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At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Effect of polymorphism of uncoupling protein 3 gene -55 (C>T) on the resting energy expenditure, total body fat and regional body fat in Chinese.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship of the C to T variant at the -55 site of the promoter region of uncoupling protein 3 gene (UCP3) with the resting energy expenditure and the parameters of body fat in Chinese population. METHODS: Three hundred Chinese (91 normal weight subjects, 209 overweight/obesity subjects) were genotyped for the UCP3 gene -55(C>T) by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Resting energy expenditure (REE), fat mass (FM), fat free mass (FFM) and the parameters for regional adipose tissue distribution were measured. RESULTS: Genotype frequencies of UCP3 gene -55(C>T) were not associated with obesity and different types of obesity. The REE level in normal weight subjects with TT homozygotes was higher than that in those with CT heterozygotes and CC homozygotes (P=0.0200). Similar tendency was also observed in overweight/obesity subjects. The FM/FFM exhibited significant difference between the overweight/obesity subjects with a TT genotype and those with a CT or CC genotype (P=0.0096). CONCLUSION: The level of difference in REE caused by the polymorphism of promoter region of UCP3 -55(C>T) may play a role in energy metabolism in Chinese.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

[Central fat deposits contribute to atherosclerosis and insulin resistance and peripheral fat deposits protect against atherosclerosis and insulin resistance in postmenopausal women--secondary publication].

An analysis of 290 postmenopausal women, subdivided into four distinct body fat distribution groups, showed that peripheral fat mass (PFM) confers insulin-sensitizing and anti-atherogenic effects. PFM contributes to circulating adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived hormone with insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherogenic effects. In generally obese women, the secretion of adiponectin by PFM provides effective anti-atherogenic protection. In postmenopausal women, body fat distribution has more critical implications for metabolic and cardiovascular risk than overall obesity per se.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1988

Human fat cell beta-adrenergic receptors: beta-agonist-dependent lipolytic responses and characterization of beta-adrenergic binding sites on human fat cell membranes with highly selective beta 1-antagonists.

Beta-adrenergic receptors were characterized in human fat cell membranes using 125I-labeled cyanopindolol (125I-labeled CYP) and highly selective beta 1-antagonists. The iodinated radioligand bound saturably and specifically to a single class of high affinity binding sites. The number of binding sites determined with 125I-labeled CYP closely agreed with that determined with two other tritiated radioligands: [3H]dihydroalprenolol and [3H]CGP-12,177. Since 125I-labeled CYP does not discriminate between beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors, the densities of the two receptor subtypes were determined from the competition curves of 125I-labeled CYP by highly selective beta 1-antagonists (bisoprolol, ICI-89,406, CGP-20,712A, and LK-204,545). Moreover, in order to enable correlation with binding data, the regulation of adenylate cyclase activity and of lipolysis was tested with various beta-agonist and antagonist compounds. The results obtained on fat cell membranes from abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue demonstrated the following. 1) 125I-labeled CYP represents a valuable tool for the quantification and the delineation of beta-receptor subtypes. 2) The presence of sodium ions in binding buffers causes a modification of the affinity of beta-sites for some beta-antagonists. 3) The human fat cell beta adrenergic receptor population defined by nonselective radioligands is composed of two subtypes that can be interpreted in terms of classic beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptor subtypes as assessed by competition studies with highly selective antagonists; beta 2-sites are predominant (60-70% of 125I-labeled CYP sites) in the adipocytes of slightly overweight women. 4) Results support the idea that beta 1- as well as beta 2-adrenergic receptors are coupled with adenylate cyclase and involved in the induction of lipolysis. 5) The results focus on the interest in some beta 2-agonist drugs (zinterol, clenbuterol) as partial inductors of lipolysis, with the lipolytic efficacies of these compounds being well correlated with their efficacies at 125I-labeled CYP sites.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed1977

[Total body analysis of rats with special regard to fat determination. Possibility of determining fat and proteins by calculation].

The authors present a method for the whole body analysis of rats which combines the animal body preparation according to Mickelsen with the lipid analysis according to Folch; the liquid analysis has been somewhat modified. In this way and by the non-gutting of the animals, the determination of the body fat becomes less laborious. The body fat content can also be calculated from the water content. The body water content was determined gravimetrically. The body protein content was determined according to Kjeldahl; the protein content may also be calculated from the fat and water contents if an error range of +1% is acceptable.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Adipose tissue cellularity in man: the relationship between fat cell size and number, the mass and distribution of body fat and the history of weight gain and loss.

The aims of this work were to establish whether, in an obese population, a group characterized by a distinctly high fact cell number could be observed and whether the number of body fact cells was affected by slimming. In the obese group there were 75 obese females (kg/m2 greater than 27.0) and 19 obese males (kg/m2 greater than 27.5); the lean group contained 37 females and 11 males. Body fat was estimated either from skinfold thickness or from body potassium measurements. Fat cell size was measured by a well-established microscopic method. No clear distinction could be made between types of obese patients on the basis of their estimated total number of measurable body fact cells. This number was weakly related to the degree of obesity (r = 0.342; P less than 0.001). Weight reduction caused no appreciable change in fat cell number. We conclude that the whole concept of adipocyte hypercellularity as a causal factor in obesity has been overemphasized.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1994

