad libitum were intraperitoneally injected daily with either saline, 1, 2.5, 5 or 10 mg DF/kg. Compared to controls, food intake, body weight development and energy expenditure were decreased in a dose-dependent manner, especially during the first six days. Lipid oxidation was increased while oxidation of carbohydrates was decreased. Pair-feeding experiments over three days revealed that this was a clear pharmacological effect and not simply a result of diminished food intake. At the end of these experiments, plasma glucose and liver and muscle glycogen were unchanged after DF, but isoleucine, leucine and lysine were significantly decreased in plasma and liver. Therefore, the plasma tryptophan/large neutral amino acids ratio was slightly increased. Protein oxidation was unchanged after DF. It is concluded that a prompt decline in energy expenditure with increased fat oxidation rates could mediate the body weight reducing effect of DF.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1993

Social effects on development of food preferences.

The purpose of this study was to answer the question as to whether the food preferences of the young are dependent on the social influences or not. The experiments were conducted on female cats bearing electrodes implanted in the mid-lateral hypothalamus, and their weanling kittens. Each mother was given a self-stimulation test; the mothers which learned to press a lever for the hypothalamic stimulation reward were chosen for the experiment. Each mother, always 4 h food deprived before the session, was given a choice of meat pellets and banana slices. Eating bananas was rewarded by the hypothalamic stimulation whereas eating meat pellets was not; as a result, the mother concentrated only on eating bananas while ignoring meat pellets. In the following sessions one or two weanling kittens were always accompanying the mother during the session. It was found that 15 out of 18 weanling kittens used in this experiment joined the mothers in eating bananas. After separation from the mothers these kittens continued to choose bananas and ignore meat pellets when tested in the absence of the mother. Control kittens of the same age, which were never trained with the mother, refused to eat bananas. Similar results were obtained with other mother-kittens groups in which mashed potatoes or plain jellied agar were given instead of bananas. These results suggested that the food preferences of the weanling kittens were influenced by the mother's choice of food, even in the case when this food was unusual for the species.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Collaborative study of assay method for erythromycin in pelleted feeds containing binding agents.

A modified method for analysis of erythromycin in feeds containing the pelleting adjuvants bentonite and Masonex has been evaluated by collaborative study. Erythromycin is freed from the binding action of these adjuvants by an aqueous methanolic pH 8 buffer presoak before extraction with methylal. The recovery values for mash and pellets of 6 different sample types range from 86.6 to 103.0% of theory with a grand mean of 96.8%. This modification has been adopted as official first action.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Improvement of diet therapy in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus].

The authors emphasize that determination of the glycemic post-alimentary effects for various foodstuffs (white bread, mashed potatoes, vermicelli, milk gruels: semolina, buckwheat, rice, porridge, millet) represents a new approach to dietetic therapy of diabetes mellitus. Low glycemic indexes of rice gruel and vermicelli, compatible to those of buckwheat gruel, recommend these food stuffs for diabetics' rations. Determination of glycemic indexes will help classify the food by its glycemic effect and thus help optimize dietetic therapy of diabetes mellitus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The natural occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in Moroccan poultry feeds.

The occurrence of AFB1 in Moroccan poultry feeds and their ingredients was evaluated. Thirty poultry farms and 4 feedmills were surveyed from September 1989 to June 1991, and 300-500 g each of feeds (corn, sorghum, wheat bran, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal, finished feeds) were sampled. Additionally, on farms with suspected mycotoxin problems, necropsies of affected chickens were performed for gross and microscopic examinations. A total of 315 samples were analysed for AFB1 using a semi-quantitative enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA kits) and thin-layer chromatography. In feedmills, 4% of samples contained AFB1; 17% among sunflower meal samples (20-80 ppb) and 4% among corn (110 ppb) and mixed feed samples (20-110 ppb). On poultry farms, 17% of samples were found contaminated with AFB1; 20% were positive among pellets and 16% among crumbles and 15% mash feeds. The level of contamination ranged from 20 ppb to 200 ppb, except for 4 samples that contained high levels of AFB1 (2000-5625 ppb). These highly-contaminated samples were associated with clinical aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens. The most frequent incidence of AFB1 contamination and the highest AFB1 contamination occurred in feeding troughs (23%). Aflatoxins should be considered potential contaminants of poultry feeds under Moroccan conditions.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mycotoxins transmitted into beer from contaminated grains during brewing.

