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PubMed1991

Monocyte chemotactic activity in sera after hypnotically induced emotional states.

In a number of studies it has been shown that psychological factors in general and specifically emotional factors can be correlated to changes in immunological function and defence mechanisms. Although the mediating pathways between the central nervous system and the immune system still remain unclear, it is known that some of the 'classical stress hormones' such as cortisol and catecholamines have modulatory effects on different immunological parameters. In this investigation we wished to study the effect of brief hypnotically induced emotional states on monocyte chemotaxis and endocrinological parameters. Eleven highly hypnotically susceptible volunteers were, while in a deep trance, given suggestions to re-experience earlier life experiences involving intense anger and depression in random order. Before concluding hypnosis subjects were given suggestions to re-experience a feeling of happiness and well-being. Monocyte chemotactic activity in sera and serum levels of cortisol, as well as venous plasma levels of the catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine, DOPA and DOPAC, were measured before hypnosis, after each emotional state and immediately after hypnosis. The results showed a significant differences (P less than 0.02) in chemotactic activity between the angry and the depressed emotional states, the depressed state exhibiting a decreased chemotactic index compared with the angry state. Chemotactic index after the happy relaxed emotional state also showed a significant (P less than 0.01) increase compared with both chemotactic index before hypnosis and chemotactic activity after the angry and depressed state. Though there were significant differences between emotions and between emotions and the before-hypnosis-condition, no clear-cut significant differences between the emotional states of anger and depression could be detected for serum cortisol levels and catecholamine plasma levels. Significant positive correlations (P less than 0.01) for differences in chemotactic activity and differences in plasma DOPA levels between emotional states was found. When investigated in vitro, DOPA did not in itself exhibit monocyte chemotactic properties. No other significant correlations between differences in chemotactic activity and other endocrinological parameters could be detected. Soluble interleukin-2 receptors in serum were also measured. No significant differences were found.

Anger↗
PubMed1993

Increase and decrease of delayed cutaneous reactions obtained by hypnotic suggestions during sensitization. Studies on dinitrochlorobenzene and diphenylcyclopropenone.

Cutaneous reactivity to challenge with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and diphenylcyclopropenone (DCP) was studied in 16 volunteers following hypnotic suggestions to increase and decrease response during sensitization. The immunoreactivity to DNCB and DCP was modulated by direct suggestions and guided imagery under hypnosis. The volunteers were highly susceptible subjects selected by means of the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A. Measurement of skin reactions to the challenge 1 month after sensitization was performed double blindly. Results showed a significant (P < 0.01) difference in visually scored reactions to DCP and DNCB between the group instructed to increase reaction to DCP and decrease reaction to DNCB and the group given the opposite instructions. A non-significant difference (P = 0.055) in skin thickness measured by ultrasound was found between the two groups. The study supports previous reports of experimental modulation of immunoreactivity and indicates that the specific immunological processes involved in the development of allergic reactions may be susceptible to psychological factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Hypnotic suggestion modulates cognitive conflict: the case of the flanker compatibility effect.

The present work was aimed at investigating whether the flanker compatibility effect can be eliminated by means of a posthypnotic suggestion influencing attentional focusing. In Experiment 1, participants who scored high and low on hypnotic susceptibility performed the flanker compatibility task when naturally awake and when under a posthypnotic suggestion aimed at increasing the target's discriminability from the flankers. Results showed that the posthypnotic suggestion effectively eliminated the flanker compatibility effect in highly susceptible participants, whereas low-susceptibility participants did not show any reduction in the effect. In Experiment 2, highly susceptible participants performed the task after receiving a suggestion but without the induction of hypnosis. Results showed that the suggestion alone was not sufficient to reduce the flanker compatibility effect. These results support the view that in highly susceptible participants, hypnotic suggestion can influence the ability to focus on relevant information.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Hypnotic recall: a positive criterion in the differential diagnosis between epileptic and pseudoepileptic seizures.

