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At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Subalterns of technopoly: brokering techno-power in academic sociology.

Drawing on responses to a small-scale sensitizing sociological probe of 'technological stratification' in academic sociology, this article considers the role of academic staff delegated to oversee the distribution of information and communications technology resources within their departments between the years 1987-1996. From their recollections as local 'gatekeepers' of the new knowledge technologies, these 'subalterns of Technopoly' perceived themselves as relatively powerless 'techno-power brokers' unable to make a significant difference to the 'technological stratification' they encountered in their working environments in that period.

Humans↗
PubMed1975

Review of computer applications in hospital pharmacy practice.

A comprehensive literature review of the applications of computers in hospital pharmacy practice is presented. Articles are categorized as: accounting and drug usage review; purchasing and inventory control; controlled substances; outpatient services;drug distribution; drug information; and clinical services.

Accounting↗
PubMed2000

[Divergence of the cytochrome b gene in grouse species].

A 720-bp cytochrome b gene fragment of the mitochondrial genome was sequenced in ten species and seven potential subspecies of grouse. Of 187 variable sites detected, 140 were parsimony informative. The distribution of nucleotides in three positions of codons had a similar pattern with and did not fundamentally differ from that of the nucleotide composition of this gene in other animals, including birds. The nucleotides found at the first codon position were shown to be uniformly distributed, whereas the third position was characterized by a significant decrease in the amount of guanine and, to a lesser extent, thymine. Based on the data on the nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome b gene fragment, a phylogenetic tree was constructed. This tree fits well the morphological and ecological differentiation of the species studied.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Percutaneous Injuries With Sharp Instruments and the Behavior of Anesthesiologists and Obstetricians in Regard to the Associated Risk of Occupational Infectious Diseases: A Survey in a Town in Brazil.

Health care workers are at risk of acquiring several infectious diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, from percutaneous injuries with contaminated needles and sharp instruments. A survey among anesthesiologists and obstetricians in a Brazilian town assessed their risk of these injuries and their behavior toward prophylaxis. Both anesthesiologists and obstetricians tended to be more adherent to universal precautions when caring for patients with known HIV positive status, although the difference was statistically significant only for the use of goggles. Of those surveyed, 80% of the obstetricians and 65% of anesthesiologists had at least 1 episode of injury with a needle or sharp instrument in the last 12 months. Injuries were mostly from syringe needles (88.9%) among the anesthesiologists, and from suture needles (56.9%) among the obstetricians. The annual risk of injury was much higher among obstetricians (2 per 100 procedures) than among anesthesiologists (11 per 10,000 anesthesias and 17 per 10,000 venous punctures/intravenous catheterizations). The majority of the anesthesiologists and obstetricians referred for vaccination against hepatitis B received the vaccine as post-exposure prophylaxis. Promoting recognition of percutaneous injuries with sharp instruments among health care workers as an important occupational health problem, distribution of information on methods to prevent such injuries, and when to immunize are objectives yet to be achieved to prevent the transmission of infection by HIV and other microbes. Proper assessment of a number of new devices, techniques, and protective equipment may result in more effective preventive measures in the future.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Nigeria.

Study of the increasing epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Nigeria provides insight into the magnitude of its spread, and allows identification of particular population groups which must be the target for preventive measures and increased public awareness campaigns. We have reviewed records documenting the disease in Nigeria since the first case was reported in 1986. Prevalence surveys have allowed identification of the rate of increase in the infection in various regions of Nigeria, and among various population groups: blood donors, those attending ante-natal care clinics (ANC), those attending sexually transmitted diseases clinics (STD), commercial sex workers (CSW), and patients with tuberculosis. We also reviewed the success of campaigns to increase awareness of AIDS in Nigeria. There were over 2 million cases of HIV infection in Nigeria in 1996, based on a national prevalence of 3.8%. The highest prevalence of infection was in the Middle Belt region of the country with 9.6% positivity of those tested in 1992, and 33.6% in 1994. Among blood donors, the percentage of those infected rose from 0% in 1987, to 4.4% in 1992, in one medical center; and in 1995, in Ante Natal Care clinics (ANC) the prevalence ranged from 0.2% to 12.9% of mothers (median 5.0%). High rates of infection were recorded among CSW ( 71.3% in one region), those attending STD clinics (27.4% in one region), long-haul truck drivers and policemen. Patients with tuberculosis also had a high prevalence of infection. Public awareness and adequate surveillance data remain inadequate in view of the magnitude of the problem. Increased funding and judicious expenditures are essential to obtain and distribute accurate information in order to begin to resolve this epidemic.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Clinical trial management and remote data entry on the Internet based on XML case report forms.

The Internet and the World Wide Web have recently been introduced into the management of some aspects of clinical trials such as remote randomisation and data entry and the distribution of information on trial progress. A few larger trials use electronic Case Report Forms (eCRFs) built with HTML. This article describes a more flexible approach using the Extensible Markup Language XML.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2000

[Prinicipal health services accessibility risks in the European Union countries].

