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Biotechnology awareness study, Part 1: Where scientists get their information.

A model study, funded by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and conducted by the Southeastern/Atlantic Regional Medical Library (RML) and the University of Maryland Health Sciences Library, attempted to assess the information needs of researchers in the developing field of biotechnology and to determine the resources available to meet those needs in major academic health sciences centers. Nine medical schools in RML Region 2 were selected to participate in a biotechnology awareness study. A survey was conducted of the nine medical school libraries to assess their support of biotechnology research. To identify the information needs of scientists engaged in biotechnology-related research at the schools, a written survey was sent to the deans of the nine institutions and selected scientists they had identified. This was followed by individual, in-depth interviews with both the deans and scientists surveyed. In general, scientists obtained information from three major sources: their own experiments, personal communication with other scientists, and textual material (print or electronic). For textual information, most study participants relied on personal journal subscriptions. Tangential journals were scanned in the department's library. Only a few of these scientists came to the health sciences library on a regular basis. Further, the study found that personal computers have had a major impact on how biotechnologists get and use information. Implications of these findings for libraries and librarians are discussed.

Awareness↗

Comparative gene expression profiling by oligonucleotide fingerprinting.

The use of hybridisation of synthetic oligonucleotides to cDNAs under high stringency to characterise gene sequences has been demonstrated by a number of groups. We have used two cDNA libraries of 9 and 12 day mouse embryos (24 133 and 34 783 clones respectively) in a pilot study to characterise expressed genes by hybridisation with 110 hybridisation probes. We have identified 33 369 clusters of cDNA clones, that ranged in representation from 1 to 487 copies (0.7%). 737 were assigned to known rodent genes, and a further 13 845 showed significant homologies. A total of 404 clusters were identified as significantly differentially represented (P < 0.01) between the two cDNA libraries. This study demonstrates the utility of the fingerprinting approach for the generation of comparative gene expression profiles through the analysis of cDNAs derived from different biological materials.

Animals↗

The professionalization of health librarianship in the UK between 1909 and 1978.

Many strands exist within health information work and during the last century librarians in this field identified themselves through special groups or associations. This paper focuses on the key role of the Library Association Medical Section in the professional development of medical librarians in the United Kingdom up to 1978 when it merged with the Library Association Hospital Libraries and Handicapped Readers Group to create the Medical, Health and Welfare Group. Uniting to form a stronger organization, under the ultimate designation of the Health Libraries Group, was part of an evolutionary process. The invention and promotion of co-operative schemes, networking and educational opportunities for members, the publication of specialized material and the fostering of international relationships during the first three-quarters of the century are illuminated by personal reminiscences from some of the major participants in the field.

History, 20th Century↗

Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term.

BACKGROUND: Prelabour rupture of the membranes at or near term (term PROM) increases the risk of infection for the woman and her baby. The routine use of antibiotics for women at the time of term PROM may reduce this risk. However, due to increasing problems with bacterial resistance and the risk of maternal anaphylaxis with antibiotic use, it is important to assess the evidence addressing risks and benefits in order to ensure judicious use of antibiotics. This review was undertaken to assess the balance of risks and benefits to the mother and infant of antibiotic prophylaxis for prelabour rupture of the membranes at or near term. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of antibiotics administered prophylactically to women with prelabour rupture of the membranes at 36 weeks or beyond, on maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's specialised register of controlled trials (October 2001), the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2001), MEDLINE (1965 to 2001). Other sources included contacting recognised experts and cross referencing relevant material. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised trials which compared outcomes for women and infants when antibiotics were administered prophylactically for prelabour rupture of the membranes at or near term, with outcomes for controls (placebo or no treatment). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Assessment of trial quality and data extraction were undertaken independently by the two authors who then compared and resolved differences. Additional data were received from the investigators of included trials. Meta-analysis was undertaken using a fixed effects model and results are presented using relative risk (RR), risk difference (RD) and number needed to treat (NNT) (where appropriate) for categorical data, and mean difference (MD) for variables measured on a continuous scale. All results are presented with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS: The results of two trials, involving a total of 838 women, are included in this review. The use of antibiotics resulted in a statistically significant reduction in maternal infectious morbidity (chorioamnionitis or endometritis): RR 0.43 (95% CI 0.23, 0.82), RD -4% (95% CI -7%, -1%), NNT 25 (95% CI 14 -100). No statistically significant differences were shown for outcomes of neonatal morbidity. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: No clear practice recommendations can be drawn from the results of this review on this clinically important question, related to a paucity of reliable data. Further well designed randomised controlled trials are needed to assess the effects of routine use of maternal antibiotics for women with prelabour rupture of the membranes at or near term.

