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PubMed1993

Double-gloving and the incidence of perforations during specific oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures.

The concerns of surgeons about effective means of barrier protection during surgery is increasing owing to concern about the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There are various oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures that require the use of sharp instruments, and the oral and maxillofacial surgeon may be at risk for contamination due to possible perforation of the surgical gloves when manipulating these instruments. This study evaluated the incidence of perforations when performing specific oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures when double-gloving barrier protection was used. It found an increased incidence of perforations when performing procedures that required the use of sharp instruments in comparison with those procedures that did not require the use of such instruments.

Blood↗

PubMed2003

Organic solvents permeation through protective nitrile gloves.

Effective diffusion coefficients for the permeation of several organic solvents through nitrile gloves were experimentally investigated using the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) F-739 test cell method. Fick's effective diffusion coefficients for benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene, and styrene were estimated to be 0.61+/-0.02, 0.50+/-0.06, 0.27+/-0.02, 0.31+/-0.03, and 0.21+/-0.03 (x10(-6)cm(2)/s), respectively. These results were comparable to results found by others using different permeation models. Using a transient mass diffusion equation and appropriate initial and boundary conditions, the effective diffusion coefficients were found to adequately simulate the concentration profiles of the organic solvents in the collection chamber during the permeation test. The effective diffusion coefficients were found to be inversely correlated to the molecular weight of the compounds. The results of this study can be used to estimate the exposure to workers using nitrile gloves.

Diffusion↗

PubMed1996

Measurement of natural rubber proteins in latex glove extracts: comparison of the methods.

BACKGROUND: Health care workers and individuals with frequent contact with latex are at risk for latex protein allergy. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare several established methods for measuring protein in extracts from latex-containing medical devices. METHODS: Extracts from latex gloves were analyzed for natural rubber proteins using a modified Lowry assay and two different immunochemical assays. The immunochemical methods were competitive inhibition assays that employed either immune rabbit serum or human serum with antibodies directed against natural rubber proteins. RESULTS: Seventy extracts representing five different brands of gloves from four manufacturers were analyzed. A good linear correlation (R = 0.88) was found between the immunoassay methods. Correlation to the modified Lowry method was not possible because many of the samples were below the limit of detection for the Lowry assay. Reference extracts and antisera were further characterized by Western blot analysis. The data demonstrate that the proteins recognized by rabbit antisera and the proteins recognized by human IgE are similar. The greatest difference in the immunochemical assays appears to be the relative binding of the antibody sources to high and low molecular weight natural rubber proteins in the reference extracts. CONCLUSIONS: The immunochemical assays are specific for latex proteins and provide a more sensitive and biologically relevant method for determining protein levels in latex medical products.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Skin problems associated with routine wearing of protective gloves in dental practice.

Guidelines on cross-infection control recommend the wearing of operating gloves by dental practitioners whilst carrying out routine examinations and treatment on all patients. However, there are a number of dermatological problems that may be associated with the routine wearing of protective gloves in dental practice. This paper describes the aetiology and clinical features of three types of contact dermatitis, ie irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis and contact urticaria. The management of these skin conditions is discussed. Advice is given concerning routine handcare for all dental practitioners.

Dentists↗

PubMed1992

Allergic reactions to rubber gloves in dental patients: report of three cases.

Three cases of allergy to rubber are described, in which the patients exhibited peri-oral rashes following dental treatment by personnel wearing latex rubber gloves. Two of the patients were aware of possible allergy to domestic rubber products but did not reveal this as part of their medical history. With the increase in numbers of dentists wearing rubber gloves it is probable that there will be many more such cases reported in the future. Rubber products must then be added to the list of potential allergens which may be of some import to the practice of dentistry.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Immunoadjuvant properties of glove cornstarch powder in latex-induced hypersensitivity.

BACKGROUND: Cornstarch powder present in medical gloves plays an important role in latex-induced hypersensitivity as allergen carrier either, by the inhalation route, by skin contact or by direct contact with mucous membranes. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to test the hypothesis that cornstarch could act as an immunoadjuvant in immediate type-I latex-induced hypersensitivity. METHODS: Guinea-pigs were sensitized by intraperitoneal route with two different antigens (latex proteins and ovalbumin) with or without cornstarch powder. Airway responsiveness after specific bronchial provocation was evaluated and specific IgG and IgG1 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Controls were treated with cornstarch powder or saline alone. RESULTS: Animals sensitized with latex proteins (n = 7 in each group) showed significant bronchoconstriction (P < 0.03) and higher anti-latex antibody levels than the controls (P < 0.005). Guinea-pigs sensitized with latex-contaminated cornstarch had higher levels of specific antibodies than those sensitized with latex alone (P < 0.05). Animals sensitized to latex mixed with cornstarch showed higher bronchospasm than those treated with latex alone (P < 0.003). Animals sensitized to ovalbumin mixed with cornstarch also showed higher antibody and bronchoconstriction levels (P < 0.05) than those immunized with ovalbumin alone but antibody titres were significantly lower than those of the animals treated with ovalbumin and Freund's complete adjuvant (P < 0.01; n = 5 in each group). CONCLUSION: Our findings show that cornstarch powder increases antigen-induced bronchoconstriction and antibody production. This role of immunoadjuvant is not antigen-specific. The cornstarch powder used as donning agent in latex gloves is an allergen carrier and it can enhance latex-induced hypersensitivity.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed1992