In 1998, MDM, the well-known french NGO advocating for the deprived people social rights, was supported by European funds to compare inegalities in health facilities accessibility in several countries. The NGO objective was to denounciate social exclusions and find arguments to set a partnership between relevant institutions. Social oriented professionals and social scientists were interviewed in eleven European cities. A joint committee including humanitarian deleguees and universitarian researchers gave the guidelines and analysed the results. Facing diversity in health facilities access determinants, a common analytic framework has been proposed to the different European partners. This tool did not benefit from a great success given the amount of work to perform identification and data collecting for a proper use. As it is usual in comparative studies, data collecting process has to fit into the observer's interests scale. Most of the time, humanitarian NGOs know little about phasing, -in, flow and customers distribution? Available informations are no more relevant when the focus changes. In spite of health facilities access impediments and simulation in European health systems confluency, it is hard nowadays to give so refine a design of custudory principles.

Altruism↗
PubMed2001

Comparing frequency of content-bearing words in abstracts and texts in articles from four medical journals: an exploratory study.

BACKGROUND: Retrieval tests have assumed that the abstract is a true surrogate of the entire text. However, the frequency of terms in abstracts has never been compared to that of the articles they represent. Even though many sources are now available in full-text, many still rely on the abstract for retrieval. METHODS: 1,138 articles with their abstracts were downloaded from Journal of the American Medical Association, New England Journal of Medicine, Lancet, and the British Medical Journal. Words were extracted from the articles and their abstracts and the frequency of each word was counted in both sources. Each article and its abstract were tested using a chi-squared test to determine if the words in the abstract occurred as frequently as would be expected. RESULTS: 96% of the abstracts tested as samples of the article they represented. CONCLUSION: In these four journals, the abstracts are lexical, as well as intellectual, surrogates for the documents they represent.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1980

[Not Available].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Bangladesh↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Genetic secrets: social issues of medical screening in a genetic age.

In the 1990s, as the multi-billion-dollar Human Genome Project makes more and more genetic information available, we would do well to look closely at the social context of power dynamics, control, and economic interests within which that information will be used. Let us consider four specific questions. How does social stratification by race, ethnicity, gender, and social class affect the use of genetic information in the workplace? In what ways are perspectives on genetic testing socially located? What can fetal exclusion policies teach us about how genetic information might be used to identify high-risk individuals? What social and political challenges are posed by new information about genetic abnormalities, and how might that information be distributed fairly?

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed2001

Comparing frequency of word occurrences in abstracts and texts using two stop word lists.

Retrieval tests have assumed that the abstract is a true surrogate of the entire text. However, the frequency of terms in abstracts has never been compared to that of the articles they represent. Even though many sources are now available in full-text, many still rely on the abstract for retrieval. 1,138 articles with their abstracts were downloaded from Journal of the American Medical Association, New England Journal of Medicine, the British Medical Journal, and the Lancet. Based on two stop word lists, one long and one short, content bearing words were extracted from the articles and their abstracts and the frequency of each word was counted in both sources. Each article and its abstract were tested using a chi-squared test to determine if the words in the abstract occurred as frequently as would be expected. 96% to 98% of the abstracts tested were not significantly different than random samples of the articles they represented. In these four journals, the abstracts are lexical, as well as intellectual, surrogates for the articles they represent.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2002

[Communication center in public health].

The Communications Center's portfolio covers areas such as marketing, contacts, distribution of information, sales activities and collection of bills by telephone (encashment). A special emphasis is Customer Care Management (Customer Relationship Management) to the patient and his caregivers (relatives), the customers, especially the physicians who send their patients to the hospital and the hospital doctor. By providing communication centers, the hospital would be able to improve the communication with the G.P.s, and identify the wishes and requirements more accurately and easily from the beginning. Dealing effectively with information and communication is already also of special importance for hospital doctors today. One can assume that the demands on doctors in this respect will become even more complex in the future. Doctors who are involved in scientific research are of course fully aware of the growing importance of the Internet with its new information and communication channels. Therefore analysing the current situation, the demands on a future information management system can be formulated: A system that will help doctors to avoid dealing with little goal-oriented information and thus setting up effective communication channels; an information system which is multi-media oriented towards the interests and needs of the patients and patient's relatives and which is further developed continually and directly by those involved.

Communication↗
PubMed2002

Evidence-based medicine and radiology: how to build a guideline. An attempt in minor head injury.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the use of Evidence-based Medicine (EBM) to build radiological Guidelines, with the aim to have a better compliance by users. It has been decided to work on minor head injury, where we have found, in our institution, a wide and unjustified use of conventional skull x-ray. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A Workgroup, that reunites the main figures that enter in the management of the patient with minor head injury, has been created within our Hospital. The bibliography relative to the problem has been selected, employing criteria that held account of the methodological correctness, and in particular the existing Guidelines have been carefully analysed. It is therefore proceeded drawing up a Guideline that adhered to the principles of the EBM, adapting it to the hospital environment. Subsequently it has been passed to the phase of its implementation, with reunions in small groups of the involved professional figures, the distribution of informative material and the use of poster that reassumed the diagnostic flow-chart. Moreover a survey of the relative data to the number of skull x-ray and brain TC, executed in the patients with head trauma, has been completed. RESULTS: The analysis of the data relative to the variation of the number of demands for skull Rx after introduction of the Guideline has demonstrated a great reduction (-83,8%), with little variation of the number of brain TC (+17,0%); such reduction has naturally implicated an important reduction of costs (-25,2%) and of the x-ray dose to population, measured to the crystalline (34,5%) and to thyroid (-71,0%). CONCLUSIONS: The employ of the EBM in the Guideline creation, beyond representing the more correct methodology, concurs to obtain a greater adhesion from the users involved in management of the patient; in particular this happens if the Guideline is a product of a vast contribution and if it is supported from all additional procedures that can be useful for its implementation.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