PURPOSE: Because the diagnosis of pseudoepileptic seizures (PESs) is mostly made by excluding epilepsy, availability of a positive criterion for PESs is of great importance. This study was aimed at the validation of a diagnostic technique that intends to provide in such a positive criterion. METHODS: In 17 patients with epileptic seizures (ESs) and 20 patients with PESs, a hypnotic procedure was performed by an investigator blind to other data to recover amnesia for the ictus. If recall was obtained, the experimental diagnosis PES was given; if not, ES was diagnosed. The experimental diagnoses were compared with the clinical, EEG-confirmed diagnoses. Hypnotizability was measured to determine the relation between the outcome of the test and hypnotizability of the patients. RESULTS: Recall for the ictus was obtained in 17 patients. Each of these had a clinical diagnosis of PES. Seventeen patients with "no recall" had a clinical diagnosis of ES, and three patients had PESs. This result yields a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 85% for the recall technique. Hypnotizability was significantly higher in patients with PESs than in patients with ESs. In some "low hypnotizables," recall was obtained, and in some "high hypnotizables," no recall was obtained. CONCLUSIONS: A positive recall test indicates PES. A sub-group of patients with PESs is characterized by a high level of hypnotizability. Hypnotizability is not crucial for outcome of the recall test. High hypnotic abilities are especially found in disorders in which it is supposed that "dissociation" is involved. It can be speculated that PES may be one of the dissociative phenomena.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Discriminating between epileptic and nonepileptic events: the utility of hypnotic seizure induction.

PURPOSE: To determine the validity of the Hypnotic Induction Profile (HIP) followed by seizure induction during continuous video-electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring to discriminate between epileptic (EE) and nonepileptic events (NEE). METHODS: Eighty-two patients admitted to the Stanford Comprehensive Epilepsy Center for differential diagnosis of seizure-like events were evaluated. Exclusion criteria included inability or refusal to complete the HIP, lack of a "typical" event, an IQ <70, present evidence of psychosis, or a physiological cause for NEE. Sixty-nine patients met these criteria. While undergoing continuous video-EEG monitoring, the patient completed an HIP, an inventory designed to measure the degree of hypnotizability. An attempt was then made to induce the patient's typical events under hypnosis by using a split-screen technique. An event without an EEG correlate was thought to represent an NEE. A diagnosis of NEE was made independently by the neurology team and was compared with results obtained with the hypnotic evaluation. RESULTS: Results for patients with EE were compared with those with NEE and a group consisting of both EE/NEE. All patients with NEE were then contrasted with the EE group. HIP scores for the EE patients indicated lower hypnotizability than the NEE group and were statistically significant when NEE patients and those with NEE/EE were combined. The sensitivity of seizure induction in the diagnosis of NEE was 77%, with a specificity of 95%. CONCLUSIONS: The HIP coupled with seizure induction is a useful technique to aid in the diagnosis of patients with NEE. It is sensitive and specific, and it may provide the patient with a useful behavioral tool to control NEEs. It may also furnish a conduit for long-term treatment.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of age on ethanol metabolism and on the hypothermic and hypnotic responses to ethanol in the Fischer 344 rat.

The hypothesis that the central nervous system (CNS) of aged rats is more sensitive to acute ethanol effects was examined by measuring ethanol elimination rates, and the hypothermic and hypnotic responses to ethanol in four age groups (3, 12, 21, and 30 months) of Fischer 344 rats. Following a 2.5 g/kg intraperitoneal dose of ethanol, rectal temperature and blood ethanol concentration (BEC) were measured at regular intervals for 8 hr. The 30-month group's hypothermic response to ethanol was equivalent to the 3-month group's despite lower peak BEC. Response to a hypnotic dose (3.0 g/kg) of ethanol was evaluated by measuring the time for regain of righting reflex (RORR) and the BEC at RORR. The 3-month group slept for a shorter time, and awoke at a higher BEC, than the 12- or 21-month groups. The response of the 30-month group was more complex. Although this group had the lowest BEC at RORR, their sleep time was equivalent to the 3-month group. The shortened sleep time of the 30-month group is consistent with the observation of significantly lower peak BEC and higher metabolic rate (calculated from Widmark r values) in this group. Thus, aged rats of the Fischer 344 strain may be more sensitive to acute ethanol, but these CNS effects may be partially offset by enhanced ethanol disposition at older ages.

