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PubMed1981

Transfer effects from listening to frequency-controlled and frequency-shifted accelerated speech.

Two experiments examined intelligibility of sentences reproduced with increased tonal frequency (the spectrum of the speech signal shifted upward), increased speech rate, or both frequency and speech rate increased. The first experiment showed that both the frequency and speech rate increases independently impaired sentence intelligibility. Sentences played back at increased rates and increased frequencies also were perceived as having been spoken more rapidly. In the second experiment subjects listened either to practice sentences played back at frequency-shifted (FS) or frequency-controlled (FC) accelerated rates. Subsequent to this practice, an intelligibility test was given on 10 FS and 10 FC accelerated sentences played back at double speed. The accelerated sentences were more intelligible for practice groups than for a no-practice control group, and FC accelerated rates produced more intelligible sentences than FS acceleration. The specific training experiences produced an interaction with the type of test-sentence acceleration early in transfer. The FS accelerated sentences were more intelligible following FS practice compared to FC practice, and the FC accelerated sentences were more intelligible following FC practice compared to FS practice.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Speech after partial glossectomy: a comparison between reconstruction and nonreconstruction patients.

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to compare the articulation intelligibility of patients after hemiglossectomy or minor glossectomy within the hemitongue with or without reconstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The articulation intelligibility of 19 patients who underwent hemiglossetomy or minor glossectomy within the hemitongue was investigated at least 6 months after surgery with an articulation intelligibility test with 40 sensitive Chinese sounds. Patients were divided into group 1 (those undergoing reconstructive surgery after glossectomy) and group 2 (those not undergoing reconstructive surgery after glossectomy). Defects of the tongue (in group 1) were reconstructed immediately with free radial forearm flaps or pedicled flaps after glossectomy and closed primarily without reconstruction in group 2. The articulation intelligibility scores were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: The mean articulation intelligibility score for group 1 was 77.0% (blade portion glossal sounds), 76.3% (mid portion glossal sounds), and 84.7% (rear portion glossal sounds), and those of group 2 were 94.6%, 92.1%, and 95.3%, respectively. The intelligibility of articulation of group 2 was significantly higher than that of group 1 in blade portion glossal sounds (P <.05), mid portion glossal sounds (P <.05), and rear portion glossal sounds (P <.01). CONCLUSION: The articulation intelligibility was better in patients not receiving grafts than in those receiving grafts. Reconstruction with flaps, which may interfere with the flexibility and mobility of the tongue, may contribute to articulatory impairment. If speech is the outcome of interest, reconstruction may be unnecessary with hemiglossectomy or other partial (minor) glossectomy within the hemitongue.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Prenatal exposure to PCBs and infant performance on the fagan test of infant intelligence.

A sample of infants was examined at conceptual age 67 weeks (6-month testing, N=230), and again at conceptual age 92 weeks (12-month testing, N=216) using the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence (FTII). Analysis of the results revealed a dose-dependent relationship between total umbilical cord-blood PCB levels and poorer FTII performance at both ages. A similar relationship was observed using a subset of the persistent and heavily chlorinated PCB congeners associated with Lake Ontario fish consumption (septa-, octa-, and nonachlorinated biphenyls) in children tested at 12-months but not at 6-months. These data replicate previous research (Jacobson et al., 1985) which demonstrated a dose-dependent relationship between prenatal PCB exposure and FTII performance in infants of Lake Michigan fisheaters. Analyses of FTII scores with cord-blood DDE and maternal hair methylmercury (MeHg) revealed no significant associations between FTII performance and either of these toxicants. The latter results replicate those of Myers et al., (1995) who found no effect of MeHg on FTII performance in Seychellois infants.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Relation of spatial reasoning ability to hand performance in male and female left-handers to familial sinistrality and writing hand.

The relation of mental ability for spatial reasoning to hand performance was studied in male and female left-handers considering familial sinistrality and writing hand. Hand performance was assessed by a dot-filling test; hand preference was assessed by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (Geschwind scores). Nonverbal intelligence (spatial reasoning) was measured by the Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test. The relationship between IQ and hand performance was found to be more complicated than expected. This was associated with sex, familial sinistrality, and writing hand, which created different patterns in interactions between motor and cognitive systems. It was concluded that the brain benefits from different strategies by using both hemispheres in a competitive and complementary manner where necessary to achieve a high visual-spatial performance depending upon genetic preprograms.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Cognitive and psychological profile of a Tunisian population of limb girdle muscular dystrophy.

