[Intra-articular treatment with a jet injector].
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Animals↗
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Local drug delivery with porous balloons in the rabbit: assessment of vascular injury for an improvement of application parameters.
OBJECTIVES: Sufficient intramural drug concentrations with the use of porous balloon catheters can be achieved with additional vascular trauma only. However, effective delivery of a potent drug even in deeper layers of the vessel wall might outweigh these traumatic side effects. Given the porous balloon catheter, the parameters of injection pressure and applied fluid volume will influence the interventional result. METHODS: We tested a 2.5-mm porous balloon (35 75-micron pores) in the right carotid artery of New Zealand rabbits and used injection pressures of 1, 2, and 5 atm and fluid volumes of 2 and 4 ml of low-molecular-weight heparin solution in combination with the different parameters (n = 5 animals/group). In 50 rabbits, an intimal fibromuscular plaque was induced by using the electrostimulation model. Balloon dilatation and then application of the porous balloon was performed in 30 animals, 10 animals were only electrostimulated, and 10 animals served as a control group with balloon dilatation only. The vessels were excised 7 d after intervention, stained, and analyzed histomorpologically. Anti-Xa assays revealed the extent of systemically escaped drug, and serial cuts allowed for exact determination of vessel wall injuries. RESULTS: Effective local drug delivery could not be achieved with an injection pressure of less than 2 atm. Specific pressure-driven effects such as jet injuries could be identified. When the pressure was high enough for disruptive drug delivery (> or = 2 atm), fluid volumes of 4 ml led to loose elastic membranes and local thickening within the media. CONCLUSIONS: Sufficient intramural drug distribution using porous balloon catheters can be achieved with low injection pressures. Different fluid volumes strongly determine the extent of additional vascular injury.
Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗
Frozen stored Leishmania tropica vaccine: the effects of dose, route of administration and storage on the evolution of the clinical lesion. Two field trials in the Israel Defense Forces.
The first field trial of frozen vaccine against cutaneous leishmaniasis yielded a 100% take rate and a high ulceration rate at a dose of four million units. Two further trials were designed to investigate differences in response rates on the basis of duration of storage, sex of vaccinee, vaccination dose and method of administration. 257 soliders (151 males and 106 females) were inoculated in 1978 with an isolate of Leishmania tropica major that had been stored at the temperature of liquid nitrogen for 11 months before use. Those inoculated with an intradermal jet injector and those receiving half a million units by conventional injection yielded very low take rates. For those receiving two million and one million units, no difference in response was demonstrated between males and females or between doses. The over-all take rate for these groups after six months of follow-up was 71.6% with an ulceration rate of only 23.7%. In a subsequent trial in 1979, 131 men were inoculated with one of two frozen isolates of L. tropica major that had been stored for 11 and 18 months, respectively, at doses of either two million or four million units. The take rate after 12 months of follow-up was 91% and 93% for the four and two million units dose, respectively. The corresponding ulceration rates were 39.5% and 25%. The lesions produced by the higher dose developed more rapidly than those produced by the lower dose. The ability of the parasites to produce lesions rapidly with high ulceration rates appears to decline during prolonged storage, even in the frozen state.
Adolescent↗
Electropolymerized flavin adenine dinucleotide as an advanced NADH transducer.
Electropolymerizing the prosthetic group (flavin adenine dinucleotide, FAD) responsible in the active sites of dehydrogenases for NAD(+)|NADH regeneration, we succeeded in mimicking enzyme activity. Poly(FAD) characterized by an additional polymer-type redox reaction has been discovered as a highly effective electrocatalyst for NADH oxidation: operating at the lowest potentials reported for NADH transducers (0.00 V, pH 7.4), poly(FAD) is characterized by the electrochemical rate constant of 1.8 +/- 0.6 x 10(-3) cm s(-1), which is at the level of the NADH mass-transfer constant. Flow injection analysis of NADH with the poly(FAD)-modified wall-jet electrode as a detector has been characterized by a linear calibration range prolonged down to 5 x 10(-7) M and a sensitivity of 0.08 A M(-1) cm(-2), which taking into account the dispersion coefficient ( approximately 3), is at the diffusion-limiting value. In contrast to the low molecular weight mediators able to exhibit similar electrocatalytic properties, poly(FAD)-modified electrodes are characterized by the dramatically improved stability and, thus, can be considered as the most advantageous NADH transducers for analytical chemistry.