Antibiotic Prophylaxis↗

Cloning and functional characterization of CYP94A2, a medium chain fatty acid hydroxylase from Vicia sativa.

A full length cDNA encoding a new cytochrome P450-dependent fatty acid hydroxylase (CYP94A2) was isolated from a Vicia sativa library. CYP94A2 displays 58% sequence identity with CYP94A1, a fatty acid omega-hydroxylase isolated from the same material. Heterologous expression of CYP94A2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strain WAT11 shows that it catalyses the hydroxylation of myristic (C14) acid with a K(m(app)) of 4.0 microM and a turnover rate number of 80 min(-1). In addition, lauric (C12) and palmitic (C16) acids were hydroxylated at a ten-fold lower rate, while C18 fatty acids were not oxidized. Remarkably, the regiospecificity of hydroxylation is different for the C12, C14, and C16 fatty acids and appears to be correlated with the length of the carbon chain. Northern blot analysis showed a low level of constitutive expression of CYP94A2 in V. sativa seedlings. In contrast to CYP94A1, transcript accumulation of CYP94A2 was only weakly enhanced in seedlings treated with clofibrate or methyl jasmonate, indicating that both substrate range and gene regulation of the two fatty acid hydroxylases are different.

Acetates↗

Using enquiry in learning: from vision to reality in higher education.

This paper reports on the contribution of six nurse educators to embed enquiry-led learning in a pre-registration nursing programme. Their focus was to evaluate student and facilitator perspectives of a hybrid model of problem-based learning, a form of enquiry-based learning and to focus on facilitators' perceptions of its longer-term utility with large student groups. Problem-based learning is an established learning strategy in healthcare internationally; however, insufficient evidence of its effectiveness with large groups of pre-registration students exists. Fourth Generation Evaluation was used, applying the Nominal Group Technique and Focus Group interviews, for data collection. In total, four groups representing different branches of pre-registration students (n = 121) and 15 facilitators participated. Students identified seven strengths and six areas for development related to problem-based learning. Equally, analysis of facilitators' discussions revealed several themes related to strengths and challenges. The consensus was that using enquiry aided the development of independent learning and encouraged deeper exploration of nursing and allied subject material. However, problems and frustrations were identified in relation to large numbers of groups, group dynamics, room and library resources and personal development. The implications of these findings for longer-term utility with large student groups are discussed.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

Presence of a vertebrate fibrinogen-like sequence in an echinoderm.

Sequence comparisons of the three homologous polypeptide chains that compose vertebrate fibrinogens imply that the molecule evolved before the divergence of vertebrates and invertebrates, but, to our knowledge, no protein resembling vertebrate fibrinogen has even been reported from an invertebrate. We used primers based on sequences conserved between lamprey and human fibrinogens and applied the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to cDNA preparations from various invertebrates. A fibrinogen-like sequence was identified in cDNA prepared from the soft tissues of a sea cucumber, parastichopus parvimensis. The PCR-prepared material was then used to clone two closely related mRNA sequences from a sea cucumber soft tissue cDNA library. The putative fibrinogen-related proteins, FReP-A and FReP-B, correspond to the carboxyl-terminal two-thirds of vertebrate fibrinogen beta and gamma chains. Computer comparisons of various fibrinogen-related sequences indicate that the sea cucumber proteins diverged before the beta-gamma gene duplication.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

Discovery of pectin-degrading enzymes and directed evolution of a novel pectate lyase for processing cotton fabric.