This study assesses the cognitive functioning of a Tunisian population suffering from limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD). The population was randomly selected from patients referred to the outpatient clinic of the National Institute of Neurology of Tunis. The only criterion for inclusion was the absolute proof of this type of disease through clinical assessments, an immunohistochemical muscle study (dystrophin positive) and linkage study. Over a 2-year period, 16 cases were identified. Cognitive function was measured by individual IQ testing using a language-free, motor-reduced and cultural-free intelligence test. This test relies on adequate visual discrimination and spatial relationship skills; therefore, a test to appraise perceptual skills was administered to rule out potential deficiencies in these abilities. The results showed that this population was functioning well within normal limits of cognitive abilities (IQ of 102 +/- 3 mean +/- SEM). Additionally, the study looked upon the emotional adjustment of this population. Four projective cards were administered (eliciting themes of family confrontation, school attitude, dependence/anxiety and conflicts with parents/depression). Clinical indicators were recorded for each card. The findings were compared with a similar population in terms of demographic characteristics and referred to an outpatient psychology clinic for emotional and behavioral difficulties. The results showed that the LGMD population had a higher number of clinical indicators and a specific profile characterized by low self-esteem with feelings of sadness and internalized culpability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Speech, deglutition and life quality after intraoral tumour resection. A prospective study.

The aim of the present prospective study was to evaluate the functional sequelae and postoperative development of quality of life after intraoral tumour surgery in 40 consecutive patients with a squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth. Immediate reconstruction of intraoral soft tissues after tumour resection was accomplished by local flaps (cheek and tongue) (n=27) and by revascularized transfer of small bowel grafts (n=5) and myocutaneous/fasciocutaneous flaps (n=8). Mobility of the tongue was assessed by ultrasound. Quality of speech was analysed using the Freiburg speech intelligibility test. Life quality was assessed by the functional living index-cancer preoperatively and six months postoperatively. A significant decrease in both mobility of the tongue and quality of speech was registered. The most substantial effect on quality of speech resulted from decreased movement of the base and the dorsum of the tongue. A significant increase in life quality at the end of the study period occurred only in the group of patients without substantial reduction of intelligibility of speech, while no significant improvement of postoperative life quality of patients with more severe deterioration of speech quality was found.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The New York High-Risk Project: social and general intelligence in children at risk for schizophrenia.

UNLABELLED: Social deficits, as well as low performance on intelligence tests, are known early symptoms of schizophrenia. We studied whether impairment of social intelligence can be detected before the outbreak of the disorder. In the New York High-Risk Project, children at risk for schizophrenia (HRSz) or affective disorder (HRAff) and a normal control group (NC) were studied over the past 26 years. The children are now in mid-adulthood, with known psychiatric outcomes. Developmental and clinical data from childhood can now be related to adulthood diagnoses. We compared mean WISC (or WISC-R) and WAIS (or WAIS-R) scores from childhood and adolescence, and change of IQ, between the risk groups, as well as between the adulthood outcomes. We were specifically interested in the development of social intelligence (the Picture Arrangement and Comprehension subtests). We used logistic regression analyses to generate a model predicting adulthood schizophrenia. RESULTS: IQ at age 9,7 was lower in children with HRSz than with HRAff. Adulthood schizophrenia, compared with major depressive disorder and no psychiatric diagnosis could not be related conclusively to low IQ. This may be a result of the study design, since children with IQ below 70 or behavioral problems were not eligible as study subjects. There was no evidence of lower scores or more decline in social intelligence related to age or group membership (risk or outcome). Subtest-Scatter, a nondirectional measure of the differences between all subtests and Vocabulary, reflecting a lesser difference between crystallized and fluid intelligence, was identified as a significant predictor of adulthood schizophrenia, in the whole group as well as in the HRSz group alone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Ocular safety: a silent (in vitro) success story.

Ocular irritation testing has been one of the animal test methods most criticised by animal welfare advocates. Additional criticism has arisen from within the scientific community, based on the variability of the animal test results and the questionable relevance of the extremely high dose levels employed. As a result, the Draize eye irritation test has been one of the main targets for in vitro replacement. Despite extensive efforts, however, there is still no in vitro method that is fully validated as a regulatory replacement. In spite of this, many individual companies are using diverse in vitro ocular irritation tests to gain important safety and efficacy information about their products and raw materials, eliminating the need for animal testing in the process. This is done in a safe fashion by applying intelligent testing paradigms. ECVAM has played a major role in this success, through its many programmes that have emphasised the importance of understanding the true toxicological need, and then using in vitro tests to provide that information. Thus, even in the absence of a successfully validated regulatory assay, the desired result of reducing animal testing is being met.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Uncertainty on the measurement of intelligence].

