Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Serum tumor necrosis factor activity in horses with colic attributable to gastrointestinal tract disease.

Over a 24-month period, serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity was determined in 289 horses with colic attributable to gastrointestinal tract disease. Serum TNF activity was quantitated by use of a modified in vitro cytotoxicity bioassay, using WEHI 164 clone-13 murine fibrosarcoma cells. Causes for colic, determined by clinical and laboratory evaluation, exploratory celiotomy, or necropsy included: gastrointestinal tract rupture (GTR); ileal impaction; small intestinal strangulating obstruction (SIO); proximal enteritis (PE); transient small intestinal distention; large-colon displacement; large-colon volvulus; large-colon impaction; colitis; small-colon obstruction; peritonitis; and unknown. Each diagnosis was placed into 1 of 3 lesion categories: inflammatory disorders (GTR, PE, colitis, peritonitis); strangulating intestinal obstruction (SIO, large-colon volvulus); and nonstrangulating intestinal obstruction (ileal impaction, transient small intestinal distension, large-colon displacement, large-colon impaction, small-colon obstruction, unknown). The prevalence of high serum TNF activity and/or mortality were evaluated. Differences were tested at significance level of P less than 0.05. Approximately 20% of the 289 horses has serum TNF activity greater than that found in clinically normal horses (greater than 2.5 U/ml). Twenty-three horses (8%) had marked increase in serum TNF activity (greater than or equal to 10 U/ml) which was more prevalent among horses with SIO and PE than in horses of other diagnostic groups, except those with GTR. Mortality and marked increase in serum TNF activity were greater in horses with intestinal inflammatory disorders or strangulating intestinal obstruction than in horses with nonstrangulating intestinal obstruction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Clearance of furosemide by the gastrointestinal tract.

Approximately 45% of i.v. administered furosemide is eliminated by nonrenal clearance mechanisms. Indirect evidence suggests this might represent intestinal secretion. Therefore, we examined whether the intestinal tract serves as a drug-eliminating organ in man. Intestinal perfusion studies were performed in six healthy volunteers during i.v. furosemide administration (mean serum concentration, 3.74 +/- 0.64 microgram/ml). Subjects were intubated with a multilumen tube which allowed examination of transmucosal water, solute and furosemide movement at separate levels of the gastrointestinal tract. A poorly absorbable electrolyte-mannitol solution was infused in the jejunum (15 ml/min), with polyethylene glycol as a nonabsorbable marker. Furosemide elimination occurred at an equally low rate in all areas of the intestinal tract. Furosemide clearance for the total gastrointestinal tract was 2.1 +/- 0.4 ml/min (mean +/- S.E.M.) compared to a renal clearance of 93.1 +/- 4.6 ml/min. Thus, gastrointestinal elimination amounted to only 2% of renal elimination. The luminal concentration of furosemide in the intestinal tract did not exceed a mean of 0.5 microgram/ml. When the experiments were repeated after administration of probenecid, gut clearance was unchanged but renal clearance was reduced by 70%. In the ileum, furosemide enhanced bicarbonate secretion and induced chloride absorption. We conclude that the intestinal tract contributes only minimally to furosemide elimination in man. From concentration gradients between lumen and plasma and from the fact that probenecid had no effect on elimination rate, it appears likely that active secretion into the intestinal lumen does not occur and that all furosemide appearance in the gut results from passive diffusion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Effect of aqueous leaf extract of Irvingia gabonensis on gastrointestinal tract in rodents.

Effect of the aqueous leaf extract of I. gabonensis on the gastrointestinal tract was investigated on isolated rabbit jejunum, guinea pig ileum, gastrointestinal motility, castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice and castor oil-induced fluid accumulation in rats. The results showed that the extract exhibited a concentration-dependent relaxation of spontaneous pendular movement of isolated rabbit jejunum and guinea pig ileum, and attenuated both acetylcholine-induced contraction of rabbit jejunum and histamine-induced contraction of guinea pig ileum. The extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) also caused a significant dose-dependent decrease of gastrointestinal motility in mice (40.12, 39.45 and 37.45%), intestinal fluid accumulation in rats (71.43, 81.63 and 83.27%), and remarkably protected mice against castor oil-induced diarrhoea [58.33, 75 and 91.67% (Di Carlo score)] respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the aqueous leaf extract of I. gabonensis revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, phenols and phlobatanins.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The role of eicosanoids in the gastrointestinal tract.

