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At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

A new type of conjugative transposon encodes resistance to sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and streptomycin in Vibrio cholerae O139.

Vibrio cholerae O139 is the first non-O1 serogroup of V. cholerae to give rise to epidemic cholera. Apparently, this new serogroup arose from an El Tor O1 strain of V cholerae, but V. cholerae O139 is distinguishable from V. cholerae El Tor O1 by virtue of its novel antigenic structure and also its characteristic pattern of resistances to the antibiotics sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, streptomycin, and furazolidone. We found that the first three of these antibiotic resistances are carried on an approximately 62-kb self-transmissible, chromosomally integrating genetic element which we have termed the SXT element. This novel conjugative transposon-like element could be conjugally transferred from V. cholerae O139 to V cholerae O1 and Escherichia coli strains, where it integrated into the recipient chromosomes in a site-specific manner independent of recA. To study the potential virulence properties of the SXT element as well as to improve upon the live attenuated O139 vaccine strain Bengal-2, a large internal deletion in the SXT element was crossed on to the Bengal-2 chromosome. The resulting strain, Bengal-2.SXT(s), is sensitive to sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim and colonizes the intestines of suckling mice as well as wild-type strains do, suggesting that the SXT element does not encode a colonization factor. Derivatives of Bengal-2.SXT(s) are predicted to be safe, antibiotic-sensitive, live attenuated vaccines for cholera due to the O139 serogroup.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Oxygen-insensitive nitroreductases: analysis of the roles of nfsA and nfsB in development of resistance to 5-nitrofuran derivatives in Escherichia coli.

Nitroheterocyclic and nitroaromatic compounds constitute an enormous range of chemicals whose potent biological activity has significant human health and environmental implications. The biological activity of nitro-substituted compounds is derived from reductive metabolism of the nitro moiety, a process catalyzed by a variety of nitroreductase activities. Resistance of bacteria to nitro-substituted compounds is believed to result primarily from mutations in genes encoding oxygen-insensitive nitroreductases. We have characterized the nfsA and nfsB genes of a large number of nitrofuran-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli and have correlated mutation with cell extract nitroreductase activity. Our studies demonstrate that first-step resistance to furazolidone or nitrofurazone results from an nfsA mutation, while the increased resistance associated with second-step mutants is a consequence of an nfsB mutation. Inferences made from mutation about the structure-function relationships of NfsA and NfsB are discussed, especially with regard to the identification of flavin mononucleotide binding sites. We show that expression of plasmid-carried nfsA and nfsB genes in resistant mutants restores sensitivity to nitrofurans. Among the 20 first-step and 53 second-step mutants isolated in this study, 65 and 49%, respectively, contained insertion sequence elements in nfsA and nfsB. IS1 integrated in both genes, while IS30 and IS186 were found only in nfsA and IS2 and IS5 were observed only in nfsB. Insertion hot spots for IS30 and IS186 are indicated in nfsA, and a hot spot for IS5 insertion is evident in nfsB. We discuss potential regional and sequence-specific determinants for insertion sequence element integration in nfsA and nfsB.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Class 1 integron-borne, multiple-antibiotic resistance encoded by a 150-kilobase conjugative plasmid in epidemic vibrio cholerae O1 strains isolated in Guinea-Bissau.

In the 1996-1997 cholera epidemic in Guinea-Bissau, surveillance for antimicrobial resistance showed the emergence of a multidrug-resistant strain of Vibrio cholerae O1 during the course of the epidemic. The strain was resistant to ampicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, furazolidone, aminoglycosides, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole. Concomitant with the emergence of this strain, we observed a resurgence in the number of registered cholera cases as well as an increase in the case fatality rate from 1.0% before the emergence of the multiple-drug-resistant strain to 5.3% after the emergence of the strain. Our study shows that the strain contained a 150-kb conjugative multiple-antibiotic resistance plasmid with class 1 integron-borne gene cassettes encoding resistance to trimethoprim (dhfrXII) and aminoglycosides [ant(3")-1a]). The finding of transferable resistance to almost all of the antibiotics commonly used to treat cholera is of great public health concern. Studies should be carried out to determine to what extent the strain or its resistance genes have been spread to other areas where cholera is endemic.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1990

Multiple drug resistance in salmonellae in England and Wales: a comparison between 1981 and 1988.