Binding Sites↗
Redox hydrogel-based amperometric bienzyme electrodes for fish freshness monitoring
This work presents the design and optimization of amperometric biosensors for the determination of biogenic amines (e.g., histamine, putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, cystamine, agmatine, spermidine), commonly present in food products, and their application for monitoring of freshness in fish samples. The biosensors were used as the working electrodes of a three-electrode electrochemical cell of wall-jet type, operated at -50 mV vs Ag/AgCl, in a flow injection system. Two different bienzyme electrode designs were considered, one based on the two enzymes [a newly isolated and purified amine oxidase (AO) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)] simply adsorbed onto graphite electrodes, and one when they were cross-linked to an Os-based redox polymer. The redox hydrogel-based biosensors showed better biosensors characteristics, i.e., sensitivity of 0.194 A M-1 cm-2 for putrescine and 0.073 A M-1 cm-2 for histamine, and detection limits (calculated as three times the signal-to-noise ratio) of 0.17 microM for putrescine and 0.33 microM for histamine. The optimized redox hydrogel-based biosensors were evaluated in terms of stability and selectivity, and were used for the determination of total amine content in fish samples kept for 10 days in different conditions.
Journal Article↗
X-ray imaging of shock waves generated by high-pressure fuel sprays.
Synchrotron x-radiography and a fast x-ray detector were used to record the time evolution of the transient fuel sprays from a high-pressure injector. A succession of 5.1-microsecond radiographs captured the propagation of the spray-induced shock waves in a gaseous medium and revealed the complex nature of the spray hydrodynamics. The monochromatic x-radiographs also allow quantitative analysis of the shock waves that has been difficult if not impossible with optical imaging. Under injection conditions similar to those found in operating engines, the fuel jets can exceed supersonic speeds and result in gaseous shock waves.
Cerium↗
Adaptation of carotid chemoreceptors to step increases in PaCO2 in anesthetized cats.
1. The rate of change sensitivity of some carotid chemoreceptors to within-breath changes in PaCO2 would suggest that the half-life of adaptation of these receptors to a step increase is shorter than the 5-10 s previously reported. 2. In six anesthetized cats, step increases in PaCO2 (10 in each cat) were produced by injection of CO2 into the inspired gas during high-frequency jet ventilation. Chemoreceptor discharge was recorded from single-fiber preparations of the divided carotid sinus nerve, and the changes in PaCO2 were followed with the use of an in vivo pH electrode. 3. The adaptation half-lives were 0.3, 0.8, 1.2, 1.3, 1.6, and 8.6 s. The physiological significance of these findings in terms of respiratory control and the mechanism of chemotransduction are discussed. The receptors with the shortest and longest half-lives showed corresponding differences in response to sine-wave oscillations in PaCO2. 4. In a further group of five cats, chemoreceptor responses to step increases in PaCO2 were tested before and during infusion of KCl to produce a mean arterial [K-] of 6.8 +/- 0.2 (SE) mM. Under these conditions the hyperkalemia caused no further increase in discharge. 5. We conclude that adaptation of the chemoreceptor response to increases in PaCO2 is much faster than previously reported and that this finding is consistent with observations of chemoreceptor responses to respiratory PaCO2 oscillations.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
Identification of myofascial trigger point syndromes: a case of atypical facial neuralgia.
Myofascial trigger points (TPs) in a muscle are usually activated by acute or chronic overload of the muscle. They are identified by objective and subjective findings. Objective signs include a palpably firm, tense band in the muscle, production of a local twitch response, restricted stretch range-of-motion, weakness without atrophy, and no neurologic deficit. Subjectively, the patient reports stiffness and easy fatigability, spontaneous pain in a distribution predictable for that TP, an exquisite deep tenderness specifically at the TP. Sustained pressure on the TP induces referred pain in the predicted pattern. Some muscles are likely to produce additional objective and subjective autonomic concomitants. Laboratory and radiographic findings are negative. The affected muscle is treated by passive stretch while a jet stream of vapocoolant spray is applied over it, or by injection of the TP with a local anesthetic. A case report describes in detail the treatment of a patient who, for 13 years, had suffered from a medically enigmatic, intense right facial pain with severe dysfunction and who is now pain-free, with a full schedule of unrestricted activities 23 years later.
Adult↗
The role of gas dynamics in operation conditions of a Pulsed Microplasma Cluster Source for nanostructured thin films deposition.