Studies with aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisins B1 and B2 added at various stages of the brewing process show that these mycotoxins (or metabolites) may be transmitted from contaminated grains into beer. Citrinin does not survive the mashing step. Mycotoxins in beer could originate from the malted grain or from adjuncts. Although high incidences and concentrations of aflatoxins and zearalenone have been found in local beers brewed in Africa, aflatoxins have not been detected in European beers. Zearalenone and alpha- or beta-zearalenol (the metabolite likely to occur) have not been found in Canadian and European beers, except for one sample analyzed by thin-layer chromatography only. Ochratoxin A rarely has been detected at > 1 ng/mL in beer; liquid chromatographic methods with a 0.05-0.1 ng/mL detection limit, however, have shown moderately high incidences of trace levels. Deoxynivalenol, which survives the brewing process, has been found with high incidence in Canadian and European beers, with concentration of > 200 ng/mL reported in several German beers. Fumonisins B1 and B2 occur to a limited extent in beer.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMed1977

Recognizing the allergic person.

Recognition of the allergic individual is facilitated by an awareness of certain characteristic actions and various facial lesions which may be clues to other allergic problems. A gaping expression, clearing of the throat and rubbing or mashing of the eyes and nose may indicate significant rhinitis. Dark circles and bags under the eyes, long, silky eyelashes and injected conjunctivas are other signs. Bruxism and malocclusion may also be related to an allergic diathesis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Virtual reality and telepresence for military medicine.

For decades, warfighters have been putting in place a sophisticated "digital battlefield", an electronic communication and information system to support advanced technology. Medicine is now in a position to leverage these technologies to produce a fundamental revolution, and the keystone is the digital physician. Today nearly all information about a patient can be acquired electronically, and with the new technologies of teleoperation and telesurgery we can provide remote treatment and even surgery through telemedicine. The following framework for military medicine will leverage upon the current electronic battlefield. A personnel status monitor (PSM) will have a global positioning locator to tell the position of each soldier and a suite of vital signs sensors. When a soldier is wounded, the medic will instantly know the location of the soldier, and how serious is the casualty. This will permit the medic to locate the most critically wounded soldier. Once stabilised, he will be placed in a critical care pod, a fully automated intensive care unit in a stretcher, which will monitor his vital signs, administer fluids and medications and provide environmental protection. If immediate surgery is needed, a remote telepresence surgery vehicle will come to the wounded soldier, the medic will place him in the vehicle, and a surgeon will operate remotely using telepresence surgery from a distant Mobile Advance Surgical Hospital (MASH) to the combat zone. Also, the expertise from any specialist will be available from the rear echelons as far back as the home country. For education and training in combat casualty care, virtual reality simulators are being implemented. This same scenario can be utilised in civilian health care, especially in providing care to patients in remote areas who do not currently have access to simple, let alone sophisticated, health care.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1997

Organic enrichment of breeding sources for sustained productivity of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae).

Alfalfa pellets and chicken lay mash were used to obtain polluted water for continuous and sustained oviposition by Culex mosquitoes. Water in fiberglass tubs enriched with 0.1 and 0.25 percent (w/v) of either material received heavy oviposition by gravid mosquitoes. The higher level of enrichment resulted in greater oviposition than lower concentrations which in turn received significantly more oviposition than the controls with no enrichment. Oviposition continued in the enriched tubs for more than 43 days where Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex stigmatosoma constituted a major proportion of the eggs laid while Culex tarsalis, as expected, oviposited at much lower rates than the other two species. Supplemental enrichment of mosquito breeding sources with organic material can thus provide uniform and sustained availability of some mosquito larvae for the evaluation of persistent control agents and other related studies.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of tilmicosin in swine feeds by liquid chromatography.

This method determines tilmicosin in feeds over a concentration range of 100 to 600 mg/kg. Tilmicosin is extracted from swine feeds by adding 200 mL of a swine feed extractant (20 + 80, acetonitrile-Millipore water, pH 2.5, with 25 mM dibutylammonium phosphate) to 20 g feed and placing on a shaker table for 1 h. This extractant is filtered and analyzed by liquid chromatography (LC). A gradient LC method is used to separate tilmicosin from the feed matrix in 30 min of run time. The recovery of tilmicosin from fortified feeds ranged from 96.7 to 112%, with the coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 1.4 to 3.9%. The determination of tilmicosin in medicated feeds resulted in an average recovery of 92.7% of labeled claim for pelleted feeds at 200 mg/kg and 99.1% of labeled claim for mash feeds at 400 mg/kg. Determination of tilmicosin in medicated feeds resulted in CVs ranging from 2.6 to 3.8%. The method has shown no interference with 18 other drugs.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1998

[Saturated and monounsaturated fats in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. Different effects on blood glucose and insulin response in NIDDM].