Each year from 1981 through to 1988 the most common serotypes isolated from man in England and Wales and identified at the Division of Enteric Pathogens were S typhimurium, S enteritidis, and S virchow. In 1981 these three serotypes accounted for 45%, 12%, and 7% of isolations. The remaining 35% comprised strains belonging to a further 188 different serotypes, none of which accounted for more than 1% of the total. In 1988 S typhimurium accounted for 24% of isolations, S enteritidis 57%, and S virchow 4%. The remaining 15% comprised strains of a further 184 serotypes. The resistances to the common antimicrobial drugs in non-typhoidal salmonellas isolated in England and Wales in 1981 and 1988 were reported with particular reference to resistance to four or more antimicrobial drugs (multiple resistance). For S typhimurium the overall percentage of resistant strains varied little, but multiple resistance more than doubled from 5% to 12%; in S enteritidis the incidence remained the same. In S virchow the percentages of strains resistant to all the antimicrobial drugs and in particular, to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, trimethoprim and furazolidone, rose from 0.2% to 10.4%. Salmonella enteritis in man is usually a self limiting disease and antimicrobial treatment is seldom required; but should spread beyond the intestine occur, effective antimicrobial treatment is essential. Under these circumstances a knowledge of the likelihood of resistances to commonly available drugs could be of considerable value to the clinician.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1986

The influence of dietary protein and antimicrobial feed additives on salmonella carriage by broiler chickens.

Salmonella carriage in broiler chickens was not apparently influenced by the protein concentration of the ration, pelleting or by the coccidiostat monensin. The inclusion of penicillin in the diet was associated with an increase in salmonella shedding, particularly in the first half of the rearing period, but did not influence the lactobacillary count in the crop or the pH of the contents of the crop, gizzard and caecum. Furazolidone medication (150 mg/kg food) for the first 10 days had no effect on salmonella carriage at the time of slaughter (seven weeks) and studies into the influence of growth promoting antibiotics (avoparcin, bacitracin and virginiamycin) on salmonella shedding were inconclusive. Circumstantial evidence indicated that the food was the most probable source of infection for the birds studied in these experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

An outbreak of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in an Israeli dairy herd.

An outbreak of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in an Israeli dairy herd appeared in four clinical forms: cutaneous, mastitic, visceral and a mixed form. Only cows were affected and susceptibility increased with age. Most cases occurred during a short period in the summer months. The total morbidity rate was 13.7 per cent involving 41 cows. Thirty cows were affected by the cutaneous form, five by the mastitic form, four by the mastitic and cutaneous forms, one by the mastitic and visceral forms and one by the visceral form. The cutaneous form appeared as one or two pyogranulomatous lesions affecting the body or head. Subclinical to severe clinical mastitis was found in the mastitic form. In the visceral form the upper and lower respiratory system were affected by multiple purulent lymphadenitis. All the cutaneous lesions recovered irrespective of treatment. Mastitis did not respond to treatment and severely affected milk production in most cases. All the isolates of C pseudotuberculosis were nitrate reductase negative. Most isolates were sensitive to norfloxacin, cephalothin, methicillin, kanamycin and furazolidone and resistant to ampicillin, lincomycin and neomycin.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolated from animals and their environment in England and Wales from 1988 to 1999.