This study intends to explain the fluid dynamic characteristics of a Pulsed Microplasma Cluster Source (PMCS). An axially symmetric steady state simulation is performed for modeling the real-life three-dimensional unsteady flow of hypersonic helium inside our PMCS. Hypersonic helium flow is simulated using Realizable k-epsilon turbulent model. We obtained the jet velocity, density, and pressure field inside our PMCS for the conditions considered and discussed them with respect to our experimental observations. We also presented a qualitative discussion on the formation-termination process of this hypersonic jet. In particular, simulation, in agreement with the experiment, indicates that the middle stage of the injection process, where the Mach disk stands close to the ablation target and at the same time the mass flow rate is relatively high, is almost the appropriate time for firing the electric discharge. We simulated the jet-electrode impingement and tracked the trajectory of the ablated carbon clusters, considered as rigid spheres, inside the PMCS. We noticed that the spatial distribution of the clusters inside PMCS is highly conserved during the free expansion of the cluster beam out of the nozzle (in the vacuum chambers) and is recognizable in the deposited carbon film. This indicates that the geometry of PMCS plays a significant role in the uniformity of the deposited film.
Computer Simulation↗
Domestic wastewater treatment by a submerged MBR (membrane bio-reactor) with enhanced air sparging.
The air sparging technique has been recognised as an effective way to control membrane fouling. However, its application to a submerged MBR (Membrane Bio-Reactor) has not yet been reported. This paper deals with the performances of air sparging on a submerged MBR for wastewater treatment. Two kinds of air sparging techniques were used respectively. First, air is injected into the membrane tube channels so that mixed liquor can circulate in the bioreactor (air-lift mode). Second, a periodic air-jet into the membrane tube is introduced (air-jet mode). Their applicability was evaluated with a series of lab-scale experiments using domestic wastewater. The flux increased from 23 to 33 l m(-2) h(-1) (43% enhancement) when air was injected for the air-lift module. But further increase of flux was not observed as the gas flow increased. The Rc/(Rc+Rf), ratio of cake resistance (Rc) to sum of Rc and Rf (internal fouling resistance), was 23%, indicating that the Rc is not the predominant resistance unlike other MBR studies. It showed that the cake layer was removed sufficiently due to the air injection. Thus, an increase of airflow could not affect the flux performance. The air-jet module suffered from a clogging problem with accumulated sludge inside the lumen. Because the air-jet module has characteristics of dead end filtration, a periodic air-jet was not enough to blast all the accumulated sludge out. But flux was greater than in the air-lift module if the clogging was prevented by an appropriate cleaning regime such as periodical backwashing.
Air Movements↗
[Treatment of a femoral venous aneurysm with foam-sclerotherapy].
Venous aneurysms are uncommon. Venous dilatation and large varices could be treated with injections of foam and sclerosing agents followed by local compression which obliterate or thrombose the aneurysmal space. However, the use of foam-sclerotherapy to obliterate venous aneurysms has never been reported before. The obstruction or sclerosis of the aneurysmal space should be obtained without altering the femoral flow. The patient is a 65-year old lady without history of trauma involving the femoral region. A compressible lump is present at the third, internal part of the left femoral fold. The lump is painless and easily obliterated by compression. Color duplex shows a large cavity (4 x 4 x 6 cm) and venous flow is visible. Flow produces a venous jet, visible with color and ejecting from the common femoral vein. A first injection is made under ultrasound guide using a foaming agent: 10 ml of foam including 4 ml of 3% sclerosing solution are injected. During the injection the femoral vein is compressed with the probe to avoid passage of the sclerosing foam into the femoral vein. After 2 weeks, ultrasound indicate only a partial occlusion of the aneurysm. The procedure is repeated and after 2 more weeks the ultrasound scan shows a complete occlusion of the aneurysm. The femoral vein and the long saphenous vein are patent. After 12 weeks the situation is unchanged and the results appear to be permanent. This new method, never described before is an important, minimally invasive method in case of venous aneurysms. Results from larger studies should be available to define indications and modalities of treatment.
Aged↗
In vitro computed tomography of the human placenta.
A plastic holding device has been devised to allow in vitro computed tomography of term human placentas. Graded dilutions of iodinated contrast medium have been injected into the fetal placental circulation and into the intervillous space of placental lobules perfused with normal saline solution. Computed tomography in different orientations has imaged Borell's "jets" on the maternal side and cotyledonary vascular "puffs" on the fetal side of the placenta. Attenuation coefficients, before and after injection of contrast medium may be used for quantitative investigation of the physiological placental circulation and possibly for diagnosing placental pathology.