Exploring the role of eicosanoids in the gastrointestinal tract entails fundamental problems of methodology and interpretation. Most important are the difficulties inherent in the choice of an experimental design which prevents non-specific stimulation of eicosanoid formation, because any perturbation of cell membranes will initiate eicosanoid synthesis. In addition to cyclic nucleotides, prostaglandins may serve as intracellular mediators for the stimulus of secretion coupling via intracellular free calcium in the gastrointestinal epithelial cells. By contrast, the effects of supraphysiological doses of prostaglandins parallel those of cyclic AMP-dependent secretagogues such as VIP, which increases calcium through activation of the mucosal adenylatecyclase. The question of whether patients develop gastric or duodenal ulcers as a result of a prostaglandin deficiency remains open. The synthetic prostaglandin analogues available commercially for anti-ulcer therapy appear to be unable to accelerate the healing of peptic ulcers unless they are administered in anti-secretory doses, and are unlikely to have a substantial effect on patients with bleeding from ulcerative lesions in the gastro-duodenal mucosa. Prostaglandins of the E type mediate, at least partly, the diarrhoea associated with a large number of clinical conditions and various pharmacological agents. Several types of secretory diarrhoea respond to drugs that inhibit prostaglandin biosynthesis. Whether eicosanoids are mediators, or merely epiphenomena, of inflammation in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease remains unclear. Improved knowledge of their functional role of eicosanoids has nevertheless allowed a reinterpretation of the rationale behind current therapy. Uncontrolled formation of eicosanoids may not only be the source of diarrhoea in colonic inflammation, but may also be critical for cell proliferation and the development of dysplasia in long-standing disease.

Diarrhea↗
PubMed1996

[Secondary lymphomatous polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with nodal lymphomas].

Multiplex lymphomatous polyposis is an uncommon disease characterized by polypoid accumulations of malignant lymphoid cells within the submucosa of long segments of the gastrointestinal tract. Primary gastrointestinal form of disease is referred as an extranodal variant of the entity knows as mantle zone lymphoma. Rarely, this typical lesion may appear as a secondary involvement of the alimentary tract in patients with primary nodal lymphomas. In present article, the clinical, histological features of our two cases of primary nodal lymphoma presenting with gastrointestinal symptoms and secondary involvement of the bowels are discussed. The nodal lymphomas of these patients were classified as a mantle zone and a follicle center cell origin lymphoma. The development of gastrointestinal symptoms occurred 29 and 41 months after the diagnosis. Our cases suggest that lymphomatous polyposis can manifest itself secondarily in patients with nodal lymphomas of not only the mantle cell type. The polypoid lesion might be mediated by lymphocyte homing receptors and the pattern of proliferation can be produced by more than one phenotypically different lymphoma.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Emergence of a 'hyperinfectious' bacterial state after passage of Citrobacter rodentium through the host gastrointestinal tract.

Citrobacter rodentium belongs to a family of human and animal enteric pathogens that includes the clinically significant enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). These pathogens exploit attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions to colonize the host gastrointestinal tract. However, both EHEC and EPEC are poorly pathogenic in mice. In contrast, C. rodentium, which is genetically highly related to E. coli, relies on A/E lesion formation as an essential step in both colonization and infection of the murine mucosa, providing an excellent in vivo model. In this study we have used bioluminescence imaging (BLI) to investigate the organ specificity and dynamics of colonization of mice by LB-grown and mouse-passaged C. rodentium in situ and in real time. We have demonstrated the appearance of a 'hyperinfectious' state after passage of C. rodentium through the murine gastrointestinal tract. The 'hyperinfectious' state was found to dramatically reduce the dose required to infect secondary individuals, and also influenced the tissue distribution of colonizing bacteria, removing the requirement for primary colonization of the caecal patch. In addition, the 'hyperinfectious' phenotype was found to be transient with one overnight passage in rich medium sufficient to return C. rodentium to 'culture' infectivity.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1983

The effects of an opiate agonist and antagonist on the human upper gastrointestinal tract.