False-negative results by polymerase chain reaction due to contamination by glove powder.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique has become an important, widely employed method for the detection and quantitation of the nucleic acid sequences used in the diagnosis and monitoring of genetic and infectious diseases. Much attention has been directed at the problem of false-positive PCR results, which are generally attributed to low-level laboratory contamination of amplified sequences ("carryover"). In contrast, few investigators have commented on the somewhat less frequent, but equally problematic, false-negative PCR results. Investigation of the source of sporadic false-negative PCR reactions found that glove powder, inadvertently introduced into tubes when gloves are changed in an effort to reduce false-positive results, can nonspecifically inhibit each of the major steps in the PCR detection process. Methodologic precautions are recommended to minimize this problem.

Drug Contamination↗

PubMed1987

Use of the surgical glove in microsurgery.

The disposable surgical glove can serve as a model for toe-to-hand transfer, as a template for flap design, and as a ring tourniquet for the finger. The low cost, effectiveness, and easy handling of the glove warrant its role in reconstructive microsurgery.

Gloves, Surgical↗

PubMed1987

Prevention of nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infections through compliance with glove and gown isolation precautions.

To determine whether increased compliance with a policy of glove and gown isolation precautions could reduce the high rate of nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection on an infant and toddler ward, we conducted a longitudinal intervention trial during three RSV seasons, from 1982 to 1985, with an intervention to increase compliance introduced midway through the second season. The risk of acquiring RSV infection in the hospital was adjusted for the intensity of nosocomial exposure to the virus by assigning each study week to one of five strata, defined by the proportion of hospital days on which virus was shed by children on the ward. Overall, 37 patients acquired nosocomial RSV infections during 7547 days at risk. The adjusted relative risk, comparing the infection rate in the period before the intervention (when compliance with isolation precautions was noted in only 38.5 percent of the observed patient contacts) with the infection rate in the postintervention period (when compliance more than doubled) was 2.9 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.5 to 5.7). Rates of nosocomial RSV infection increased linearly with increasing levels of exposure to patients shedding virus, but the rise in the infection rate with increasing exposure was less than one fourth as great (P less than 0.001) in the period after the intervention as it was before. We conclude that glove and gown precautions can substantially reduce the nosocomial transmission of RSV, particularly with increasing exposure to patients shedding the virus.

Cross Infection↗

PubMed2003

Quantified environmental challenge with absorbable dusting powder aerosol from natural rubber latex gloves.

BACKGROUND: There are few data that link quantified natural rubber latex (NRL) absorbable dusting powder aerosol to biologic responses in NRL-sensitized subjects. METHODS: We conducted a study on 30 health care workers with possible occupational asthma. All the subjects but 2 had a positive skin prick test result with NRL extract. Quantified environmental challenge (QEC) with powdered NRL gloves was performed in a 7-m(3) chamber. The patients would don and discard a pair of gloves every 3 minutes up to a maximum of 60 minutes. The concentrations of NRL aeroallergen were measured by a competitive IgE immunoassay. Ocular and respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function were monitored. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients (87%) had rhinoconjunctivitis, 19 (63%) had an asthmatic response (responders), and 1 patient developed eosinophilic bronchitis on QEC. The asthmatic responses were of the early type in 15 patients, dual in 3, and isolated late in 1 patient. The duration of exposures sufficient to elicit asthmatic responses varied from 3 to 114 cumulative minutes. Time-weighted average NRL aeroallergen concentrations during QEC with responders ranged between 199 and 1107 ng/m(3). NRL concentrations measured at various time points during exposure were reproducible. Measured concentrations of NRL aeroallergen between responders (677 +/- 281 ng/m(3)) and nonresponders (611 +/- 351 ng/m(3)) were not statistically different. The cumulative inhaled NRL aeroallergen dose required for an asthmatic response ranged between 25 to 515 ng. CONCLUSION: The total dose of latex aeroallergen eliciting an asthmatic response during QEC was mostly affected by the duration of exposure and varied widely from person to person.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Surgery. Cornstarch peritonitis following the trail of the surgeon's gloves.

Granulomatous inflammation of the peritoneal surfaces resulting from exposure to cornstarch granules from surgical gloves produces a syndrome of abdominal pair, adynamic ileus, fever, peritonitis, variable white blood cell count, and inflammatory ascites. Symptoms develop three to four weeks after a routine abdominal surgical procedure. Recognition of this entity by nonsurgical means is necessary to avoid reoperation. Paracentesis with examination of fluid by polarized light offers the best method of non-surgical diagnosis. Treatment is with steroids or indomethacin or conservative measures. To prevent the disease, gloves must be washed effectively before operation.

Abdomen↗

PubMed2002

Permeability of medical gloves to mono- and dimethacrylate monomers in dental restorative materials.

