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PubMed1981

Wood exposure and smoking: association with cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in British Columbia.

A case-control study of 121 men seen for cancer of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses in British Columbia between 1939 and 1977 showed increased relative risks associated with occupations involving exposure to wood (2.5) and with smoking (4.9). The occupations involved were chiefly forestry and carpentry. Both risk factors appeared to be associated with the principal sites within the nasal cavity paranasal sinuses and with most histologic subtypes of cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1980

[The problem of parasites in game animals in Austria].

The parasitical diseases are among the game diseases the most wide spread. Since the interest of keeping game healthy is of great universal importance, the problem of the prevention of serious losses caused by parasites arises. Today this is in many cases possible by the exploration of all present prophylactical and therapeutical avenues. The presupposition in this respect is the thorough knowledge of parasite and host. Only then antiparasitical drugs can be employed at the right time. Furthermore the biotop, the agricultural and the forestry conditions have to be considered. Although population losses caused by parasites can be very heavy, a game population can never be decimated so far that its continuance will be endangered. Owing to the hitherto existing knowledge a qualitative population regulation is not caused by the parasites. Detrimental effects with domestic animals caused by game parasites or vice versa in hunting grounds is certainly possible but dependent upon the species greatly different, and practically without essential meaning in Austria.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed1978

[Classification of degenerative bone lesions in operators of motor saws].

Results of radiological examinations of hands, cubital and acromial articulations of 360 motor-sawers in forestry were analysed. A 4-degree distribution of degenerative lesions of bones in view of their progression was suggested. The authors consider their classification of radiological pictures helpful in prevention and diagnosis of vibration disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effect of hand-arm vibration on inner ear and cardiac functions in man.

To evaluate distant effects of hand-arm vibration we studied Finnish forestry workers using chain saw during the years 1972 through 1990. The hearing was tested annually and individual regression curves for sensorineural hearing loss (SHL) were calculated. Robinson's model was used in prediction of SHL. The heart rate variation (HRV) indexes at rest and during deep breathing test were analyzed to measure autonomic nervous function. In Robinson's model the measured SHL (17.8 dB) respected the predicted SHL (17.2 dB). The subjects with VWF had on average, 10 dB greater hearing loss than those who did not have VWF. The regression model based increase of hearing loss during follow up correlated with ageing, not to VWF. The intercept differed significantly in those with VWF from those without VWF. We found a significant difference between HRV indexes during deep breathing test in those with the shortest and those with the longest vibration exposure. The HRV decreased with age, but multiple regression analysis showed that the total exposure time to vibration had an independent negative association with HRV indexes. Our results suggest that prolonged exposure to vibration caused by chain saw has negative effects an autonomic functions. The aggravated hearing loss in subjects with VWF may be due to vibration induced changes in the autonomic nervous system or internal factors of the blood vessels.

Arm↗
PubMed1994

Research into hand-arm vibration syndrome and its prevention in Japan.

Research on vibration syndrome in Japan began in the 1930s with studies of the disorder among railway, mining and shipyard workers. In 1947, the Ministry of Labor decided vibration syndrome among operators of rock drills and riveters etc. was an occupational disease. Industrial developments in the 1950s and 1960s promoted the survey of vibration syndrome in mining, stone quarrying and forestry. The Ministry of Labor (1965) and the National Personnel Agency (1966) legally recognized vibration syndrome among chain saw operators as an occupational disease. Guidelines for prevention and early therapy were issued in the 1970s and 80s. From the late 1970s into the 1980s, research focused on the clinical picture, diagnostic methods and therapy. In pathophysiology, advances were made in research into the autonomic nervous system during the 1980s. The 1970s and 80s saw a steady reduction in risk from technological change and working conditions, and advances in medical care, education and meteorological forecasting. A comprehensive prevention system established in the 1980s in the Japanese forest industry involved: 1) work restrictions, 2) an improved health care system, 3) advances in the design of vibrating tools, handle-warming devices, and 4) improved worker education. This comprehensive preventive system was legally introduced into other industries, resulting in a rapid decrease in the incidence of vibration syndrome in Japan.

Arm↗
PubMed1994

[The relation between birth weight and paternal occupation].