In recent years, there has been considerable evidence on the phenomenon of intelligence quotient (IQ) gains over time with a gain rate of approximately three IQ points per decade. This phenomenon has been called the Flynn effect. This review article presents the evidence that supports this effect and discusses its implications for the measurement of intelligence. The above mentioned IQ gains over time obviously present serious methodological and theoretical problems in the use of intelligence tests. We review the methodological consequences which the Flynn effect presents in the reliability of the measurement of IQ as well as the methodological consequences which this effect has for epidemiological studies, especially those which focus on the study of the prevalence of mental retardation. Mention is made of the hypothesis that tries to explain these IQ gains, analyzing those which tend to explain these IQ gains as real gains in intelligence, as well as those that propose that these gains are due to other causes rather to real population IQ gains.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Communicative deficits in agenesis of the corpus callosum: nonliteral language and affective prosody.

While some individuals with agenesis of the corpus callosum can perform normally on standardized intelligence tests, clinical observations suggest that they nevertheless have deficits in the domains of fluid and social intelligence. Particularly important for social competence is adequate understanding and use of paralinguistic information. This study examined the impact of callosal absence on the processing of pragmatic and paralinguistic information. Young adult males with agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) were evaluated in the areas of nonliteral language comprehension, proverb recognition and interpretation, and perception of affective prosody. Ten ACC individuals with normal Wechsler IQ were compared to 14 sex, age, and IQ matched normal controls. The Formulaic and Novel Language Comprehension Test (FANL-C), Gorham Proverbs Test, and LA Prosody Test were administered. ACC subjects exhibited significant impairment on the nonliteral items of the FANL-C, but no significant difference from controls in comprehension of literal items. ACC subjects also exhibited significant deficits in both self-generated interpretation and recognition of proverb meaning, and in recognition of affective prosody. These results demonstrate that normally intelligent individuals with ACC are impaired in the understanding of nonliteral language and emotional-prosodic cues that are important in social communication. In all three tests, the performance of individuals with ACC was similar to patients with right hemisphere brain damage. Thus, persons with ACC appear to lack interhemispheric integration of critical aspects of language processed by the right hemisphere.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Comprehension of humor in primary agenesis of the corpus callosum.

Individuals with agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) can, in some cases, perform normally on standardized intelligence tests. Nevertheless, recent studies suggest that individuals with ACC and normal IQ scores have deficits in domains of fluid and social intelligence. Anecdotal reports from families suggest diminished appreciation of the subtleties of social interactions, and deficits in the comprehension of jokes and stories. In this research, both the cartoon and narrative joke subtests of a humor test (developed by Brownell et al. [Brownell, H., Michel, D., Powelson, J., & Gardner, H. (1983). Surprise but not coherence: sensitivity to verbal humor in right-hemisphere patients. Brain and language, 18(1), 20-27] and Bihrle et al. [Bihrle, A. M., Brownell, H. H., Powelson, J. A., & Gardner, H. (1986). Comprehension of humorous and non-humorous materials by left and right brain-damaged patients. Brain and Cognition, 5(4), 399-411]) were given to 16 adults with complete ACC (all with IQs>80) and 31 controls of similar age and IQ. Individuals with ACC performed worse than controls on the narrative joke subtest (p<.025) when VIQ was controlled. However, on the cartoon subtest the two groups were not significantly different. Covarying age, forms of IQ, narrative memory, set-switching, and literal language comprehension did not substantially alter the group difference. However, covarying comprehension of nonliteral language and proverbs eliminated the difference, suggesting a common origin for the comprehension of jokes, nonliteral language, and proverbs, most likely related to capacity for understanding second-order meanings.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Conductive hearing loss effects on children's language and scholastic skills. A review of the literature.

A review of available studies investigating the consequences of conductive hearing loss for language acquisition and scholastic performance was carried out. It uncovered no study that met the standards of rigor needed to provide a definitive answer to this question, although the burden of the evidence is that a persistent mild hearing loss, especially if present since infancy, probably has a measurably deleterious effect on the language of most but not all children. Diagnostic criteria documenting the severity, age of occurrence and duration of middle ear effusions were lacking. Measures of the detrimental effects of conductive losses on linguistic skills frequently were limited to the number of grades children were retained in school, their reading or vocabulary level on achievement tests, or a comparison of their scores on the verbal and performance scales of intelligence tests. Very few studies followed the acquisition of language in affected children or examined its structure. Very few considered the interaction between the socioeconomic and cultural environment of the child and the consequences of his hearing loss. The review underscored the need for prospective multidisciplinary studies in order to evaluate the actual impact of this common pediatric problem.

Achievement↗
PubMed1998

Inner-city achievers: who are they?