There is a growing need in the textile industry for more economical and environmentally responsible approaches to improve the scouring process as part of the pretreatment of cotton fabric. Enzymatic methods using pectin-degrading enzymes are potentially valuable candidates in this effort because they could reduce the amount of toxic alkaline chemicals currently used. Using high throughput screening of complex environmental DNA libraries more than 40 novel microbial pectate lyases were discovered, and their enzymatic properties were characterized. Several candidate enzymes were found that possessed pH optima and specific activities on pectic material in cotton fibers compatible with their use in the scouring process. However, none exhibited the desired temperature characteristics. Therefore, a candidate enzyme was selected for evolution. Using Gene Site Saturation Mutagenesistrade mark technology, 36 single site mutants exhibiting improved thermotolerance were produced. A combinatorial library derived from the 12 best performing single site mutants was then generated by using Gene Reassemblytrade mark technology. Nineteen variants with further improved thermotolerance were produced. These variants were tested for both improved thermotolerance and performance in the bioscouring application. The best performing variant (CO14) contained eight mutations and had a melting temperature 16 degrees C higher than the wild type enzyme while retaining the same specific activity at 50 degrees C. Optimal temperature of the evolved enzyme was 70 degrees C, which is 20 degrees C higher than the wild type. Scouring results obtained with the evolved enzyme were significantly better than the results obtained with chemical scouring, making it possible to replace the conventional and environmentally harmful chemical scouring process.

Bacteria↗

Grey lungs and blue moods: smoking cessation in the context of lifetime depression history.

OBJECTIVE: To present an overview of the relationship between depression and cigarette smoking and to provide recommendations for clinicians who wish to help patients with a history of depression to stop smoking. METHOD: English language journal articles published in the last 15 years on clinical material related to depression history, smoking cessation and related health issues were collected via MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library database searches. RESULTS: Nicotine dependence is associated with increased rates of depression prior to and after taking up smoking as well as increased rates of suicidal ideation. Depression history is associated with increased rates of nicotine dependence, problems with smoking cessation and depression after cessation. While nicotine replacement and counselling are effective for smoking cessation, standard smoking cessation strategies may not pay sufficient attention to the needs of smokers with a depression history. Some antidepressants (bupropion and nortriptyline) are particularly effective for those with a lifetime depression history as they appear to assist with dysphoria during withdrawal and prevent relapse. Psychological and lifestyle strategies, such as motivational interviewing, relaxation exercises and mood charts, assist in mood regulation over and above the standard smoking cessation treatments for smokers with a depression history, who require more attention to relapse of depression and smoking after quitting. CONCLUSIONS: There is a complex and circular relationship between depression, smoking and medical illness that complicates smoking cessation in those who have a history of depression. Depression-history smokers require a multimodal approach to assist with mood regulation and nicotine withdrawal. Further research is required to identify effective strategies to reduce smoking in this context.

Australia↗

The Rpi-blb2 gene from Solanum bulbocastanum is an Mi-1 gene homolog conferring broad-spectrum late blight resistance in potato.

The necessity to develop potato and tomato crops that possess durable resistance against the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans is increasing as more virulent, crop-specialized and pesticide resistant strains of the pathogen are rapidly emerging. Here, we describe the positional cloning of the Solanum bulbocastanum-derived Rpi-blb2 gene, which even when present in a potato background confers broad-spectrum late blight resistance. The Rpi-blb2 locus was initially mapped in several tetraploid backcross populations, derived from highly resistant complex interspecific hybrids designated ABPT (an acronym of the four Solanum species involved:S. acaule, S. bulbocastanum, S. phureja and S. tuberosum), to the same region on chromosome 6 as the Mi-1 gene from tomato, which confers resistance to nematodes, aphids and white flies. Due to suppression of recombination in the tetraploid material, fine mapping was carried out in a diploid intraspecific S. bulbocastanum F1 population. Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries, generated from a diploid ABPT-derived clone and from the resistant S. bulbocastanum parent clone, were screened with markers linked to resistance in order to generate a physical map of the Rpi-blb2 locus. Molecular analyses of both ABPT- and S. bulbocastanum-derived BAC clones spanning the Rpi-blb2 locus showed it to harbor at least 15 Mi-1 gene homologs (MiGHs). Of these, five were genetically determined to be candidates for Rpi-blb2. Complementation analyses showed that one ABPT- and one S. bulbocastanum-derived MiGH were able to complement the susceptible phenotype in both S. tuberosum and tomato. Sequence analyses of both genes showed them to be identical. The Rpi-blb2 protein shares 82% sequence identity to the Mi-1 protein. Significant expansion of the Rpi-blb2 locus compared to the Mi-1 locus indicates that intrachromosomal recombination or unequal crossing over has played an important role in the evolution of the Rpi-blb2 locus. The contrasting evolutionary dynamics of the Rpi-blb2/Mi-1 loci in the two related genomes may reflect the opposite evolutionary potentials of the interacting pathogens.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