Resistance to 16 antimicrobial agents was monitored in 109,125 Salmonella cultures isolated from animals, their environment and feedstuffs between 1988 and 1999. The sensitivity of the 6512 isolates of Salmonella enterica enterica serotype Dublin to all the antimicrobial agents tested varied from 98.2 per cent in 1997 to 99.7 per cent in 1990 and 1996. In contrast, among 28,053 isolates of Salmonella enterica enterica serotype Typhimurium, there was a marked decrease in their sensitivity to all the antimicrobial agents tested, from 57.4 per cent in 1992 to 7.6 per cent in 1995, owing to the widespread occurrence in farm animals of S Typhimurium isolates of the definitive type DT104, resistant to ampicillin, sulphonamides, streptomycin, chloramphenicol and tetracyclines, although the percentage of sensitive isolates increased to 18.4 per cent in 1999, when the incidence of DT104 had decreased. Some isolates of DT104 also showed an increase in resistance to potentiated sulphonamides (2.4 per cent in 1989 to 19.2 per cent in 1999) and nalidixic acid (0 per cent in 1992, 3.8 per cent in 1995 to a peak of 16.9 per cent in 1998). In 1996, 5.1 per cent of 1086 isolates of S Typhimurium from cattle and 35.9 per cent of 192 isolates of S Typhimurium from poultry showed resistance to nalidixic acid. Of the other 74,528 Salmonella isolates, the percentage of strains sensitive to all the antimicrobials tested decreased slightly from 88.2 per cent in 1988 to 70.6 per cent in 1996 and then increased slightly to 73.7 per cent in 1999. The commonest of these other Salmonella serotypes was Salmonella Enteritidis (20,982), which remained predominantly susceptible (ranging from 81.4 to 97.4 per cent) during the study period. Few isolates were resistant to commonly used veterinary antimicrobials, for example, furazolidone, the use of which was banned in 1990, and the aminoglycoside, apramycin.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Involvement of active oxygen species in protein and oligonucleotide degradation induced by nitrofurans.

It is of great interest to know how nitrofurans are mutagenic and clastogenic. In particular, the 3-amino-2-oxazolidone (AOZ) ring, deriving from a cleavage of furazolidone, is not further metabolized and has been found to be part of protein-bound residues in edible tissues of farm animals and these might be released in the stomach of the consumer. The data in this paper show that isoniazide as well as AOZ and 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), the latter deriving from furaltadone, cause irreversible damage to the prosthetic group of enzymes as well as degrade their polypeptide chain and cause fragmentation of the backbone chain of cellular or isolated DNA and RNA. Cellular DNA was degraded into small fragments of 2000 Mb, while rRNA was completely destroyed. Nitrofuran derivatives and hydrazides, in fact, share an N-N moiety, which is assumed to play an essential role in the irreversible damage observed. The key to the molecular mechanisms by which these compounds cause their irreversible effects may lie in oxygen consumption and electron spin resonance measurements, which reveal that both nitrofurans and isoniazide produce oxygen radicals at various degrees of efficiency. AOZ and AMOZ are not metabolized into more reactive metabolites, being themselves able to react with atmospheric oxygen and induce protein and oligonucleotide damage. The reaction does not require metal ions, although their presence will accelerate it.

Caco-2 Cells↗
PubMed2003

Characterization of a clinical Vibrio cholerae O139 isolate from Mexico.

Pathogenic strains of Vibrio cholerae O139 possess the cholera toxin A subunit (ctxA) gene as well as the gene for toxin co-regulated pili (tcpA). We report the isolation of a ctxA-negative, tcpA-negative V. cholerae O139 strain (INDREI) from a patient in Mexico diagnosed with gastrointestinal illness. Certain phenotypic characteristics of this strain were identical to those of V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor. Unlike ctxA-positive V. cholerae O139 strains, this strain was sensitive to a wide panel of antibiotics, including ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, furazolidone, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and streptomycin, but was resistant to polymyxin B. Ribotype and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles of INDRE1 differed from those of ctxA-positive V. cholerae O139 and other V. cholerae strains. Phenotypic characteristics of the Mexico strain were similar to those reported for V. cholerae O139 isolates from Argentina and Sri Lanka.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1999

Helicobacter pylori: novel therapies.

The ideal therapy for Helicobacter pylori would cure the infection without resulting in the development of antibiotic resistance. Current therapies have variable cure rates; the reasons for treatment failure include bacterial resistance and poor compliance. Some antibiotics, such as furazolidone, may be affordable agents to treat this infection worldwide. New proton pump inhibitors, such as rabeprazole, can potentiate antibiotics. Nutriceuticals and probiotics demonstrate interesting in vitro activity against H pylori. Children rarely have symptoms to this infection and, therefore, are a suitable group in which to assess different nonaggressive therapies.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of essential oils from three plants for enhancement of antimicrobial activity of nitrofurantoin against enterobacteria.

