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At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Chemotherapy of schistosomal colonic polyposis with oxamniquine.

Schistosomal polyposis of the colon is a common complication of schistosomiasis. In severe infections it may be associated with considerable morbidity. Surgery is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Niridazole therapy is of limited therapeutic value because of its hepatotoxicity but oxaminiquine has been found to be effective and safe. Several dosage regimens have been tried but a total dose of 40 mg/kg over two days in two equally divided doses has been found to have an effective therapeutic action on the polypi, with correction of the anaemia, hypoalbuminaemia and serum iron.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Intestinal parameters in acute murine schistosomiasis mansoni.

Intestinal involvement is very important in acute murine schistosomiasis mansoni. Nevertheless intestinal parameters have not previously been used in assessing the severity of intestinal disease. The present observations demonstrate that in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice, the mean total egg count of the small intestine and the mean number of eggs per g in the small and the large intestine were higher than the corresponding egg counts in the liver. The increase in weight of the small intestines of infected compared with uninfected mice was greater than the increase in weight of the corresponding livers. The small intestines from infected mice were considerably shorter than those from uninfected mice. These findings argue for the small intestine as a valuable organ for pathophysiological studies in acute murine schistosomiasis mansoni and simple parameters such as total egg count of the small intestine, the number of eggs per g tissue in small and large intestine and the weight and length of the small intestine, are recommended.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1986

Helminth-induced intestinal inflammation.

Gastrointestinal inflammation is a prominent feature of protective reactions in animals immune against helminths. Infiltration into the inflamed mucosa of various cells and their subsequent activation result in the elaboration of an array of pharmacologically and biologically active substances. The release of mediators is also associated with alterations in the epithelial layer. Furthermore, increased smooth muscle reactivity and enhanced secretory function of the mucosal tissue contribute to the development of an unfavourable environment and lead to worm expulsion. Mediators elaborated from inflammatory cells, whether associated with cell granules (i.e., preformed) or de novo-generated from membrane phospholipids, possess a number of potent vasoactive and spasmogenic properties which may contribute to events leading to worm elimination. The lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid (leukotrienes) derived from cell membranes probably contribute to the state of intestinal hypersensitivity against helminths. The measurement of elevated levels of these lipid mediators following worm challenge of immune, but not control, rats suggests that leukotrienes may play a role in amplifying and augmenting the inflammatory process associated with worm expulsion.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunoepidemiology of intestinal helminthic infections. 3. Mucosal macrophages and cytokine production in the colon of children with Trichuris trichiura dysentery.

Mucosal macrophages and accessory cells have been studied by immunohistochemistry in the lamina propria of the colon of children with Trichuris trichiura dysentery syndrome (TDS). No difference was found in the numbers of cells recognized by the monoclonal antibodies CD11c, CD68, or RFD7 between TDS children and local controls. However, large numbers of cells were recognized by an antibody against calprotectin (an anti-bacterial glycoprotein found in tissue infiltrating-monocytes) in TDS colonic mucosa, but few in control colon. Large numbers of cells containing tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) were also seen in TDS mucosa; cells isolated from TDS mucosa secreted more TNF alpha than cells from control mucosa; and children with TDS had high levels of circulating TNF alpha. Non-specific macrophage-mediated inflammation and local cytokine production may therefore play a role in the pathogenesis of TDS.

Child↗
PubMed1983

Sialic acid deficiency in lectin-resistant intestinal brush border membranes from rats following the intestinal phase of trichinellosis.

Maximal binding (Bmax) of the lectin, wheat germ agglutinin, by small intestinal brush border membrane is significantly reduced in rats infected with Trichinella spiralis. Wheat germ agglutinin specificity is for N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid. Whereas total hexosamine and N-acetylglucosaminidase-labile N-acetylglucosamine were comparable in membranes from uninfected as compared with infected rats, the total sialic acid content and neuraminidase-released sialic acid were significantly higher in BBM from uninfected hosts. N-Acetylglucosaminidase treatment of membranes reduced Bmax for wheat germ agglutinin in both hosts. Neuraminidase treatment reduced Bmax in uninfected hosts, but tended to increase it in infected rats. Membranes from uninfected rats incorporated more N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-N-[14C]acetylglucosamine into oligosaccharide-lipid than did membranes from infected hosts. However, lipid and protein fractions were labeled at the same rate in both sets of membranes. Sialic acid was incorporated into protein at a slightly faster rate in brush border membrane from uninfected rats, indicative of a higher level of sialotransferase activity. These results suggest that the reduction in Bmax for wheat germ agglutinin in gut epithelial cell membranes from infected rats is related to a reduced level of sialic acid available for lectin binding as well as specific interactions between N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid.

Acetylglucosamine↗
PubMed1994

Immune responses and protective effect in mice vaccinated orally with surface sporozoite protein of Eimeria falciformis in ISCOMs.

Immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs) were built after treatment of a purified surface protein from Eimeria falciformis sporozoites with a palmitic acid derivation, leading to a high ratio (33-64%) of P27 incorporation in these cage-like structures. P27 kept its antigenicity after incorporation in ISCOMs, which induced, after iterative intubations by the oral route to groups of mice, a systemic IgG response, a local IgA response, and a local enhanced cellular response as demonstrated by lymphoproliferation of mesenteric lymph node cells upon in vitro stimulation with antigen. This immunization (120 micrograms in six oral doses at 2-day intervals) afforded mice a partial protection (60%) against a subsequent 400 oocyst challenge. The reduction in daily oocyst excretion was corroborated by significantly different weight losses between immunized and control mice on days 9 and 10 postinfection and the subsequent death of these control mice. These observations provide the first application of ISCOMs to parasitic intestinal diseases.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1984

The migration of larval Toxocara canis in mice. I. Migration through the intestine in primary infections.