Dental personnel manually handle methacrylate-based restorative materials, which can cause skin irritation and allergies. The protection given by different types of medical gloves is not well known. Breakthrough time (BTT, min) was used as a measure of protection according to a European standard, using 2 test mixtures consisting of respectively 3 and 5 monomers. Fourteen gloves representing natural rubber latex, synthetic rubber, and synthetic polymeric material were tested. The BTT ranged from some minutes to more than 2 hrs for the 4 monomers with a molecular mass less than 300. The longest protection was recorded for Nitra Touch (nitrile rubber), Tactylon (synthetic rubber), and Metin (PVC).

Dental Materials↗

PubMed2004

Application of colorimetric indicators and thermo-hand method to determine base permeation through chemical protective gloves.

The aim of this study was to assess the use of colorimetric indicator pads and the thermo-hand method for detection of inorganic/organic base permeation of chemical protective gloves under simulated in-use conditions. Breakthrough times for four types of gloves were determined based on the color change of pads and ranged from 3 to 10 min for butylamine, from 4 min to >4 hours for diisopropylamine, from 6 min to >4 hours for triethylamine, and >4 hours for sodium hydroxide. Quantification was performed for butylamine, diisopropylamine, and triethylamine by gas chromatography following solvent desorption. These chemicals exhibited >99% adsorption on the pads at spiking levels of 1.08-1.11:g for each base. The recovery for the system was calculated for each chemical, with results ranging from 50-74% (RSD < or = 5%) for these bases over the spiking range 0.22-1.11 microg. The quantitative mass of the bases on the pads at the time of breakthrough detection ranged from 118-121, 117-120, and 109-116 microg/cm2 for butylamine, diisopropylamine, and triethylamine, respectively. The thermo-hand test method and base indicators together should find utility in detecting, collecting, and quantitatively analyzing base permeation samples under simulated in-use conditions.

Butylamines↗

PubMed1990

The application of test data in the selection and use of gloves against chemicals.

Within recent years there have been a number of papers on the testing of protective clothing materials for degradation, penetration and permeation by chemicals. However, little guidance has been provided concerning the practical application of such data in the selection and use of gloves. A scheme is proposed for the selection of appropriate gloves and for deciding whether they should be reused. This takes into account the toxic properties of the chemical involved, the type of activity being undertaken and the degree of protection afforded by a particular material as indicated by data obtained from standard tests.

Chemical Industry↗

PubMed2000

Post-operative consequences of glove powder used pre-operatively in the vagina in the rabbit model.

This study was undertaken to determine if a retrograde migration of glove powder (Biosorb(TM)) from the vagina into the abdominal cavity in combination with a subsequent intra-abdominal trauma could affect the development of adhesions. A rabbit model was used with one control and one test group. A total of 50 mg Biosorb(TM) was deposited intravaginally in the test cases before ovulation was induced. Three days later a laparotomy with a small standardized surgical trauma was carried out on the left Fallopian tube and the ipsilateral peritoneum. Ten days later the extent of intra-abdominal adhesions was evaluated. The presence of starch particles in cell smears and biopsies was also investigated. Significant differences in the formation of adhesions were found between the control and the test cases (P < 0.001). In the test group there were dense adhesions and in four cases the Fallopian tube was completely attached to the peritoneal wall. In the control cases only loose minor adhesions were found. This study indicates that the number of starch particles migrating from the vagina to the abdominal cavity is sufficient to enhance significantly the formation of post-operative adhesions. We therefore suggest that powder-free medical or surgical gloves should be used in obstetrics and gynaecology.

Abdomen↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Electrical conductivity as a test for the integrity of latex gloves.

Electrical and ionic penetration of latex gloves, both intact and with holes, was investigated using salt solutions. Also, simultaneous measurements were made of electrical conduction and bacteriophage penetration, and the effect of latex stretching on effective hole size. The presence of holes was apparent, although the onset of current passage was often delayed because they did not wet immediately. The current through intact gloves increased markedly with time. There was little correlation between current and the number of bacteriophage that passed through a hole. The effective size of holes increased faster than would be predicted by the elongation of the latex.

Data Collection↗

PubMed1993

An electronic device for surgical glove testing.

An electronic glove tester complying with safety regulations for electric current flow is described. In our laboratory, it was able to detect 100 percent of glove punctures caused by 4-0 and 6-0 surgical needles. When used regularly in the surgical suite, this device may help to minimize the surgeon's exposure to patients' blood and body fluids.

Electronics, Medical↗

PubMed2005

Extraction of haptens from solid products and their delivery to the skin, exemplified by dithiocarbamates from rubber gloves.

Allergic contact dermatitis is often caused by solid products such as rubber gloves. Patch testing with the product as is often gives negative results. Extraction of the haptens into an organic solvent is commonly performed to achieve a more correct investigation. The technique used for extraction of haptens from solid materials is only sporadically described. In this study, we investigated and optimized the yields of dithiocarbamates obtained by extraction from rubber gloves. The influence of solvent, extraction time and the procedures for extraction are evaluated. The delivery of zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate from the patch test preparation to the skin is determined.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