Humans↗
[Clinical trial of a mixed vaccine against diphtheria tetanus and whooping cough, administered intradermally by "Dermo-Jet"].
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Diphtheria↗
Use of the dermo-jet in urology.
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Humans↗
The environmental scanning electron microscope and its applications.
An environmental scanning electron microscope can be made by incorporating a pressure limiting aperture at some distance below the objective aperture of an SEM, and by providing independent pumping between these two apertures. Tilting of the pressure limiting aperture with respect to the axis of the electron optics column redirects the gas jet which develops above the pressure limiting aperture and which otherwise would inject excessive gas through the objective aperture into the column. The detection of backscattered and multiple-backscattered electrons is achieved below the pressure limiting aperture in the region confined by the sample, the detector and the aperture grid. Wet specimens can be examined in the environmental scanning electron microscope at 7kV and TV rates by placing them at a sufficiently close distance to the pressure limiting aperture. Live seedlings and ants have been observed in this way. Wet (fresh) rat tissues, wool fibers subjected to various treatments, crystallization and rewetting of salts, and some radiation effects have been observed and recorded under the environmental scanning electron microscope. Examination of specimens in the full pressure range, 0-1013 mbar, is possible. A detector-aperture system which will allow the signal originating from the sample to be detected simultaneously both below and above the aperture is under construction. Further development of environmental scanning electron microscopy now depends upon close co-ordination between microscope manufacturers and research groups involved in such fields as biology, fiber technology, radiation and physical chemistry.
Animals↗
[Equipment combination for the use of normal frequency and high frequency jet ventilation].
Over the last eight years high-frequency ventilation has been extensively evaluated both in the clinical and laboratory settings. Two types of jet ventilators for application of normofrequency and high-frequency jet ventilation have been developed. A combined equipment is described with gas mixer, heater-humidifier, monitoring, membrane solenoid valve and a special injection system.
High-Frequency Jet Ventilation↗
Atomization of liquids in a Pease-Anthony Venturi scrubber. Part II. Droplet dispersion.
Droplet distribution is of fundamental importance to the performance of a Venturi scrubber. Ensuring good liquid distribution can increase performance at minimal liquid usage. In this study, droplet dispersion in a rectangular Pease-Anthony Venturi scrubber, operating horizontally, was examined both theoretically and experimentally. The Venturi throat cross-section was 24 mm x 35 mm, and the throat length varied from 63 to 140 mm. Liquid was injected through a single orifice (1.0 mm diameter) on the throat wall. This arrangement allowed the study of the influence of jet penetration on droplet distribution. Gas velocity at the throat was 58.3 and 74.6 m/s, and the liquid flow rate was 286, 559 and 853 ml/min. A probe with a 2.7 mm internal diameter was used to isokinetically remove liquid from several positions inside the equipment. It was possible to study liquid distribution close to the injection point. A new model for droplet dispersion, which incorporates the new description of the jet atomization process developed by the present authors in the first article of this series, is proposed and evaluated. The model predicted well the experimental data.
Air Movements↗
Iron catalyst chemistry in modeling a high-pressure carbon monoxide nanotube reactor.
The high-pressure carbon monoxide (HiPco) technique for producing single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is analyzed with the use of a chemical reaction model coupled with flow properties calculated along streamlines, calculated by the FLUENT code for pure carbon monoxide. Cold iron pentacarbonyl, diluted in CO at about 30 atmospheres, is injected into a conical mixing zone, where hot CO is also introduced via three jets at 30 degrees with respect to the axis. Hot CO decomposes the Fe(CO)5 to release atomic Fe. Then iron nucleates and forms clusters that catalyze the formation of SWNTs by a disproportionation reaction (Boudouard) of CO on Fe-containing clusters. Alternative nucleation rates are estimated from the theory of hard sphere collision dynamics with an activation energy barrier. The rate coefficient for carbon nanotube growth is estimated from activation energies in the literature. The calculated growth was found be about an order of magnitude greater than measured, regardless of the nucleation rate. A study of cluster formation in an incubation zone prior to injection into the reactor shows that direct dimer formation from Fe atoms is not as important as formation via an exchange reaction of Fe with CO in FeCO.
Carbon Monoxide↗