Endogenous opiates may play a role in regulating intestinal function and we have investigated this possibility in the human upper gastrointestinal tract using loperamide as a locally-acting opiate agonist and naloxone as antagonist. Loperamide (4 mg) had no effect on the fasting pattern of motor activity in the antrum, duodenum and proximal jejunum. However, naloxone (40 micrograms kg-1 h-1, i.v.) abolished interdigestive motor activity in five of ten subjects and reduced antroduodenal motility index per cycle in all subjects (antrum: 1230 +/- 120 to 130 +/- 140 mm2; duodenum: 1120 +/- 150 to 225 +/- 160 mm2; P less than 0.005). These effects were not significantly affected by loperamide. Plasma motilin exhibited cyclic variation with significantly higher concentrations during antroduodenal phase 3 than during phases 1 and 2 of the interdigestive cycle. Plasma motilin was not altered by naloxone or loperamide, and neither drug had any effect on basal gastric acid secretion, duodenal output of amylase and bile salt or duodenogastric reflux. The results suggest that endogenous opiates regulate fasting motor activity in the human gastrointestinal tract but do not influence basal secretory function of the stomach, pancreas or biliary tree.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Prolonged monitoring of the upper gastrointestinal tract using echo planar magnetic resonance imaging.

Upper gastrointestinal motility and transit has been studied in five human volunteers with the ultra high speed, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique MBEST (Modulus Blipped Echo-planar Single pulse Technique), a variant of echo planar imaging. Snapshot images requiring a data acquisition time of only 64-128 msec allowed visualisation of peristalsis in the antrum and duodenum in real time, without motional image degradation, as would normally be seen using conventional MRI. Gastroduodenal flow of the luminal contents was visualised using water as a contrast medium, with appropriate adjustment of the time constant (T2) weighting of the system. Rapid (0.3 Hz) imaging of gastroduodenal motility in both transverse and coronal planes was achieved by respiratory gating to the imaging frequency, allowing repetition rates of up to 20 frames per minute for 2-3 hours. Fast replay of stored images, to produce a 'movie loop', allowed identification of fasting motility patterns of the gastric antrum and proximal small intestine, with depiction of the phases of the migrating motor complex. Images of the fed patterns after the ingestion of a test meal showed good separation of solid and liquid particulate matter and mixing waves in the gastric body. The potential for quantitative measurements with this new imaging modality of the gastrointestinal tract is under development, which will allow us to measure transit and correlate this with motility data.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Preliminary evaluation of United Kingdom National Referral Guidelines for lower gastrointestinal tract cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficiency of the criteria proposed by the National Referral Guidelines at selecting patients with lower gastrointestinal tract cancer for urgent outpatient assessment when compared with the standard method for prioritization. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Consecutive patients aged 50 and over referred to a colorectal unit were offered urgent or non-urgent outpatient appointments on the basis of the contents of the referral letter. Clinical information obtained during the outpatient consultation was used to identify those patients that satisfied the guideline criteria for urgent referral. Patients were investigated and the findings recorded. RESULTS: Of 247 patients who completed their investigations 18 were found to have lower gastrointestinal tract cancer. Urgent outpatient appointments were offered to 115 patients of whom 14 had cancer (P = 0.0067, sensitivity=78%). A total of 119 patients satisfied the guideline criteria for urgent referral, including 17 of the patients who were found to have cancer (P < 0.0001, sensitivity=94%). CONCLUSION: The criteria used in the guidelines provide an effective method for selecting patients with cancer for urgent assessment. Application of the guidelines by general practitioners can be recommended.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of dietary fibre on digesta passage, nutrient digestibility, and gastrointestinal tract morphology in the granivorous Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus).

