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PubMed1979

The form of early development. Continuity and discontinuity in emergent competences.

Conceptions of psychological development devised by Western theorists have assumed connectivity of stages, stability of acquired structures, and continuity of process, and have resisted the possibility that some emerging psychological qualities might have relatively short histories. Empirical studies of the first two years of life suggest that the enhancement of retrieval memory at 8 to 10 months of age, the emergence of a linguistic set at 15 to 18 months of age, and sensitivity to standards of competence prior to the second birthday are emergent human competences that may not necessarily have a historical link to the events of early infancy. Developmental theorists should be as receptive to sequences that are relatively discontinuous as they are to those that are gradual and cumulative.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1982

Residence relocation inhibits opioid dependence.

Residence relocation affected opioid drug use among 248 addicts in San Antonio, Tex. One hundred seventy-one subjects reported a total of 465 relocations away from San Antonio during a mean follow-up period of 20 years. Subjects were voluntarily abstinent 54% of the time during relocation and 12% of the time during San Antonio residence. The frequency of one-year abstinence after relocation (17%) was nearly three times greater than that after 1,654 treatment and correctional interactions (6%). Treatment preceding relocation led to a notably higher frequency of abstinence (31%). When abstinent subjects returned to San Antonio, they resumed opioid use within one month in 81% of the cases. Possible explanatory factors include drug availability, conditioned abstinence, and peer modeling. The findings suggest that relocation of patients should often be encouraged rather than discouraged.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Deferred imitation by 6- and 9-month-old infants: more evidence for declarative memory.

Deferred imitation has recently surfaced as a hallmark measure of nonverbal declarative memory. In two experiments, we examined the developmental origins of deferred imitation during early infancy. Six- and 9-month-old human infants observed an experimenter perform specific actions with multiple objects. The infants' ability to reproduce those actions was assessed following a 24-hr delay. With a single demonstration session, infants of both ages reproduced significantly more actions that had been demonstrated than control actions that had not. These findings challenge the view that memory development is characterized by the emergence of a fundamentally different, declarative memory system later in development. We conclude that the rudiments of declarative memory are present by at least 6 months of age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

Therapy with eight schizophrenic and borderline patients: summary of a therapy approach that employs a semi-symbiotic bond between patient and therapist.

In conclusion, it appears to this therapist that working through a semi-symbiotic union is a useful and perhaps essential therapy technique with both schizophrenic and borderline patients. The essential ingredients of this technique include: (1) open expression of feelings by the therapist; (2) consistency and reliability by the therapist; (3) understanding and acceptance of schizophrenic jargon; (4) acceptance of the patient's ambivalent feelings about closeness and distance and allowing distancing tactics; (5) interpreting and working through distancing needs as an on-going process -- understanding that they generally indicate both fear of rejection and of incorporation; (6) acceptance of a long-term semi-symbiotic responsibility to the patient; (7) expression of the therapist's own legitimate limits and of his inability to meet all the patient's needs; (8) allowing and encouraging the patient the freedom to grow toward increasing independence with security.

Empathy↗
PubMed1976

Conformity and modeling in an aversive task.

High- and low-conformity groups, as measured by the California Personality Inventory, were exposed to a video-taped model who performed an aversive task (i.e., self-administration of electric shock). Comparable groups performed the task without demonstration by the model. In both groups, the modeling procedure produced significantly higher levels of self-administered shock. However, the conformity variable demonstrated no main effect and no interaction with the modeling variable.

Avoidance Learning↗
PubMed1978

A cognitive-experiential approach to the interpersonal and intrapersonal development of counselors and therapists.

Examined the effects of a training program for counselors and therapists based upon configurations of (a) systematic human relations training; (b) cognitive restructuring of counselor beliefs; and (c) systematic performance feedback. Criterion measures consisted of post vs. pre-gain scores on selected scales of the Personal Orientation Inventory and the seven Carkhuff scales. Results indicated that the most significant gains made on the criterion measures were evidenced by those Ss who participated in the training program that consisted of all three of the training conditions.

Cognition↗
PubMed2000

A two-year longitudinal study of deferred imitation of object manipulation in a juvenile chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus).

Changes in deferred imitation of novel actions on objects were assessed over a 2-year period in two enculturated, juvenile great apes (one chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes, and one orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus). Both apes displayed deferred imitation, and both displayed improve ments in deferred imitation over the 2-year period, although the magnitude of improvement was greater for the chimpanzee. This is, to our knowledge, the first experimental demonstration of longitudinal improvements of deferred imitation in great apes. The results were interpreted as reflecting maturationally paced cognitive differences consistent with other cognitive accomplishments in these species, and as demonstrating the influence that a species-atypical rearing environment can have on cognitive abilities in juvenile great apes.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Abnormal imitation-related cortical activation sequences in Asperger's syndrome.