The relationship between paternal occupation and infant birth weight stratified by sex and parity was analyzed based on 1985 vital statistics. The following results were obtained: 1) There were some differences with high statistical significance detected in Mean Birth Weight (MBW) according to 11 different categories of paternal occupation. The lowest MBW was observed in the unemployed and the highest was in protective service workers. 2) The MBW was significantly decreased and the frequency of low birth weight was significantly increased in infants of unemployed father, compared with those of employed. 3) In infants where the father was unemployed, intrauterine growth rate and mean gestational period, which are considered to be two major processes governing birth weight, were delayed and shortened respectively. Based on these results, it is suggested that paternal unemployment may somehow interfere with fetal growth. Further study is needed to clarify the mechanism of this observed relationship. 1) Professional and technical workers. 2) Managers and officials. 3) Clerical and related workers. 4) Sales workers. 5) Agricultural, forestry and fisheries workers. 6) Mining workers. 7) Workers in transport and communications occupation. 8) Craftsmen, production process workers and labours. 9) Protective service workers. 10) Service workers. 11) Unemployed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Systematic concept and development model for the production base of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Madino].

Based on the theories and methods of systematic engineering, the economic, ecological and social benefits of the whole set of regenerating techniques for Gynostemma pentaphyllum are evaluated comprehensively under the consideration of modern agroforestry and stereoscopic agriculture. As a result of the evaluation an optimal model of artificial complex ecosystem circulation for the agricultural-forestry-medicinal materials in the production base of Gynostemma pentaphyllum is selected.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1994

[A case of traumatic intrapulmonary foreign body].

A case of 60-year-old man with traumatic intrapulmonary foreign body that was not inhaled, but through the chest wall was described. In July 1992 a grass cutter was working in a forestry with a circular saw when he was struck into the right lung. He had a sharp pain in the anterior chest. No abnormality was seen in front of his neck and the chest wall. The next month he developed a cough with bloody sputum. The chest X-ray showed a metallic foreign body at the right side of manubrium. Computed tomogram showed a steel wire fragment lodging beside the innominate artery and vein and in the right lung. Median sternotomy was performed and a foreign body was successfully removed with partial resection of upper lobe.

Foreign Bodies↗
PubMed1994

Similar serum lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in healthy subjects on diets enriched with rapeseed and with sunflower oil.

A double-blind cross-over study was conducted during two 3-week periods to compare the effects of rapeseed oil and sunflower oil, enriching a normal diet, on the lipoprotein and fatty acid composition in healthy subjects. It was carried out in randomized order at residential schools, comprising 101 persons (mean age 29.2 years). The dietary fats used for cooking and as table margarine were prepared from rapeseed oil during one period and from sunflower oil during the other. No changes were made in the total fat content or other dietary nutrients. During both treatment periods the serum cholesterol (-4%, P < 0.001), LDL cholesterol (-5% to -7%, P < 0.01 and 0.001) and apolipoprotein B (-5%, P < 0.001) concentrations decreased significantly and to the same extent, while serum triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-1 and lipoprotein (a) remained virtually unchanged. The content of 18:2 n-6 serum phospholipids was increased after the sunflower oil-enriched diet, and the contents of oleic acid (18:1 n-9), alpha-linolenic acid (18:3 n-3), and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3) were increased after the rapeseed oil-enriched diet. The concentration of alpha-tocopherol increased and gamma-tocopherol decreased after the sunflower oil-enriched diet, less so after the rapeseed oil-enriched diet. It is concluded that substitution of mono- and polyunsaturated fats for saturated fats without any other dietary changes causes a significant improvement of the lipoprotein profile in healthy subjects. The rapeseed oil and sunflower oil fats were equally effective in this respect. The results also indicate that humans have a certain capacity to elongate and desaturate alpha-linolenic acid to 20:5 n-3 in vivo. Dietary fats based on rapeseed oil seem to be attractive alternatives to the more commonly used oils and fats rich in linoleic acid. Financial support from the Swedish Council for Forestry and Agricultural Research and the Swedish Margarine Industrial Association for Nutritional Physiological Research is gratefully acknowledged.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Study of risk factors for prostatic cancer].