To investigate digestive tract performance in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), food intake and digestibility, digesta passage rate, and gastrointestinal tract morphology were measured in captive animals fed low- or high-fibre diets. We used two markers (Co-ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid for solutes and Cr-mordanted cell walls for particles) to measure differential passage rates of digesta fractions in order to test for the presence of a colonic separation mechanism (CSM). Although dry-matter intakes on the high-fibre diet did not differ from those on the low-fibre diet, digestibilities of dry matter, neutral-detergent fibre, acid-detergent fibre, crude protein, and crude fat were all significantly lower on the high-fibre diet. Gross energy intake on the high-fibre diet also did not differ from that on the low-fibre diet, but energy lost in faeces was much higher than on the low-fibre diet; thus, energy digestibility and digestible energy intake were significantly lower on the high-fibre diet. The lengths and dry-tissue masses of all segments of the gastrointestinal tract tended to enlarge in response to increased dietary fibre, but only the total tract contents, contents of the small intestine, and length and dry-tissue mass of the caecum increased significantly. The mean retention time (MRT) of the particle marker was significantly greater than that of the solute marker on the low-fibre but not the high-fibre diet; the solute/particle differential retention ratio was 0.62 on the low-fibre diet and 0.90 on the high-fibre diet. Thus, there was no evidence for selective retention of the solute marker on either diet. The MRT of the particle marker was significantly lower on the high-fibre diet and in the same direction as the MRT of the solute marker. These results suggest that the granivorous Mongolian gerbil has no CSM but can adjust its digestive tract capacity to accommodate greater quantities of low-quality food.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Radiography and image-intensified fluoroscopy of barium passage through the gastrointestinal tract in six healthy Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva).

Gastrointestinal contrast studies were performed in six clinically healthy blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva) using radiography and image-intensified fluoroscopy. During examination, the birds were confined in a perspex cage. The quality of the lateral radiographs was adequate for assessment of the contrast medium-filled gastrointestinal tract. Thirty minutes after administration of 20 mL/kg of a 25% barium sulphate suspension directly in the crop, in all birds the ventriculus was totally outlined by barium. After 60 min, the small intestine was filled in five of six birds. After 180 min, the crop was empty in all birds. The barium-outlined ventriculus had differences in shape on radiographs of individual birds and also between birds. The colon and cloaca had further filling after 120 to 300 min. With image-intensified fluoroscopy, gastrointestinal motility was evaluated. Contractions of the crop were seen, and boluses of contrast medium passing through the esophagus toward the proventriculus were easily identified. Proventricular contractions were rarely noted, but ventriculus motility was present and clearly defined. The ventriculus had a mean of 3.7 contraction cycles/min. In the duodenum and small intestine, rapid antegrade and retrograde peristaltic movements in combination with segmental contractions were seen. In the colon, occasionally very slow peristaltic activity, mainly of segmental nature, was present. During the examinations, no defeacation was recorded. Confinement in a small perspex cage provides an adequate and handy radiological set-up for evaluation of gastrointestinal passage and motility in birds, minimizing the influences of stress and anesthesia.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Adult T-cell leukemia with multiple lymphomatous polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract.

A rare case of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) in which multiple lymphomatous polyposis (MLP) was revealed throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract is reported here. The polypectomy specimens taken from the rectum revealed infiltration of neoplastic T-cells, the integration of HTLV-1 proviral DNA, and increased CD4 (OKT4) and CD25 (IL-2R) cells. The analysis of surface markers of the lymphocytes from polypoid lesions may be useful for elucidating cell tropism and homing properties in the gastrointestinal tract. Although MLP has always been associated with B-cell lymphoma in the Western world, it is important for clinicians and pathologists to be aware that MLP may be caused by the infiltration of ATL cells.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Fungal infections of the gastrointestinal tract].

In immunocompetent subjects fungal infections of the gastrointestinal tract are uncommon. Candida esophagitis remains the single most common fungal infection in immunocompromised hosts or in H. pylori- infected patients who receive antibiotic therapy. Enteric fungal infections are uncommon even in HIV-infected patients. Antifungal agents such as amphotericin B, ketoconazole, fluconazole, and the various formulations of itraconazole are effective for most cases.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1990

[Effect of nitrendipine on the function of the upper gastrointestinal tract].

