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No association between glyoxalase I and haptoglobin phenotypes was found in 9 Spanish populations. This is in accordance with two out of three papers published.
Frequencies of the alpha 1-antitrypsin (Pi) alleles and haptoglobin phenotypes have been determined in a series of 264 North-German patients with bladder cancer. Compared to a healthy control population, we found a statistically significant decrease of Hp 2-2 phenotype in the patient series. A significant increase of the serum Pi Z allele, as previously shown for patient groups with certain other tumours, could also be confirmed for bladder cancer. Furthermore, a distinct association between a lowered M 3 allele and bladder carcinoma was observed.
Haptoglobin (Hp) subtypes have been determined in the Japanese population by polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing followed by immunoblotting and by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the present study, neuraminidase-treated plasma samples were used for subtyping of Hp, without prior purification. These samples were obtained from 372 unrelated healthy donors. Allelic frequencies were: Hp*1F = 0.0014; Hp*1S+ = 0.2688; Hp*2FF = 0.0000; Hp*2FS = 0.7284, and Hp*2SS = 0.0014. The phenotypic distribution was in good accordance with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Haptoglobin and transferrin (TF) types were determined for 134 patients with leukaemia of the four most common types: acute lymphocytic (ALL), chronic lymphocytic (CLL), acute myelocytic (AML) and chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML). The phenotype HP1 was found to have an increased incidence in the total patient group due to an increased incidence in those with AML, ALL and CML compared with controls, but not in those with CLL. Although tests of association applied to each of the samples of the four common types of leukaemia produced no significant chi 2 values, they did indicate that the relative incidence (RI) was just under 2 for the groupings of the acute forms ALL and AML, the myelocytic forms AML and CML and for the combination of ALL, AML and CML, respectively. All these associations were statistically significant (p less than 0.05). Analysis of TF subtypes and leukaemia indicated a significantly increased frequency of TF C1C1 among leukaemia patients compared with controls (p less than 0.005). Analysis of the samples of each of the four common types suggested that while the RI was raised in all but ALL patients, the association was significant only in AML patients (p less than 0.05). However, when the two myelocytic types were combined the RI was 2.3 and the association was highly significant (p less than 0.005). No such association could be detected in the lymphocytic forms.
Haptoglobin groups were determined in 182 patients with primary ovarian carcinoma. Previously reported associations could not be confirmed. A significant excess of HP2-1 was observed among patients with a family history of cancer.
Blood samples from over 2,200 blood donors resident in the State of Victoria were investigated for the association between the AB0 and haptoglobin (HP) blood systems reported by others. No association between the phenotypes of the 2 systems was found but the distribution of the HP*1 allele varied among AB0 groups, and the difference between those who were group 0 and the other AB0 groups combined was significantly (p less than 0.05). Overall, the findings were similar, but not as pronounced, as those reported in the Hutterites.
A series of 150 patients with serum hepatitis were examined for the incidence of the Australia antigen (HBsAg) and associations with ABO blood groups, haptoglobin types and occurrence of intestinal serum alkaline phosphatase. Among the patients studied 11.3% were positive for HBsAg. When compared to controls patients with blood group O showed a significantly increased risk for serum hepatitis (p less than 0.05), while those with group B showed a decreased risk (p less than 0.01). The presence of the intestinal fraction of alkaline phosphatase showed a negative association with serum hepatitis (p less than 0.01) and there was no significant association between alkaline phosphatase types and ABO groups among the patients. The frequency of the Hp1 gene was significantly increased (p less than 0.01) among the patients as compared to controls.
Haptoglobin (Hp) groups were investigated in 148 patients with bronchial asthma. A significant (p less than 0.005) deviation from the expected Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with a decreased frequency of heterozygotes, was observed among patients with a family history of asthma. This deviation was more pronounced among patients with adult onset of asthma. The presence or absence of atopy had no significant influence on the phenotype distribution.
No association between the glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) and haptoglobin (HP) systems was found in a sample of 1,270 white blood donors in the State of Victoria, Australia. This finding is in contrast to previous data for blood donors in Newfoundland, Canada, a population also of Anglo-Irish descent. However, the differences between the joint phenotypic distributions of GLO and HP in the 2 data sets were statistically insignificant.