A case-control study was conducted on 294 prostatic cancer patients and controls. General population controls were chosen from 13 areas in Gunma Prefecture and were matched by age (+/- 2 y.o.) to cases. Odds ratio (O.R.) and 95% confidence interval (C.I.) were calculated on each item according to group; 69 years old or younger and 70 years old or older, and age-adjusted O.R. and 95% C.I. were calculated. Risk factors of prostatic cancer were investigated. There was a significantly higher risk for prostatic cancer in those 1) engaged in agriculture, forestry or fishery (< or = 69, > or = 70, total), 2) shaving 1/3 days or less frequently (> or = 70, total), 3) having thin pubic hair (total), 4) phimosis (< or = 69, total), 5) having history of smoking (> or = 70, total), 6) history of smoking 50 years or more (total), 7) having eaten vegetables rarely (> or = 70, total), 8) having past history or complication of asthma (> or = 70). O.R.s of having past history or complication of benign prostatic hypertrophy, prostatitis and urethral stricture were high significantly, but they were supposed to be caused by bias. Four patients had first degree family members who suffered from prostatic cancer, compared to zero in the control. There was a significantly lower risk for prostatic cancer in those 1) engaged in office work (> or = 70, total), 2) blood type A or AB (< or = 69), 3) having had one child or none (total), 4) having past history or complication of tuberculosis (total).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Traumatic fatalities at work. American Indians and Alaska natives, 1980 through 1988.

To define the rates and characteristics of fatal occupational injuries among American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN) in the United States, we examined death certificates included in the National Traumatic Occupational Fatalities data base for deaths occurring from 1980 to 1988. Two hundred and seventy-four work-related deaths among AI/AN civilians (259 men, 15 women) were identified. In 1980, the fatality rate among employed AI/AN was 5.5/100,000 workers compared with 7.7/100,000 workers for the United States. Ninety percent of the AI/AN deaths were from unintentional injury, 6% from homicide, and 3% from suicide. The pattern of fatal occupational injuries among AI/AN differs from that for all races combined, especially with regard to the larger percent of AI/AN fatalities in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry and the high proportion of water transportation incidents.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Traumatic occupational fatalities in South Carolina, 1989-90.

Death certificates for South Carolina for 1989 and 1990 were examined to identify deaths resulting from injury incurred in the workplace. There were 277 deaths in that category in the 2-year period, an average yearly rate for traumatic occupational fatalities of 8.84 per 100,000 workers. The groups of industries with the highest fatality rates were transportation-communication-utilities, construction, and agriculture-fishing-forestry. The leading causes of death were injuries from motor vehicle crash, homicide, and falls. The traumatic occupational fatality rate for men was about 13 times greater than that for women; however, a much higher proportion of women died from homicide on the job. The findings in general reflect trends reported in other studies. The death rates for workers in South Carolina for 1989-90, however, were higher than national averages for 1980-88. National data for 1989-90 were not available for comparison. The data suggest that more effective injury prevention efforts need to be applied to such causes of on-the-job injury as motor vehicle crash, homicide, and falls. Those three categories accounted for more than 56 percent of all traumatic occupational fatalities in South Carolina in 1989 and 1990. Motor vehicle crash prevention efforts particularly are needed in the transportation-communication-utilities industries. The findings show that particular efforts need to be directed to the retail trade category for prevention of homicide and to the construction industry for prevention of falls.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1993

[Control strategies against salmonella infections in poultry raising at the European Economic Community level--translation of the so-called Economic Community Zoonoses Guideline].

Since at the end of the eighties there were reports on an increased occurrence in Great Britain of salmonella enteritidis infections in human beings which were predominantly caused by raw egg dishes, the Commission of the EEC also started activities designed as a protection against such an obvious new dimension of salmonella infections. Mainly prompted by British activities, the Commission of the EEC elaborated a proposal for a Zoonosis Directive of the EEC. This proposal was intended to provide for the recording of data on specific zoonoses and their pathogenic agents--i.e. a monitoring--as well as for the measures to be introduced at Community level or in the member states. The Directive was adopted in the Council of Ministers of Agriculture on 17 December 1992 (Directive 92/117/EEC), it is to be translated by a poultry salmonella regulation of the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry. It will provide for controls by the farm manager, for official controls as well as for official measures including f.i. a quarantine of the poultry stock and a killing of the fowl. Beginning in 1995, there will probably be reports on EEC measures in the feeding stuffs sector (microbiological controls) as well as on national hygiene measures in the fields of egg marketing, raw egg consumption in canteens and voluntary control in laying hen farms--in anticipation of an EEC regulation on these stocks.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Single cell protein: a promising dietary substitute.