Aging↗
PubMed1986

Benzodiazepine hypnotic metabolism: drug interactions and clinical implications.

Benzodiazepines are the drugs of choice when initiating hypnotic therapy. Though the mechanism of benzodiazepine action in the central nervous system is similar for all drugs in this class, differences in absorption and pathway of elimination are associated with differences in observed clinical effect. After single-dose administration, onset of hypnotic effect is most closely related to rate of drug absorption and duration of effect is more closely associated with extent of drug distribution. Relative affinity of the individual benzodiazepine for the specific central nervous system binding site may also determine duration of action. During multiple-dose chronic therapy, route of metabolic biotransformation and elimination half-life assume more importance. An increased incidence of adverse drug effects due to high doses of accumulating benzodiazepines may be seen in the elderly and patients with central nervous system deficits or chronic liver disease. Benzodiazepine metabolic biotransformation and clearance is broken into three groups. Group 1--oxidative biotransformation; Group 2--high clearance drugs; Group 3--drug conjugation. Groups 1 and 2 are implicated in a number of drug-disease and drug-drug interactions. Group 3 drugs have little change in patients with liver disease or when administered with inhibitors of drug biotransformation. Clinical implications of these metabolic interactions are variable, but inhibition of Group 1 and 2 benzodiazepine clearance has been associated with increased sedation and psychomotor impairment.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗
PubMed1986

A double-blind controlled study of chlormethiazole and triazolam as hypnotics in the elderly.

This study compared the hypnotic efficacy and the psychometric effects of treatment with either chlormethiazole or triazolam for 9 weeks in elderly patients with sleep disturbance. Chlormethiazole and triazolam were found to be similarly effective in short-term use. However, evidence of sustained hypnotic efficacy throughout the 9 weeks of treatment was obtained for chlormethiazole but not for triazolam. There were daytime withdrawal effects with triazolam, but none with chlormethiazole.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Hypnotic effect of chlormethiazole in geriatric patients during long-term treatment.

The hypnotic effect of chlormethiazole was studied for 3 months in 20 geriatric in-patients. Registered variables were the percentage of patients asleep at 10 pm and 6 am and the observed number of awakenings. Mental and somatic variables were rated according to the Crichton Geriatric Behavioural Rating Scale. Observations were made every second week. In 11 of the patients the plasma concentration of chlormethiazole was measured at regular intervals. No systematic significant change with time was observed for the percentage of patients asleep at 10 pm or for the number of awakenings. A significant decrease occurred in the percentage of patients asleep at 6 am. The long-term treatment with chlormethiazole did not cause any deterioration in the patients' behaviour, according to the geriatric rating scheme. Observed peak plasma levels of chlormethiazole did not change significantly during the study. Great interindividual variations in the plasma concentrations were observed. The results indicate that chlormethiazole is lastingly effective as a hypnotic agent in geriatric patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Failure of hypnotic suggestion to alter immune response to delayed-type hypersensitivity antigens.

The ability to alter delayed-type hypersensitivity via hypnotic suggestion was tested in 12 highly hypnotizable, untrained subjects and 30 nonhypnotized controls. Subjects were skin-tested bilaterally with a standardized panel of delayed hypersensitivity antigens and instructed either to enhance or suppress the skin test response unilaterally. Compared with results in controls, the skin test response reflected no effect of hypnotic suggestion with regard to either the area of induration or the degree of inflammation assessed histologically.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Cyclosporin increases the CNS sensitivity to the hypnotic effect of phenobarbitone but not ethanol in rats.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether repetitive administration of cyclosporin affects the pharmacodynamics of phenobarbitone- and ethanol-induced anaesthesia. Sabra male rats received either cyclosporin (50 mg kg-1 day-1, i.m.) for four days, or the same volume of the vehicle. Two hours after the last cyclosporin dose, phenobarbitone or ethanol solutions were infused intravenously at a constant rate until the onset of anaesthesia. Repetitive treatment with cyclosporin increased the CNS sensitivity to the hypnotic action of phenobarbitone. This was evidenced by the lower CSF phenobarbitone concentration, at the onset of the hypnotic effect, in the cyclosporin-treated group vs control values (115 +/- 4 vs 93 +/- 7 mg L-1, P = 0.01). However, the same pretreatment had no apparent effect on the pharmacodynamics of ethanol-induced sleep. It is suggested that anaesthesiologists must be alert to the possible increase in brain sensitivity when placing cyclosporin patients under anaesthesia with barbiturates.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1980

Post-hypnotic amnesia: seeing is not remembering.