Subjects with Asperger's syndrome (AS) are impaired in social interaction and imitation, but the underlying brain mechanisms are poorly understood. Because the mirror-neuron system (MNS) that matches observed and executed actions has been suggested to play an important role in imitation and in reading of other people's intentions, we assessed MNS functions in 8 adult AS subjects and in 10 healthy control subjects during imitation of still pictures of lip forms. In the control subjects, cortical activation progressed in 30 to 80-millisecond steps from the occipital cortex to the superior temporal sulcus, to the inferior parietal lobe, and to the inferior frontal lobe, and finally, 75 to 90 milliseconds later, to the primary motor cortex of both hemispheres. Similar activation sites were found in AS subjects but with slightly larger scatter. Activation of the inferior frontal lobe was delayed by 45 to 60 milliseconds and activations in the inferior frontal lobe and in the primary motor cortex were weaker than in control subjects. The observed abnormal premotor and motor processing could account for a part of imitation and social impairments in subjects with AS.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Measuring infant memory: does the ruler matter?

Although the mobile conjugate reinforcement, deferred imitation, and visual attention paradigms are commonly used to test memory processing by infants, there is often debate about the comparability of memory measured by these three procedures. In a series of experiments, we systematically compared 6-month-old infants' performance across all three procedures. Contrary to current claims, measures of memory obtained using the mobile conjugate reinforcement and deferred imitation paradigms were more similar than those obtained using the deferred imitation and visual attention paradigms.

Attention↗
PubMed1994

Susceptibility of artificially reared rat pups to social influences on food choice.

Using techniques developed by Hall (1975) and modified by Diaz (1991), we maintained rat pups in total social isolation from the time they were 2 or 3 days of age until they were 42 days old. We found that rat pups reared in social isolation exhibited susceptibility to social enhancement of food preference indistinguishable from that exhibited by normally reared rat pups. These data suggest that development of a tendency to use conspecifics as sources of information about what foods to eat does not depend upon previous experience either of interaction with conspecifics or of feeding in social situations.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Time reproduction in finger tapping tasks by children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and/or dyslexia.

AIM: Deficits in timing and sequencing behaviour in children with dyslexia and with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder have already been identified. However many studies have not controlled for comorbidity between dyslexia and ADHD. This study investigated timing performance of children with either dyslexia or ADHD, or ADHD + dyslexia or unaffected children using a finger tapping paradigm. METHOD: Four groups of children (ADHD x Dyslexia) with a total of 68 children were compared using a four factorial design with two between-subject factors (ADHD (yes/no), dyslexia (yes/no)) and two within-subject factors, inter-stimulus interval (263, 500, 625, 750, 875 and 1000 ms) and tapping condition (free tapping, synchronous tapping, and unpaced tapping). In addition the complexity of rhythm reproduction pattern (unpaced tapping) was varied (simple/complex). RESULTS: No significant differences were found either in the ability of the ADHD or the dyslexia groups to sustain a self-chosen free tapping rate or to generate a stable inter-response interval either by synchronising to a signal or in reproducing a given interval without the previous pacing signal. Response averages showed the expected asynchrony and variability. In rhythm pattern reproduction the groups did not differ significantly in their ability to reproduce rhythms. However, a significant two way interaction effect between dyslexia and complexity was apparent indicating that the difference in levels of performance for simple versus complex rhythms was more pronounced for dyslexia than for the two other groups. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that motor timing ability in the millisecond range below 1000 ms in children with ADHD and/or dyslexia is intact. The performance of the comorbid group was revealed to be similar to the performance of the single disorder groups, but both the dyslexic groups were relatively worse than either the ADHD-only or the unimpaired group at reproducing complex versus simple rhythms.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2007

Intended and unintended effects of an eating disorder educational program: impact of presenter identity.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the impact of presenter identity on the intended and unintended effects of an eating disorder educational program. METHOD: High school students viewed one of two identical videotaped discussions about eating disorders. In one condition, the presenter was identified as an "eating disorder specialist"; in the other condition, she was identified as a "recovered patient." Before and after watching the video, participants reported on their awareness of various eating disorder symptoms, their beliefs about individuals with eating disorders, and their opinion of the presenter. RESULTS: At Time 2, both groups reported increased knowledge about eating disorders. There was also evidence of increased endorsement of a number of implicit messages, particularly among those in the "recovered patient" group (e.g., "Girls with eating disorders are very pretty"; "It would be nice to look like" the presenter). CONCLUSION: The unintended effects of eating disorder educational programs should be investigated before implementation because of their potential to undermine program efficacy.

Adolescent↗