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PubMedDate not supplied

[Migrant workers in the metropolitan area of Monterrey].

"In this article, an analysis is made of evidence regarding the metropolitan area of Monterrey, [Mexico]....[A] study carried out in 1965 is used as a point of reference, and information is analyzed for 1980 and 1983. In the first section of this article, a brief summary is provided of some of the recent contributions that have been made to the study of the profitability of internal migration. The second part is devoted to an analysis of the 1980 and 1983 surveys, focussing on the features distinguishing recent migratory workers and the rest of the work force...and on the factors determining income, with special interest in the category of migrants....Lastly, a summary of the main findings is presented." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed1991

Malnutrition and gender relations in Western Kenya.

Child malnutrition, which is an increasing problem in Western Kenya, is addressed primarily through efforts to reach the individual mother with information about proper feeding of her children. A study carried out in Siaya, Kisumu and Busia Districts showed that mothers perceived nutrition problems differently, emphasizing their embeddedness in gender and family relations. In situations of marital conflict, male labour migration, and impoverishment, women must rely on support from others; thus health education should be addressed to husbands, grandmothers and mothers-in-law as well as mothers.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Middle East migration and health.

"Labour migration to the Middle East from Sri Lanka has been increasing in recent times. Such a situation has not only demographic, but economic and social implications.... [The author investigates the] impact on the health situation of the migrant workers as well as on the families that they have left behind...by reviewing [the literature] and by making use of the author's own personal experiences as a physician in the Middle East."

Asia↗
PubMed1992

Seroprevalence of HIV infection in rural South Africa.

OBJECTIVES: To establish the prevalence of HIV infection in rural South Africa and to investigate demographic factors that influence this prevalence. DESIGN: An anonymous HIV seroprevalence survey was performed in conjunction with a population-based malaria surveillance programme. SETTING: The rural area of northern Natal/KwaZulu, South Africa. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 5023 black African participants were recruited by malaria surveillance agents during house-to-house visits; each house in an endemic malaria area is visited approximately once every 6 weeks. Participants included 4044 healthy and 979 febrile individuals (i.e., suspected of having malaria). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: HIV-1 and HIV-2 serological status, degree of mobility, age and sex. RESULTS: Sixty of the 5023 blood specimens were confirmed to be HIV-1-antibody-positive by Western blot, an overall prevalence of 1.2% (95% confidence interval, 0.9-1.5). None of the specimens was positive for HIV-2 antibodies. After adjusting for age, presence of fever and migrancy, women had a 3.2-fold higher prevalence of HIV-1 infection than men. HIV-1 infection was approximately three times more common among subjects who had changed their place of residence recently (2.9 versus 1.0%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HIV-1 infection is higher among women than men resident in rural Natal/KwaZulu, South Africa. This is at least in part the result of oscillatory migration, particularly of men who work in urban areas but have families and homes in rural areas. Migration is associated with a higher prevalence of HIV-1 infection, suggesting that improving social conditions so that families are not separated and become settled in their communities is one way to help reduce the spread of HIV-1.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The changing role of Asian labour migration in the Middle East.

"The paper explores the changing role and origins of foreign labour in two labour importing states, Kuwait and Jordan.... Because Asian labour is cheaper, politically quiescent and more readily reexportable than Arab labour migrants it has become an increasingly important element of these labour forces.... The paper argues that the strategy of dependent development based on the state's import of large amounts of capital, labour and technology has emphasised specific national identities over a regional pan-Arab one." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Asia↗
PubMed1996

Self-selection, earnings and Chicano migration: differences between return and onward migrants.

"The purpose of this article is to extend the empirical literature on Chicano return migration by examining earnings differentials between return and onward Chicano migrants. Our approach reflects the complexity of estimating such effects in terms of selectivity biases and the interaction between individual and locational attributes. We use data derived from the public use microdata sample (PUMS) of the 1990 U.S. census. After controlling for migration and labor force self-selection, results indicate that Chicano return migrants are not negatively self-selected. Chicano return migrants have smaller earnings profiles largely due to the negative effects of living in areas with higher concentrations of co-ethnics. Apparently, return migrants, at least in the short run, are willing to accept lower earnings for the nonpecuniary benefits of living in the Southwest."

Americas↗
PubMed1996

[Migration and family roles: demographic measurement and cultural contexts].

"Demographers explain the fact that women are heads of households in the countries of origin by the shortage of men created by labour migration (the so-called sex-ratio argument). Empirical testing using census or survey data pertaining to a large number of countries proves disappointing. No significant statistical correlation can be established between sex ratios and various characteristics of the households. In order to understand the failure of the methodology used, one must shift from demography to the sociology of migrations and take into account the cultural contexts, and more specifically roles and statuses of women, as is shown in the case of the Caribbean and of the Dogon, one of the ethnic groups in Mali." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Africa↗
PubMed1996

[The European Union and the migrations of populations. Government logic and human rights].