Quality assessment of randomized controlled trials of oral implants.

The aim of this study was to assess the quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) concerned with the effectiveness of oral implants and to create a trial register. A multilayered search strategy was used to identify all RCTs published by the end of 1999 in any language. The Cochrane Oral Health Group specialist register, PubMed, and personal libraries were searched. Seventy-four RCTs were identified. Forty-three articles, not presenting the same patient material, were independently assessed by 3 researchers using a specially designed form. A statistician assessed all trials for the appropriateness of statistics. The quality of each study was assessed on 7 items, including 3 key domains. Randomization and concealment allocation procedures were not described in 30 articles (70%). Reasons for withdrawals were not given in 10 reports (23%). No attempt at blinding was reported in 31 studies (72%). The quality of RCTs of oral implants is generally poor and needs to be improved.

Databases, Bibliographic↗

[Fiber in enteral nutrition: systematic review of the literature].

UNLABELLED: It has been suggested that adding fibre to enteral nutrition (EN) formulas may achieve a normalization of the gastrointestinal tract's functions by reducing the incidence of diarrhoea and constipation. However, this supposition is based on the demonstrated effect of fibre in natural feeding. There have so far been no firm recommendations on the use, amount or type of fibre that is most advisable in EN. GOAL: To establish the scientific evidence existing on the benefits gained by adding fibre to EN formulas compared with the use of fibre-free formulas. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Bibliographical search on PubMed, on the register of Randomized Prospective Trials (RPT) of the Cochrane Library and manual search. INCLUSION CRITERIA: RPT comparing fibre-free formulas with isocaloric ad isonitrogen formulas containing fibre in total EN. Four independent reviewers revised the references selected. The data were analyzed using the RevMan 4.1 programme from the Cochrane Library. RESULTS: Of 286 references, 25 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The data were grouped by population and outcome variable. The addition of fermentable fibre to the EN formulas tends to reduce the incidence of diarrhoea in critically-ill and post-surgery patients (OR = 0.66; 95% CI 0.46-0.95; p = 0.19). The use of formulas with insoluble fibre seems to increase the frequency of depositions and reduce the need for laxatives in immobilized patients receiving long-term EN but the data are insufficient. In people with normal gastrointestinal functions, the frequency of depositions is similar when using formulas with and without fibre (DPM = -0.97; 95% CI -0.12-[-0.02]; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: There is currently insufficient evidence to recommend the systematic use of formulas containing fibre in total EN. However, in critically-ill and post-surgery patients, the use of formulas with fermentable fibre tends to reduce the incidence of diarrhoea. Although information is still lacking. The formulas with insoluble fibre seem to diminish constipation in chronic EN, whereas in other situations where the digestive system is working appropriately, no benefit has been shown. It is necessary to increase the number and quality of these trials in order to be able to establish firm recommendations on the use of EN formulas containing fibre.

Dietary Fiber↗

[What are the epidemiologic data in regard to episiotomy?].

OBJECTIVES: Description of episiotomy rates and current trends in France. Description of episiotomy variation according to medical situations and inter or intra country in obstetrical variation practices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed the AUDIPOG Perinatal network. The medical literature review used Pubmed and the Cochrane Library databases. RESULTS: The episiotomy rate has decreased, in France, from 1996-97 to 2002-03. The percentage of episiotomies among nulliparae is 68% and 31% among multiparae. The episiotomy rate increases with maternal age. The risk of perineal traumatism is variable according to women's ethnic background. The risk of episiotomy is linked to obstetrical situations. It remains an international variation of the global episiotomy rate. However, national rates include regional and hospital variations. French data do not find important variations according to hospital administrative status. We found inter professional variations in the literature. CONCLUSION: Episiotomy is a frequent obstetrical intervention in the world and in France. This intervention is linked with variations in obstetrical practice and with other medical factors at the time of delivery. We note a reduction of episiotomy rate in western countries but this reduction is not the same in these countries.