Promises and limitations in exploitation of microorganisms for single cell protein (SCP) production have been reviewed. Various aspects discussed include global protein problem, microbes as potential sources of food and feed with its advantages and disadvantages, salient features in selection of microorganisms for SCP production, production of SCP from petroleum based hydrocarbons, renewable raw materials like agricultural and forestry residues, industrial by-products and wastes, nutritional and safety evaluation of SCP, ways of improving SCP production, economics of SCP production and the present status of SCP in India.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1996

[Animal housing climatic quality in various harmful conditions in broiler production to avoid heat stress in summer].

There is an ongoing debate about the optimum stocking density of broiler birds. The figures which are discussed range between 25 kg/m2 and 43 kg/m2. The Ministry for Agriculture, Forestries and Food of Lower Saxony issued a decree which limits the stocking density to 30 kg/m2 in winter and 27 kg/m2 in summer time. Among other rules a day-night-rhythm in lighting has to be installed and the maximum allowable ammonia concentration is limited to 20 ml/m3. In a field study, involving 5 institutions of the Hannover School of Veterinary Medicine and the University of Göttingen, the effects of the decree on animal behaviour, health, hygienic conditions and economy was investigated in two identical conventional broiler barns in winter (trial 1) and summer (trial 3) and in two identical louisiana-type barns in summer (trial 2). This paper reports on the comparison of the air quality parameters in the experimental barns (E) and control barns (C) and concentrates on mean values only. The following differences were observed. (1) The mean air temperatures between the E-barns and C-barns didn't differ by more than 1 degree C. (2) The mean relative humidity of the air was in barn E 3.6% lower than in barn C (trial 1), the differences of the mean values in the other two trials were below 1% r. h. (3) The mean ammonia (NH3) concentrations were generally higher in the E-barns (trial 1: E = 17.9, C = 13.4, trial 2: E = 14.5, C = 10.9, trial 3: E = 7, C = 4.8 ml/m3) than in the C-barns. The NH3 threshold of 20 ml/m3 was frequently exceeded in trial 1 and 2 reaching peaks up to 46 ml/m3. (4) No hazardous concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), dimethyl amine (HN(CH3)2) and methane (CH4) were observed. The highest CO2 concentrations were found in trial 1 barn C (2816 ml/m3), 300 ml/m3 more than in barn E. In trials 2 and 3 the CO2 concentrations were slightly higher (trial 2: 200, trial 3: 40 ml/m3) in the C-barns than in the E-barns. The highest N2O concentrations were found in the louisiana-type barns (trials 2: E = 2.3, C = 1.8 ml/m3). In trial 1 (E = 0.5, C = 0.6 ml/m3) and trial 3 (E = 0.2, C = 0.2 ml/m3) the mean concentrations were by factors 3 to 10 lower. Small amounts of HN(CH3)2 were found in trial 1 only (E = 0.2, C = 0.3 ml/m3). The mean CH4 concentrations were higher in the C-barns (trial 2: E = 12.6, C = 14.6, trial 3: E = 19, C = 19.6 ml/m3). (5) The mean inspirable dust concentrations didn't differ very much between the trials an the barns. Highest inspirable dust amounts were found in trial 1 (E = 3.3, C = 3.8 mg/m3) followed by trial 2 (E = 2.8, C = 2.7 mg/m3) and trial 3 (E = 2.5, C = 2.3 mg/m3). A similar tendency was seen in the respirable dust (trial 1: E = 0.4, C = 0.6, trial 2: E = 0.4, C = 0.4, trial 3: E = 0.4, C = 0.3 mg/m3). The results of this study indicate that a reduction of bird density to 30 kg live weight per m2 will not have an immediate and strong effect on improving air quality. In particular heat stress in summer remains a problem. Therefore a brief list of measures to reduce heat stress for broilers in included.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1996

The USDA Forest Service pesticide spray behavior and application development program--an overview.