In patients with acute myocardial infarction, the haptoglobin (HP) groups were found to be associated with serum cholesterol levels. Heterozygotes (HP 2-1) showed serum cholesterol levels significantly higher (p less than 0.0001) than those of patients with HP 1-1 or HP 2-2. Furthermore, an association between HP type and infarction size was observed, HP 2-2 being associated with smaller infarctions.
An analysis of haptoglobin (HP) phenotypes in 81 cases of diabetes mellitus (DM) without retinopathy and 122 cases with diabetic retinopathy (DR) were studied in relation to 180 normal and healthy controls matched for age and sex. A significant decrease in HP 2-1 frequency was found, suggesting protection for heterozygotes in both DM and DR (with a relative risk of about 0.31). As an acute-phase reactant HP may be functionally involved in the etiology of DM and DR, which are associated with immunologic and inflammatory processes, respectively. No significant differences were found with respect to sex, age at onset, duration of DR, types of DM and DR, and family history.
Blood samples from 2,232 individuals of a Bengalee Caste Hindu population were investigated in an attempt to confirm the association between the ABO and haptoglobin (HP) systems previously found in populations of European origin. Indians differ from Europeans in having lower HP*1 and higher ABO*B frequencies. In spite of this, as in previous studies, a weak HP/ABO association was found with a significantly lower HP*1 allele frequency in blood group O versus other ABO groups.
Haptoglobin subtypes have been determined in two population samples, one of them from the Pyrenean Valley of Pallars Sobirá in the province of Lérida and other from the Garrotxa region, province of Gerona. The obtained frequencies have been compared with other Pyrenean and European populations. Our results contrast with the absence of HP*2FF in the north-eastern district of the Pyrenees and suggest a more extensive distribution of this allele in European populations.
The distribution of haptoglobin (HP) types was examined in six different Chinese ethnic groups. The gene frequencies were compared among these groups and to those reported in other Chinese Han populations. The effects of sex and age on the distribution of HP types are also discussed.
Haptoglobin (HP) groups were determined in Chinese patients suffering from eight different diseases and compared to those of 552 control subjects. Patients with cirrhosis of the liver showed a significant difference from controls in the distribution of HP types (p = 2 x 10(-4)), with increases in the HP*1 allele and HP1-1 phenotype frequencies. The relative risk for the HP1-1 phenotype was 3.3.
A sample from Malawi was studied for the genetic markers haptoglobin (HP), group-specific component (GC) and transferrin (TF). The following allele frequencies were found. For HP: 1F = 0.355, 1S = 0.204, 2FS = 0.396, 2SS = 0.044; the allele 2FF was not observed. For GC: 1F = 0.814, 1S = 0.057, 2 = 0.079, 1A1 = 0.047, 2A1 = 0.0025. For TF: C1 = 0.894, C2 = 0.075, C3 = 0.0026, D1 = 0.029. The HP subtype distribution is among the first to be reported for African blacks.
Haptoglobin subtypes were analysed by isoelectric focusing in four populations from Colombia, England, Nigeria, and India. There is a wide range of variation of allele frequencies in these four populations: HP*1S = 15-28%, HP*1F = 5-19%, HP*2FS = 54-79%. With the exception of the English, and the Spanish-speaking population of Colombia, all interpopulation comparisons showed significant heterogeneity. There is an extreme variation for the HP*1F allele in different populations, and a possible geographical cline of the HP*2FS allele increasing from west to east. The data presented here suggest that HP subtypes provide a useful anthropogenetic marker for racial differentiation.
Several studies have shown that major depression is accompanied by significantly increased plasma levels of positive acute-phase proteins such as haptoglobin (Hp). A significant higher frequency of the HP*1 allele has recently been detected in patients with unipolar major depression. Pursuing the hypothesis that certain unipolar and bipolar disorders may be genetically related, this study analyzed Hp genotype and allele frequencies in bipolar patients, taking into account their family history of major affective disorders. An increase of HP*1 allele frequency was found in the subgroup of patients with family history of exclusively unipolar disorder (70% in patients vs. 38% in controls, chi2 = 8.34, p = 0.004). The relative risk for the HP*1 carriers in this subgroup was 3.8 (chi2 = 7.29, p = 0.007). These results suggest a genetic and etiological heterogeneity in the bipolar disorder.