Adult↗

H-RYK, an unusual receptor kinase: isolation and analysis of expression in ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: Protein tyrosine kinases play an important role in cellular metabolism as key components of signal transduction pathways. They are involved in cellular growth, differentiation, and development. Receptor tyrosine kinases (EGF receptor and c-erbB2) have been shown to be important in the pathogenesis of cancer. In ovarian cancer, overexpression of c-erbB2, a type I receptor, has been correlated with an adverse effect on survival of patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An unusual receptor tyrosine kinase, H-RYK, has been isolated from a complimentary DNA library of SKOV-3, an epithelial ovarian cancer cell line, using a polymerase chain reaction-mediated approach. RESULTS: The primary structure of the predicted amino acid sequence of the protein shows a novel NH2-terminal region. The catalytic region shows homology to other tyrosine kinases, the closest homology being with v-sea (39%). A significant alteration in the catalytic domain is that the highly conserved "DFG" triplet in subdomain VII is altered to "DNA." The gene was mapped to chromosome 3q22. A single transcript of 3.0 kb is expressed in heart, brain, lung, placenta, liver, muscle, kidney, and pancreas by Northern analysis with maximal expression in skeletal muscle. In situ hybridization analysis on human tissues demonstrated localization of message in the epithelial and stromal compartment of tissues such as brain, lung, colon, kidney, and breast. There was minimal to absent expression of H-RYK on surface epithelium of ovaries. In benign (3) and borderline tumors of the ovary (5), there was expression in the stromal compartment. However, in malignant tumors (24) there was increased expression predominantly confined to the epithelium. Polyclonal antisera raised against synthetic peptides recognize a 100-kD protein in ovarian cancer cells and other cell lines. In contrast to other receptor tyrosine kinases, the receptor did not phosphorylate in an in vitro kinase assay. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of this unusual receptor tyrosine kinase in epithelial ovarian cancer suggests that it may be involved in tumor progression, which needs further investigation.

Adenocarcinoma↗

Molecular characterization of a dual endothelin-1/Angiotensin II receptor.

BACKGROUND: The molecular recognition theory (MRT) provides a conceptual framework that could explain the evolution of intermolecular and intramolecular interaction of peptides and proteins. As such, it predicts that binding sites of peptide hormones, and its receptor binding sites were originally encoded by and evolved from complementary strands of genomic DNA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: On the basis of principles underlying the MRT, we screened a rat brain complementary DNA library using an AngII followed by an endothelin-1 (ET-1) antisense oligonucleotide probe, expecting to isolate potential cognate receptors. RESULTS: An identical cDNA clone was isolated independently from both the AngII and ET-1 oligonucleotide screenings. Structural analysis revealed a receptor polypeptide containing a single predicted transmembrane region with distinct ET-1 and AngII putative binding domains. Functional analysis demonstrated ET-1- and AngII-specific binding as well as ET-1- and AngII-induced coupling to a Ca2+ mobilizing transduction system. Amino acid substitutions within the predicted ET-1 binding domain obliterate ET-1 binding while preserving AngII binding, thus defining the structural determinants of ET-1 binding within the dual ET-1/AngII receptor, as well as corroborating the dual nature of the receptor. CONCLUSIONS: Elucidation of the dual ET-1/AngII receptor provides further molecular genetic evidence in support of the molecular recognition theory and identifies for the first time a molecular link between the ET-1 and AngII hormonal systems that could underlie observed similar physiological responses elicited by ET-1 and AngII in different organ systems. The prominent expression of the ET-1/AngII receptor mRNA in brain and heart tissues suggests an important role in cardiovascular function in normal and pathophysiological states.

Amino Acid Sequence↗