To compare the metabolic effect of co-ingestion of saturated and monounsaturated fat with potato, 12 NIDDM subjects received 300 g mashed potato alone or in combination with 40 g olive oil, 50 g butter or 100 g butter, respectively. Blood glucose response area to potatoes with 100 g butter (448 +/- 68 mmol/L x 240 min) was significantly lower than to the four other meals: 596 +/- 63 (potato alone), 649 +/- 82 (potato + 40 g olive oil), 587 +/- 80 (potato + 50 g butter), and 604 +/- 81 (potato + 80 g olive oil) mmol/L x 240 min, p < 0.05, respectively. The insulin response was significantly increased by adding 50 g and 100 g butter, whereas no effect after addition of 40 g and 80 g olive oil was found. The free fatty acid (FFA) level was higher when 100 g butter was added to the potato meal than without (0.67 +/- 0.05 vs 0.48 +/- 0.07 mmol/L, p < 0.05). The triglyceride response increased dose-dependently with the fat content of the meals irrespective of the type of fat. In conclusion butter increases the insulin response in patients with NIDDM more than olive oil, and large amounts also increase FFA and triglyceride levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Regression of advanced atherosclerosis in swine.

Advanced complicated atherosclerosis was produced in the abdominal aorta of swine by a combination of mechanical injury and high-cholesterol, high-fat diet for four months. After removal of the high-cholesterol diet and placing the animal on swine mash for 14 months, there was a significant (P less than .005) decrease in size of lesions with remodeling of the intima toward a smooth surface. Sudanophilia had virtually disappeared and atheromas were almost absent in the regression group, as were thrombosis and hemorrhage in plaques. Cell proliferation, as judged by the number of labeled cells in autoradiography, was less pronounced in this group. There was no decrease in the numbers of segments showing calcification; however, the size of the calcified areas was smaller in the regression group than in the base line. The data suggest that advanced atherosclerosis is susceptible to regression on removal of the atherosclerotic stimulus.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in nutritional therapy--personal experience].

The authors have described the indications, contraindications of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) and its consecutive nutritional possibilities. They have described their own experience with 11 patients. Most common indications for the placement of a gastrostomy tube were neurological, and only in one case, esophageal diverticle. The average duration of PEG was 102 days (2-732). Besides PEG, not only polymeric diet, such as Nutrison standard sol, Fresubin, Salvimulsin, was administered, but also home-made diet, for example, mixed soup, mashed potatoes, yoghurt, juice and cocoa. The diet prepared at home was tolerated well, except for subjective data about meteorism given by one female-patient. PEG complications were minimal, in one case a dry fistula was detected after the extraction of PEG; it was closed spontaneously a week later. Another female-patient showed leukocytosis and hyperpyrexia, the etiology of which could not be proved. The patient was treated symptomatically, and three days later, leukocytosis and hyperpyrexia were normalized. A patient who has had the gastrostomy tube placed for two years, showed secretion which was treated symptomatically; now the patient is without any complications. In the last patient, there was detected an inflammation around the fixation base. Although she was treated with H2 blockers, the condition has not been improved. The authors have recommended this method in correct indications as a considerate alternative application of enteral nutrition.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Leiomyosarcomas of the small intestine induced in dogs by N-methul-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.

Leiomyosarcomas of the small intestine were found in dogs during experimental induction of gastric carcinoma by oral administration of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Leiomyosarcomas were found most frequenly in the duodenum and jejunum, and occasionally in the stomach but never in the ileum, colon, or rectum. The leiomyosarcomas developed in all the dogs given 50 mug/ml of MNNG in deionized water to drink but not in dogs fed on porridge food made from standard pellet diet mashed with MNNG at the same concentration in tap water. Intestinal sarcomas developed in 3 months to 5 years after the end of MNNG administration, and frequently metastasized to the liver and/or the peritoneum.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1998

Arginine (348) is a major determinant of the DNA binding specificity of transcription factor E12.

The basic helix-loop-helix proteins (BHLH) E12 and E47 bind to DNA in a cell-type specific fashion as heterodimers with transcription factors such as MyoD, Myf-5, MRF-4, myogenin, and MASH-1 and -2 which are critical regulators of cellular differentiation. We have measured the apparent dissociation constants (KD) of the complexes of E12 and several E12 mutants with various oligonucleotides. Glutamate (345) of E12, which is hydrogen bonded to a CpA dinucleotide, and arginine (348), a residue that does not directly interact with the nucleobases, are major determinants of the DNA binding specificity of E12. R(348) is in direct contact with both the phosphate backbone and the carboxylate of E(345), thereby locking the side chain conformation of E(345). In its locked conformation the glutamate residue interacts favourably only with E-box containing DNA, the natural target of BHLH-proteins, while repulsive interactions destabilise the complexes with all other DNA sequences.

Amino Acid Sequence↗