Prior to the administration of the reversibility cue to cancel a suggestion for post-hypnotic amnesia, subjects were exposed to a videotape playback of the events of the hypnotic session in the presence of an independent experimenter. The specific application of this method (the Experiential Analysis Technique) was designed to maximally cue subjects to recall and report on amnesic events. Performance of highly susceptible subjects who viewed the videotape indicated that amnesic subjects commented on fewer items, stopped the videotape less, and verbalized less than did non-amnesic subjects. The cued recall of the amnesic group was also often item-specific rather than general, and allowed one to distinguish between the impact of behavioural and experiential events. For some subjects, amnesia clearly could not be completely broken by the presentation of maximal cueing.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

In vivo pharmacological characterization of indiplon, a novel pyrazolopyrimidine sedative-hypnotic.

Indiplon (NBI 34060; N-methyl-N-[3-[3-(2-thienylcarbonyl)-pyrazolo[1,5-alpha]pyrimidin-7-yl]phenyl]acetamide), a novel pyrazolopyrimidine and high-affinity allosteric potentiator of GABA(A) receptor function, was profiled for its effects in rodents after oral administration. In mice, indiplon inhibited locomotor activity (ED(50) = 2.7 mg/kg p.o.) at doses lower than the nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics zolpidem (ED(50) = 6.1 mg/kg p.o.) and zaleplon (ED(50) = 24.6 mg/kg p.o.), a sedative effect that was reversed by the benzodiazepine site antagonist flumazenil. Indiplon inhibited retention in the mouse passive avoidance paradigm over a dose range and with a temporal profile that coincided with its sedative activity. Indiplon, zolpidem, and zaleplon were equally effective in inhibiting locomotor activity in the rat and produced dose-related deficits on the rotarod. In a rat vigilance paradigm, indiplon, zolpidem, and zaleplon produced performance deficits over a dose range consistent with their sedative effects, although indiplon alone showed no significant increase in response latency. Indiplon produced a small deficit in the delayed nonmatch to sample paradigm at a dose where sedative effects became apparent. Indiplon was active in the rat Vogel test of anxiety, but it showed only a sedative profile in the mouse open field test. The pharmacokinetic profile of indiplon in both rat and mouse was consistent with its pharmacodynamic properties and indicated a rapid T(max), short t(1/2), and excellent blood-brain barrier penetration. Therefore, indiplon has the in vivo profile of an efficacious sedative-hypnotic, in agreement with its in vitro receptor pharmacology as a high-affinity allosteric potentiator of GABA(A) receptor function, with selectivity for alpha1 subunit-containing GABA(A) receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Improved hypnotic treatment using chlormethiazole and temazepam.

The effects of a single 384 mg oral dose of chlormethiazole were compared with those of 20 mg of temazepam and placebo in healthy old and young women (mean ages 72.9 and 24.7 years respectively). Both drugs were effective hypnotics and had no detectable pharmacological action the next morning. Even four hours after administration performance of a simple psychomotor test was not impaired and sway (measured by an ataxiameter) was not increased in either age group. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that chlormethiazole was rapidly absorbed, distributed, and eliminated by both groups, so that minimal plasma concentrations existed 11 hours after administration. Temazepam, however, was less quickly absorbed and distributed, especially in the young group, and substantial amounts remained in the plasma 11 hours after administration. No unwanted effects occurred after temazepam, but 17 of the 20 subjects suffered from nasal irritation after taking chlormethiazole. Thus hangover effects may be avoided in elderly subjects after they have taken hypnotic drugs, and temazepam and chlormethiazole allow sleep to be interrupted safely.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Evaluation of single-dose hypnotic treatment before elective operation.