BACKGROUND: Piperitone from plant essential oils enhancesbactericidal activities of nitrofurantoin and furazolidone against bacteria from the family Enterobacteriaceae. In this study, the essential oils of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.), dill (Anethum graveolens L.) and peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)were screened for augmentation of nitrofurantoin activity and the most active components were determined. METHOD: The effects of essential oils and their components on the bactericidal activity of nitrofurantoin against Enterobacter cloacae were studied using disk-diffusion and agar-dilution methods. The composition of essential oils was studied using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: M. spicata and A. graveolens oils exhibited the highest effects. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that the oils of these two plants contained 40.12 and 20.32% carvone, respectively. Pure carvone and piperitone equally increased the bactericidal activity of nitrofurantoin. Other ingredients of essential oils, including camphor, limonene and menthone, were less effective.

Anethum graveolens↗
PubMed1977

Two new bioassay techniques for nitrofurans: Bacteroides fragilis and rec-Escherichia coli as indicator strains.

Techniques for the microbiological assay of nitrofurans are described. In one the indicator strain is Bacteroides fragilis; use of this system enables concentrations of nifuratel and furazolidone of down to 0.7 micrograms/ml to be estimated. The other system uses a recombination-deficient (recA-uvrA-) mutant of Escherichia coli; with this indicator, concentrations of 0.2 micrograms/ml, or less, of five nitrofurans can be assayed.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1988

Antimicrobial sensitivity and plasmid-mediated tetracycline resistance in Campylobacter jejuni isolated in Bangladesh.

The antimicrobial sensitivity of Campylobacter jejuni isolated in Bangladesh from patients with diarrhoea, asymptomatic carriers and domestic animals was performed. All isolates were sensitive to erythromycin, gentamicin, furazolidone and kanamycin. Seven percent isolates were resistant to tetracycline, 8% to nalidixic acid, 37% to ampicillin and 100% to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and cephalothin. Tetracycline resistance was observed to be plasmid mediated. No plasmid band(s) coding for ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim or cephalothin resistance were observed, possibly indicating chromosomally located resistance. No significant differences in the susceptibility patterns of C. jejuni isolated from the different sources was observed. However, 10 patients' isolates showed low molecular weight (2-3, 7 Mdaltons) plasmid band(s) which were completely absent in isolates from asymptomatic carriers and animals.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1995

Prevention and treatment of traveler's diarrhea: a clinical pharmacological approach.

Diarrhea represents a major health problem for travelers to developing countries. Although the syndrome is usually self-limited and recovery occurs in the majority of cases without any specific form of therapy, there is a need for safe and effective ways of preventing and treating it. Since the syndrome is most often caused by an infection acquired by ingesting fecally contaminated food or beverages, precautions regarding dietary habits remain the cornerstone of prophylaxis, but dietary self-restrictions do not always translate to reduced rates of diarrheal illness. Administration of probiotics (e.g. lactobacilli or Saccharomyces boulardii) and immunoprophylaxis with the newer oral cholera vaccines have been tried with promising results. Antimicrobials remain, however, the most successful form of prophylaxis, being effective in up to 90% of travelers. For those with impaired health who will take prophylaxis, systemic agents with proved efficacy should be recommended. For other otherwise healthy persons, poorly absorbed agents are preferable in order to avoid the serious, albeit rare, toxicity of systemic drugs. The key factor in the management of acute watery traveler's diarrhea, particularly in infants and young children, is the restoration of water and electrolyte balance. This does not reduce the duration of the illness but will limit dehydration and prevent acidosis. Many patients will require no additional therapy, whereas some will need pharmacologic treatment to shorten the duration of diarrhea or to relieve the accompanying symptoms, like abdominal discomfort, nausea and vomiting. A typical 3- to 5-day illness can be reduced to approximately 1 day by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) combination. Some other systemic antimicrobials have been successfully used but, during the last few years, the 4-fluoroquinolone drugs have received considerable attention and have been shown to be highly effective in reducing the duration of traveler's diarrhea. These antimicrobials may become the best option for adults. The safest choice remains the use of poorly absorbed antimicrobials. Unfortunately, however, only a few compounds (i.e. bicozamycin and furazolidone) have been specifically tested in the therapy of traveler's diarrhea. Others (e.g. nifuroxazide or rifaximin), which have been found effective in various homeland forms of infective diarrhea deserve to be evaluated in specifically designed clinical trials. Persons visiting developing countries where the risk of traveler's diarrhea is high should be recommended to bring an antidiarrheal compound or bismuth subsalycilate, if available, and an antibacterial agent. For infants, children and the elderly, in whom dehydration may occur rapidly and be particularly dangerous, oral rehydration solutions are indicated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2000

Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever.