The USDA Forest Service, even though a minor user of pesticides, has maintained an active program for understanding the performance, atomization, evaporation, efficacy, environmental fate, atmospheric dispersion, and environmental impact of chemical and biological insecticides. Since its self-imposed ban on use of dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) in 1964, the USDA Forest Service has pursued insecticides that are less persistent and have reduced potential for impact on nontarget organisms, application technology that supports their efficient and efficacious use, and computer models that predict insecticide fate in the environment. This program has been active over the last 3 decades, beginning with research for chemical insecticide substitutes for DDT, progressing in time to biological insecticides and other biorational control agents. In our effort to make the less persistent insecticides work under forestry conditions, it was necessary to investigate insecticide monitoring, detection, and sampling methods; application systems; atmospheric influences; tank mixes and adjuvants; nozzles and atomization; evaporation; spray deposition and canopy penetration; biological response; and environmental fate. This paper reviews some of this work that might be applicable to mosquito control.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cancer incidence and mortality trends in Northeastern Ontario.

Over 629,000 people reside in the catchment area for the Northeastern Ontario Regional Cancer Centre. Historically, the area was renowned for employment in mining, forestry and lumbering, agriculture, the railway, and pulp and paper. At present, it is known for mining; community, business, and personal services; trade; manufacturing; and construction. Comparison of cancer incidence and mortality trends for two decades (1971-1980 and 1981-1990) with those of Ontario has revealed statistically significant excesses, at the 5% level or better, of trachea, bronchus, and lung cancer cases (SIR = 123 for 1971-1980 and 125 for 1981-1990) and deaths in men (SMR = 116 and 125, respectively); for women, excesses were observed for trachea, bronchus and lung cancer case (SIR = 114 and 118), and cervical cancer cases (SIR = 142 and 115) and deaths (SMR = 133 and 128). Enhanced recruitment strategies and early educational interventions are identified as priorities.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1996

Unifying plant molecular data and plants.

Located at a botanical department at an Agricultural University, our taxonomical and genetic research is mainly directed towards cultivated plants and their wild relatives. The investigations are usually under a common heading 'experimental taxonomy', and include basic systematics, cytogenetics, biodiversity, population dynamics, conservation and evolutionary questions correlating the wild species and the cultivated forms. Our point of initiation is the plants and questions/problems raised regarding these plants. Our way of approaching the problems is usually by applying different sets of data and testing them. Experimental taxonomy covers classical cytogenetics (chromosome counting and karyotyping) as well as molecular cytogenetic methods (RAPD, RFLP, in situ hybridization), and includes also chemical data on isoenzymes and anthocyanins. We have had good collaborations with other laboratories and found their expertise on the plants in question very helpful. The aim is always to unify various data on the same set of problems, in order to get a more complete understanding of the plants. At present the department is working on several, quite different plant genera, comprising herbs, aquatic plants, and trees. The methods vary, depending on the plants and the problems in question. Some of the current investigations concern the horticultural genera Lilium and Crocus, in which the main point of interest is the study of chromosome evolution using fluorescence in situ hybridization; preliminary investigations into the composition of anthocyanins in Crocus look very promising. In the tropical starch tuber crop Pachyrhizus (Fabaceae), molecular analyses of relationships between existing cultivars, landraces and wild material have been carried out. A genus which we, in cooperation with a number of other laboratories, have been working with for many years is Hordeum (Poaceae) with one cultivated species (barley) and 31 wild species. Here the main areas of investigation have been field studies and collecting, followed by a taxonomical treatment, hybridization experiments, cytogenetic analysis and isoenzyme studies. Within the field of forestry, we have used population genetics as a tool in the management of natural and domesticated populations and for conservation of genetic diversity. We have also ventured into the identification and use of DNA markers that are suited for genome mapping in Picea abies (Norway Spruce).

Cytogenetics↗