A prospective randomised double-blind controlled trial was carried out to evaluate the place of a single dose of triazolam, flurazepam, and placebo on the evening before an elective operation in 96 patients. Features of sleep were recorded by patients and nurses on questionnaires. Onset of sleep was delayed and duration of sleep reduced in two-thirds of patients allocated placebo compared with their normal sleep pattern. Two-thirds of these patients also complained of waking more than twice during the night. Both hypnotics significantly improved the duration and time of onset of sleep and reduced the frequency of wakening when compared with the placebo. Patients who took triazolam, however, fell asleep faster and woke less often than those who took flurazepam. Furthermore, triazolam appeared to have advantages over flurazepam before surgery. Thus giving a single dose of a hypnotic on the night before an elective operation improves the patient's sleep, and greater benefit was derived from triazolam than flurazepam.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Improvement in bronchial hyper-responsiveness in patients with moderate asthma after treatment with a hypnotic technique: a randomised controlled trial.

A prospective, randomised, single blind, and controlled trial of a hypnotic technique was undertaken in 39 adults with mild to moderate asthma graded for low and high susceptibility to hypnosis. After a six week course of hypnotherapy 12 patients with a high susceptibility score showed a 74.9% improvement (p less than 0.01) in the degree of bronchial hyper-responsiveness to a standardised methacholine challenge test. Daily home recordings of symptoms improved by 41% (p less than 0.01), peak expiratory flow rates improved by 5.5% (p less than 0.01), and use of bronchodilators decreased by 26.2% (p less than 0.05). The improvement in bronchial hyper-reactivity occurred without a change in subjective appreciation of the degree of bronchoconstriction. A control group 17 patients and 10 patients undergoing treatment with low susceptibility to hypnosis had no change in either bronchial hyper-responsiveness or any of the symptoms recorded at home. This study shows the efficacy of a hypnotic technique in adult asthmatics who are moderately to highly susceptible to hypnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Hypnotic manipulation of effort sense during dynamic exercise: cardiovascular responses and brain activation.

The purpose of this investigation was to hypnotically manipulate effort sense during dynamic exercise and determine whether cerebral cortical structures previously implicated in the central modulation of cardiovascular responses were activated. Six healthy volunteers (4 women, 2 men) screened for high hypnotizability were studied on 3 separate days during constant-load exercise under three hypnotic conditions involving cycling on a 1) perceived level grade, 2) perceived downhill grade, and 3) perceived uphill grade. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) distributions for several sites were compared across conditions using an analysis of variance. The suggestion of downhill cycling decreased both the RPE [from 13 +/- 2 to 11 +/- 2 (SD) units; P < 0.05] and rCBF in the left insular cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, but it did not alter exercise HR or BP responses. Perceived uphill cycling elicited significant increases in RPE (from 13 +/- 2 to 14 +/- 1 units), HR (+16 beats/min), mean BP (+7 mmHg), right insular activation (+7.7 +/- 4%), and right thalamus activation (+9.2 +/- 5%). There were no differences in rCBF for leg sensorimotor regions across conditions. These findings show that an increase in effort sense during constant-load exercise can activate both insular and thalamic regions and elevate cardiovascular responses but that decreases in effort sense do not reduce cardiovascular responses below the level required to sustain metabolic needs.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The alpha-sleep pattern. Differentiation from other sleep patterns and effect of hypnotics.

We observed the alpha-sleep pattern in 6 out of 44 subjects who offered neither somatic nor psychological complaints. All of the 6 subjects demonstrated the pattern consistently over a period of several years. 14 of the polygraphic sleep EEGs were recorded when free of any drugs, 10 after administration of benzodiazepine hypnotics. The alpha-sleep pattern is superimposed on all the regular patterns during any of the different sleep stages, and shows a cyclic representation with an increase correlating to the delta-sleep stages 3 and 4. It can be differentiated from other activities due to its localization, frequency characteristics, occurrence in relation to different sleep stages, and modification under the influence of benzodiazepine hypnotics. In contrast to the sigma-spindle activity, the alpha-sleep pattern is reduced with these drugs. Regarding the functional significance of the alpha-sleep pattern one might consider the possibility that it indicates a partially heightened level of sleep depth.

Adult↗