"The first part of this article consists of a summary of the major [immigration] reforms undertaken by the EU [European Union] states over the past decade. The second chapter discusses the ways in which these reforms were drafted, and, in particular, the influence of intergovernmental negotiations on national policy. The third part, relative to the regulation of job markets, underscores the contrast between the tough restrictions on permanent employment of foreigners and flexibility...for administering seasonal immigration or entry visas granted within the context of temporary work contracts. The fourth part, which analyzes the impact of these legislative changes on individual rights, logically leads to a discussion of the foundation of the procedure followed by the wealthy countries, and points out the shortcoming of a strictly punitive or even military solution to what is chiefly a problem of development and democracy." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Demography↗
PubMed1997

Regionalization, economic restructuring and labour migration in Singapore.

"This paper documents the impact of economic development on changes in employment and labour migration in Singapore. High export-led growth and the relaxation of immigration policies in the late 1960s enabled employment of substantial numbers of unskilled foreign labour in manufacturing, construction and domestic service sectors....Economic development in the 1990s, characterized by the regionalization drive which relocates relatively resource-intensive operations of Singapore-based companies overseas, has led to increased retrenchments and a moderation of demand for foreign workers. The upgrading of remaining production operations in Singapore is expected to increase demand for workers with higher skill levels. Emigration of highly educated and skilled professionals from Singapore became a national concern in the late 1980s. However, with regionalization, the new challenge in the 1990s has become one of encouraging Singaporeans to temporarily take up overseas positions." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[New migratory flows of the Brazilian population].

"This article focuses [on] the recent emigration of Brazilians abroad. In the post World War II period, a new type of international migration was observed, caused by demands for labor in the receiving countries, where immigrants are integrated into the secondary labor market. The programs created to stimulate temporary foreign migrations resulted in the recent illegal migrations of Brazilians, most of them working in unskilled jobs. The study is based on data from a preliminary survey on the migratory flow from the city of Governador Valadares in the State of Minas Gerais, to Boston, in the U.S." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Acculturation↗
PubMed1988

Accord No. 000244, 30 June 1988.

This Accord publishes in the Registro Oficial the text of the Andean Instrument on Labour Migration, adopted by the National Congress of Ecuador on 24 June 1987. Under the Instrument, member countries are not to impede the entry and departure of migrant workers who have been contracted in conformity with the Instrument and the immigration laws of the country of immigration. Migrant workers are not to be discriminated against on the basis of race, sex, religion, or nationality and are to have, in general, the same rights of workers of the country of immigration. Workers and their families are also to have the same rights as nationals to education, housing, health care, and social security. Further provisions of the Instrument set forth specific rules with respect to temporary workers, border workers, and undocumented workers.

Americas↗
PubMed1994

Integration by migration?

"In terms of trade and capital flows, the Middle East is one of the least economically integrated regions of the world. The major exception is labor mobility, where intraregional migration flows are extensive. The explanation for this pattern lies in the extreme differences in factor endowments across the region and development policies adopted by both labor-importing and exporting countries. Because the obstacles to trade in goods have been greater than the obstacles to migration, labor mobility and its associated capital flows have been the most important mechanism through which the benefits of the oil windfall have been spread to the poorer states of the region. There is evidence that incomes across the Middle East have become more equal."

Africa↗
PubMed1990

Differential mortality of Asians and Pacific Islanders in the Pacific labour trade.

"Quantitative evidence is presented on the differential mortality suffered by Indian and Pacific Island labour migrants on Fiji's plantations between 1883 and 1919, and by Japanese, Chinese and Pacific Island labour migrants in the phosphate mines on Ocean Island and Nauru between 1913 and 1940. Pacific Island labour migrants suffered much higher death rates than Asian labour migrants, due, it is suggested, to their much greater vulnerability to newly introduced infectious diseases."

Communicable Diseases↗
PubMed1996

Did the decline continue? Comparing the labor-market quality of United States immigrants from the late 1970s and late 1980s.

"The issue addressed in this paper is whether or not the decline in immigrant labor-market quality in the U.S. observed in the late 1960s and 1970s continued in the 1980s." The data are from the Immigration and Naturalization Service and are provided for the years 1979-1980 and 1989-1990. "Given the rise in earnings inequality that has occurred in the United States over the 1980s, the returns to immigration for the more highly skilled will have increased relative to the low skilled, ceteris paribus. For this reason, it is possible that the skill decline of immigrants may have halted in the 1980s as immigrants of differing skill levels respond to the altered circumstances they would face in the United States. The empirical results show that the skill decline did indeed halt...."

Americas↗