One hundred children (consecutive) with positive blood culture for Salmonella typhi were studied for clinical profile and complications. The common clinical features were fever (100%), vomiting (58%), abdominal pain (48%), cough (22%) and loose stools (14%) and the Widal test was positive in 75% patients. Eighty per cent of the salmonella isolates were resistant to amoxycillin, chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole drugs, but all were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Forty patients developed complications: encephalopathy (18), melaena (12), haematemesis (10), epistaxis (4), hepatitis (4), acalculous cholecystitis (4), bowel perforation (3) and nephritis (2). Complications were more frequent in children with multidrug-resistant typhoid. The final antibiotic required to render the children afebrile included ciprofloxacin (80), ceftriaxone, amoxycillin (4), chloramphenicol (4), amoxycillin and gentamicin (4), amoxycillin with chloramphenicol (2), and furazolidone (2). The defervesence time was least with ceftriaxone and greatest with amoxycillin. All the affected children made a complete recovery.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1992

Bioactive polymers: in vitro and in vivo study of controlled release neomycin.

Neomycin is coupled on xanthan-a polysaccharide of microbial biosynthesis produced by Xanthomonas campestris-through ionic complexation. The kinetics of neomycin release, in vitro, at pH = 8.2 is studied. A controlled release of neomycin, following a zero order kinetics is observed, regardless of the eluent flow. Neomycin complexed on xanthan, administered in a unique daily dose to patients suffering from dysentery in the 100 cases taken in study, has shown a high clinical efficiency as compared with the treatments with ampicillin or furazolidone, administered for 5-10 days or longer.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A randomized, controlled, open-label trial of a single day of mebendazole versus a single dose of tinidazole in the treatment of giardiasis in children.

BACKGROUND: Giardia duodenalis is the most commonly detected parasite in the intestinal tract of humans and 5-nitroimidazole compounds, quinacrine and furazolidone have been used against giardiasis. However, cases refractory to treatment with these drugs are becoming more common worldwide. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of mebendazole versus tinidazole in the treatment of giardiasis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: 122 children (aged 5 to 15 years) of both sexes with confirmed Giardia duodenalis cysts or trophozoites in their stool samples were randomly separated into two groups of 61 individuals. Each group received either mebendazole 200 mg three times for 1 day or tinidazole 50 mg/kg in a single dose. The evaluation of the efficacy was based on parasitological response. Parents or legal guardians of each child were asked to provide three fecal samples on days 3, 5, and 7 after treatment completion. A child was considered to be cured if no Giardia trophozoites or cysts were found in any of the three post-treatment fecal specimens evaluated by direct wet mounts and/or after Ritchie concentration techniques. RESULTS: The frequency of cure was higher for tinidazole (81.97%) than for mebendazole (63.93%); the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Transient abdominal pain was more common in children treated with mebendazole (p < 0.05), whereas loss of appetite, bitter taste, headache, vomiting, and nausea were more common in the tinidazole-treated group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Three doses of mebendazole, in a single day, are inferior to a single dose tinidazole in the treatment of giardiasis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Effective regimens for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection.

Successful Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy remains a challenge in medical practice. Currently, a proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapy containing clarithromycin, amoxicillin or nitroimidazole for 7 days is the recommended first-line treatment approach with an expected eradication success rate of approximately 80%. As a second-line treatment option in the case of failure, a ranitidine bismuth citrate-based quadruple therapy is currently recommended curing another 80% of patients, leaving a subset of patients with persistent H. pylori infection. For these patients, promising rescue options have been evaluated including regimens that contain rifabutin, quinolones, furazolidone or high-dose amoxicillin. The role of susceptibility testing is still under discussion. It is not generally recommended prior to first-line treatment but guidelines propose a role for culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing after failure of the second attempt. Meanwhile, data on the geographic distribution of resistance pattern are available and may guide therapeutic decisions with regard to the combination of antibiotics chosen for the individual patients aiming at 100% cure rate in each individual patient.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