A double-blind crossover-trial comparing the influence of orally administered nitrendipine and placebo on the function of the upper gastrointestinal tract was carried out in ten healthy volunteers. Esophageal motility, intestinal transit time, size and motility of the gallbladder, serum gastrin levels and gastric secretion (basal and after stimulation with pentagastrin) were determined. No statistically significant differences between nitrendipine and placebo could be observed. Most parameters remained unchanged in both groups. Serum gastrin levels slightly increased after nitrendipine but did not exceed the normal range. The results demonstrate that nitrendipine given in an antihypertensive dosage, in contrast to other calcium antagonists, does not influence the function of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Ex vivo autoradiography of the human gastrointestinal tract: a new approach to cell kinetic studies of surgically removed tumor-bearing organs.

Surgically obtained portions of the human gastrointestinal tract were perfused with oxygenated perfluorochemical blood substitute, Fluosol-DA (FDA), containing tritiated thymidine. This procedure of ex vivo autoradiography was performed at the RI Center by perfusion of the isolated organ with FDA from a reservoir 190 cm above the organ through a cannula inserted into the main artery. Microautoradiographic sections revealed that the distributions of labeled nuclei in the normal epithelium of the esophagus, stomach, jejunum, colon and rectum coincided well with those reported previously. However, in the normal colonic mucosa in cases of familial adenomatosis, no expansion or shift of the proliferative zone to the upper part of the mucosa was observed. No significant difference was observed between the labeled figures of normal colonic mucosa of cases of familial adenomatosis and ordinary colonic cancer. This is the first report of ex vivo autoradiography of the gastrointestinal tract of man for studies on cell kinetics.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Foreign bodies of gastrointestinal tract].

153 patients with swallowed foreign bodies in gastrointestinal tract (GIT) were treated for the last 10 years (1988-1997). In 85 (55.5%) cases foreign bodies (FB) were swallowed by psychopathic persons, in 45 (29.4%)--with the aim of mutilation, in 23 (15.0%)--due to carelessness. In 105 (68.63%) patients the foreign bodies were single, in 48 (31.37%) there were multiple foreign bodies of GIT. In 73 (47.71%) cases FB were found in the stomach. Clinical picture in patients with swallowed FB was variable. Dynamic roentgenological examination together with thorough anamnesis is the most important diagnostic tool in this pathology. The indications for urgent surgical treatment were sticking of the FB, peritonitis, gastro-duodenal bleeding, gastrointestinal obstruction. Elective surgery was used in patients with sticked F.B., with multiple FB, which formed conglomerates, as well as in single FB. with the length over 12-15 cm. Active expectant policy is valid FB of GIT with tendency for passage, due to conservative treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The use of parenteral nutrition in the management of external gastrointestinal tract fistulae.

Malnutrition is common in patients with gastrointestinal tract fistula, and is an important cause of the high mortality seen with this surgical complication. A prospective review of three years' experience in the management of fistulae with parenteral nutrition was undertaken, and the results obtained were compared with those in a group of patients treated prior to the introduction of this form of therapy. The use of parenteral nutrition resulted in a reduction of the mortality from 63% to 23% in unselected cases. The mortality was zero where parenteral nutrition was used in patients under 65 years of age with non-malignant disease. With parenteral nutrition therapy, the fistulae in almost all cases closed spontaneously, in contrast with a high proportion requiring operation (20 in 38 cases) where parenteral nutrition was not used. It is concluded that all patients with significant gastrointestinal fistula should be given appropriate parenteral nutrition as their prime mode of therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Endoscopic study of upper gastrointestinal tract in patients with alcohol dependence.

This study was designed to elucidate the long-term effect of excess alcohol intake on the upper gastrointestinal tract. The subjects of the study were patients with alcohol dependence (n = 91). All of the subjects had been hospitalized to overcome their alcohol dependence. They underwent endoscopic examination of upper gastrointestinal tract, whether they had symptoms and a personal history of digestive organs trouble or not. Gastric ulcer (n = 14), gastroduodenal ulcer (n = 3), duodenal ulcer (n = 2), gastritis erosiva (n = 23), resected stomach (n = 13), esophageal cancer (n = 1), esophageal varix (n = 8), and esophagitis (n = 1) were among the lesions found by the endoscopic examination. This study indicated a close association of chronic upper gastrointestinal lesion with long-term excessive intake of alcohol.

Adult↗