OBJECTIVE: To define characteristics that differentiate inner-city children with Average or above-Average Full Scale IQ scores (> or =90) from those with below-Average scores (<90). DESIGN: As part of a prospective study of children with and without in utero cocaine exposure tested at age 4 years on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence-Revised, we found that, taken together, only 32 (21%) scored at or above 90 whereas 118 (79%) scored below 90. The groups (IQ> or =90 and IQ<90) were compared on prenatal, natal, and postnatal factors. SETTING: A study center in an inner-city hospital. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred-fifty children of low socioeconomic status, 34 weeks' gestational age or older, and nonasphyxiated at birth, who had intelligence testing at age 4 years; 150 caregivers (biological and foster). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Association of Full Scale IQ with prenatal, natal, and postnatal characteristics (including caregiver-child interaction measured by the Parent Caregiver Involvement Scale [PCIS], and home environment measured by the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment [HOME]). RESULTS: The group of children with IQs at or above 90 (n = 32) did not differ from the group with IQs below 90 (n = 118) in prenatal or natal characteristics (all P> or =.18) or proportion in foster care, attendance at day care or Head Start, continued caregiver cocaine use, or parental IQ. Children with IQs at or above 90 had more developmentally appropriate interaction by caregivers (P=.043) and higher scores on 6 of 8 subscales and Total HOME (P< or =.05) than the group of children with IQs below 90. CONCLUSIONS: Two postnatal factors, home environment and caregiver-child interaction, were associated with Full Scale IQ scores at or above 90 whereas prenatal and natal factors were not. These potentially malleable postnatal factors can be targeted for change to improve cognitive outcome of inner-city children.

Achievement↗
PubMed2000

Perceptual-phonetic predictors of single-word intelligibility: a study of Cantonese dysarthria.

This study investigated the perceptual-phonetic predictors of intelligibility in Cantonese speakers with dysarthria. The speakers were 20 young adults with cerebral palsy. The listener group consisted of 12 native Cantonese speakers. A single-word intelligibility test was constructed, based on 17 phonetic contrasts. There were no significant differences in intelligibility for gender, age, or type of cerebral palsy. A regression analysis showed that intelligibility could be predicted with 97% accuracy by 5 out of the 6 most problematic contrasts. Three contrasts (glottal vs. null, final vs. null, and long vs. short vowel) predicted variation on an independent intelligibility measure obtained for the same speakers with 84% accuracy. Principal components analysis derived 4 components, which accounted for 81% of the variance in the 17 contrasts. Physiological explanations and language-specific contributions to speech disorder in this group of speakers are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Investigating alternative forms of clear speech: the effects of speaking rate and speaking mode on intelligibility.

Sentences spoken "clearly" (and slowly) are significantly more intelligible than those spoken "conversationally" for hearing-impaired listeners in a variety of backgrounds [Picheny, Durlach, and Braida, J. Speech Hear. Res. 28, 96-103 (1985); Uchanski et al., J. Speech Hear. Res. 39, 494-509 (1996); Payton, Uchanski, and Braida, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 95, 1581-1592 (1994)]. However, it is unknown whether slower speaking rates are necessary for highly intelligible speech or whether an alternative form of clear speech exists at faster (i.e., normal) rates. To investigate this question, talkers with significant public speaking experience were asked to produce clear and conversational speech at slow, normal, and quick rates. A method for eliciting clear speech was introduced that ensured the clearest possible speech was obtained at each of these speaking rates. To probe for other highly intelligible speaking modes, talkers also recorded sentences in two other speaking modes: soft and loud. Intelligibility tests indicated that clear speech was the only speaking mode that provided a consistent intelligibility advantage over conversational speech. Moreover, the advantage of clear speech was extended to faster speaking rates than previously reported. These results suggest that clear speech has some inherent acoustic properties that contribute to its high intelligibility without altering rate. Identifying these acoustic properties could lead to improved signal-processing schemes for hearing aids.

Female↗
PubMed1998

The curvelinear correlations between the total testosterone levels and fluid intelligence in men and women.

The relationship between serum total testosterone (T) level and the fluid intelligence (Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test) was studied in men and women. There was no significant difference between IQs of men and women. There was an inverse curvelinear relationship between IQ and T in women. The same was found also in men, but the declining part of the regression line at high T levels was not as pronounced as in women. It is concluded that T may be related to IQ, even in subjects exhibiting no sex difference in IQ tests; too low or too high T levels may be disadvantages for the fluid intelligence, especially in women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Apolipoprotein E genotype does not predict decline in intelligence in healthy older adults.

There is evidence of a genetic influence on the decline in cognitive performance of older adults, although the mechanisms responsible are unknown. A group of 767 subjects of the Manchester University Age and Cognitive Performance longitudinal study volunteer group, followed up from 1985 to the present, were genotyped for apolipoprotein E (APOE). The data from this were related to cross-sectional and longitudinal trends in the Heim intelligence test score (AH4-1) using previously reported random-effects models (Neuropsychologia 39 (2001) 532). There were no significant differences in mean scores for presence compared with absence of the APOE4 or APOE2 genotypes (P=0.48 and P=0.51, respectively). This research does not demonstrate a link between intelligence and APOE genotype in older adults.

Age Factors↗