Toxocara canis second stage larvae (L2) hatched in the stomach of mice and within 2 h reached all parts of the small intestine, the posterior half being the preferred site for larval penetration. Following penetration at the base of crypts of leiberkuhn they followed tortuous routes in the lamina propria, and entered the tunica muscularis obliquely. Larvae only appeared to be arrested in their migration in the submucosa and lamina propria by an inflammatory reaction composed mainly of lymphocytes and eosinophils. Larvae were seen entering and within lymphatic vessels as well as the peritoneal cavity and invasion of the vascular system followed though actual penetration of intestinal blood vessels was not seen. Proteolytic enzyme activity was detected in culture media in which L2 larvae were maintained.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Gametogony and sporogony of Sarcocystis fusiformis of buffaloes in the small intestine of experimentally infected cats.

The gametogonous and sporogonous stages of Sarcocystis fusiformis were studied in the small intestine of 10 cats each fed 350 macroscopic sarcocysts and killed 12 h, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 and 17 days post infection. The macrogamonts were observed from 12 h up to 9 days post infection, whereas microgamonts were seen only on Day 3 and were very few in number. Developing oocysts were seen from Day 5 to Day 11 post infection, and from Day 13 fully sporulated oocysts and sporocysts were found in increasing numbers.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Interactions between lungworms and gastrointestinal worms in calves.

Interactions between gastrointestinal worms (Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia oncophora) and lungworms (Dictyocaulus viviparus) in calves were studied by assessing the effect of primary infections with either group of worms on the development of homologous or heterologous challenge infections. Primary infections with lungworms resulted in some degree of resistance to challenge with gastrointestinal worms, but this resistance was lower than that found after homologous infection. Primary infections with gastrointestinal worms did not confer any resistance to challenge with lungworms. On the contrary, an indication was found of some enhancing effect of previous gastrointestinal worm infection on the establishment of lungworms. The highest degree of resistance against lungworm challenge was found where calves have been primarily infected with lungworms. Lungworm infections produced some elevation of serum pepsinogen levels. Gastrointestinal worms evoked a rise in circulating eosinophils, although this rise was smaller and occurred later than in lungworm-infected calves. Under the conditions of the experiment, the effect of 6000 infective lungworm larvae on weight gain was larger than the effect of 100,000 L3 of Ostertagia ostertagi and 100,000 L3 of Cooperia oncophora.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Sudden death in calves associated with Strongyloides papillosus infection.

In recent years, a total of 152 calves have died suddenly on three farms in the southern part of Japan which used sawdust as litter. Calves often died within a few minutes of a violent fall without showing previous clinical signs. On necropsy of these cases, only a slight lesion was observed, although all showed heavy infection with Strongyloides papillosus (SPL). They appeared to have not only a large number of SPL eggs in the faeces, together with many adult SPL worms in the intestine, but also many migratory SPL larvae in tissues such as the lung and muscle. These outbreaks ceased following medication with thiabendazole or ivermectin. It is concluded that 'sudden death' is associated with heavy infection with SPL.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1991

Coccidia of the llama, Lama glama, in Colorado and Wyoming.

Fecal samples were collected from 144 llamas, Lama glama, on four premises in northern Colorado and southern Wyoming. Feces were examined for the presence of coccidial oocysts; Eimeria alpacae was found in 55.6%, Eimeria lamae in 67.3% and Eimeria macusaniensis in 1.4% of the samples. An adult female llama was found to be infected with Eimeria macusaniensis at necropsy. This is the first report of these species of coccidia in the llama.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Efficacy of albendazole, levamisole and fenbendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle, with emphasis on inhibited early fourth stage Ostertagia ostertagi larvae.

An experiment was conducted to compare the anthelmintic efficacy of albendazole (ABZ), levamisole (LEV) and fenbendazole (FBZ) against inhibited early fourth stage larvae (EL4) of Ostertagia ostertagi during April in Louisiana. Forty cross-bred beef heifers (average weight 165 kg) were acquired during winter and grazed on pastures contaminated with O. ostertagi and other nematodes until early April. The cattle were weighed and randomly allotted into four groups of ten animals on 6 April and treatments were administered on 7 April. Experimental groupings were: Group 1, non-treated controls; Group 2, ABZ by oral drench at 10 mg kg-1; Group 3, LEV by topical, pour-on administration to back midline at 10 mg kg-1; Group 4, FBZ by oral drench at 10 mg kg-1. Equal numbers of cattle from each group were slaughtered daily between 10 and 13 days after treatment. Mean numbers of O. ostertagi developmental stages present in untreated controls were: adults, 13,714; developing L4 (DL4), 6487; inhibited EL4, 21,719. The mean percentage of inhibited EL4 was 51.8. Smaller numbers of Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei and Cooperia spp. were recovered uniformly in control cattle. Percentage reduction values for the three compounds against O. ostertagi adults, DL4 and EL4, respectively, were: ABZ, 99.0, 95.3, 84.9; LEV, 1.0, 21.8, 32.1; FBZ, 99.2, 97.2, 97.5. Differences between ABZ and LEV EL4 counts were not significant, but in all other cases worm counts in ABZ and FBZ-treated cattle were significantly lower (P less than or equal to 0.05) than in LEV-treated and control cattle. Both ABZ and FBZ were 98-100% effective against Haemonchus adults and L4, T. axei adults, and Cooperia spp. adults and L4. LEV was 100% effective against Haemonchus adults and L4, 85.6% against T. axei, and 94.6% and 89.59% effective against Cooperia spp. adults and L4, respectively.

Abomasum↗