The effects of endurance exercise with and without a reduction of energy intake on fat-free mass and the composition of fat-free mass in obese women.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of endurance exercise on fat-free mass and nitrogen balance, with energy restriction or with energy intake to meet non-exercise needs in obese women. DESIGN: The study was a 14-week metabolic control study with a 2-week baseline period for dietary stabilization followed by a 12-week period of exercise (E) with or without energy restriction (D), E or D+E. SETTING: Metabolic research unit of the Western Human Nutrition Research Center. SUBJECTS: Ten obese women between the ages of 19 and 37 years volunteered as subjects. Body weight ranged from 19% to 41% IBW and body fat was 31-40% of body weight. INTERVENTION: Women were assigned to either an energy-restricted or energy-'adequate' group so that group means for weight, body fat, FFM, predicted VO2max and RMR were similar. Data were polled for the 2-week baseline period and in 3-week intervals during the intervention period. RESULTS: The data indicated that E had a slower rate of weight loss and a lower loss of FFM than D+E. Nitrogen balance was more positive in E than D+E. Negative N balance occurred in the D+E group when blood was drawn. There was no decrease in N excretion to compensate for blood losses. N balance for E was positive throughout the study. CONCLUSION: Changes in FFM, assessed by total body electrical conductivity, were different from the results obtained by classic nitrogen balance. This suggests that losses were due to fluid losses, which were confirmed by deuterium dilution procedures. This study demonstrated that body protein stores remained intact during periods of increased energy expenditure and dietary restriction in obese women.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

The effect of amount of body fat and loss of fat on breeding soundness classification of beef bulls.

Two hundred and fifty-one Aberdeen Angus, Horned Hereford, Polled Hereford, and Charolais bulls were examined at the time of sale (sale) and again from 10 to 85 days later (test) to determine the effect of amount of body fat and loss of fat on semen quality. Sale and test measurements included body weight, backfat depth, and scrotal circumference. Breeding soundness evaluations were done at test. For all bulls, over all years, the positive correlations of body weight loss vs. backfat loss, weight loss vs. scrotal circumference loss, and backfat loss vs. scrotal circumference loss were highly significant. Aberdeen Angus, Horned Hereford, Polled Hereford, and Charolais bulls lost weight at a mean rate of 1.77, 2.19, 1.94, 1.16 kg per day, respectively, in the interval from sale to test. Bulls classified as unsatisfactory lost significantly more weight than satisfactory bulls. However, bulls classified as unsatisfactory did not differ significantly from satisfactory bulls in the amount of backfat at sale and test and in the amount of backfat lost. No significant relationship could be demonstrated between increments of backfat and classifications of breeding soundness evaluations. Bulls with satisfactory semen quality had significantly larger scrotal circumference measurements than those with questionable or unsatisfactory classifications. Backfat data at bull sales may be helpful in selecting bulls with desirable growth characteristics, as well as reducing the risk of purchasing bulls with poor semen quality due to excessive body fat.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

Short-term effects of high-fat and low-fat/high-SPE croissants on appetite and energy intake at three deprivation periods.

The short-term satiating effects of croissants with different amounts of fat and sucrose polyester (SPE) followed by three lengths of deprivation were investigated. Sixteen male and 18 female normal-weight subjects each received six different experimental conditions in a two x three factorial design. Energy content was the first factor with two levels: 1.80 MJ and 3.45 MJ. The second factor was the deprivation period after the lunch preload with three levels: 0.25, 2.25, and 4.75 h. Subjects ate ad lib after the deprivation period. The effects of the croissants were determined by motivational ratings and reported food consumption on the study day and the day after the study day. The SPE croissants (1.80 MJ) and the high-fat croissants (3.45 MJ) did not result in different subsequent energy intakes. Differences in energy intake were found between the three deprivation conditions, with the lowest intake with the 4.75-h deprivation condition. This was due to differences in the energy intake during the afternoon. The two energy levels of the preloads had similar effects on the motivational ratings. Higher appetite ratings were found after the 4.75-h compared to the 0.25 h and the 2.25-h deprivation condition.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Sequential changes in plasma lipoproteins and body fat composition during polyunsaturated fat feeding in man.

1. The early effects of a moderate polyunsaturated fat diet on the composition of circulating lipoproteins and adipose tissue fatty acids were measured in five healthy adults. 2. The fatty acid content and gross composition of the three major plasma lipoprotein fractions altered within 7 d of treatment. The response of depot fat was slower but did show a significant and progressive change after 14 d on the diet. 3. The efficiency of the moderate diet in changing the composition of the lipoproteins suggests that it should be equally effective in altering their metabolic handling.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1993

Effect of fat emulsion infusion and fat feeding on muscle glycogen utilization during cycle exercise.

Elevated plasma fatty acids have been shown to spare muscle glycogen during exercise. However, on the basis of recent findings, the saturation of fatty acids may influence this response. The purpose of this study was to determine whether saturated or unsaturated fatty acids affected muscle glycogenolysis to varying degrees during cycle exercise. Five healthy men completed three 60-min cycle ergometer trials (EX) at approximately 70% maximal O2 uptake (VO2max). Triglyceride levels were elevated by a fat feeding (FF) composed of 90% saturated fatty acids (heavy whipping cream, 90 g) or by the infusion of Intralipid (IL; Clintec Nutrition; 45 ml/h of 20% IL, 9.0 g), which was 85% unsaturated. A control trial (CON) consisted of a light breakfast (43 g carbohydrate and 1 g fat). Heparin (2,000 U) was administered 15 min before EX in FF and IL trials, resulting in one- and threefold increases in free fatty acid (FFA) levels in IL and FF, respectively. Pre-EX muscle glycogen did not differ. The utilization of muscle glycogen during 60 min of EX was less (P < 0.05) during the FF (60.0 +/- 5.2 mmol/kg wet wt) and IL (58.6 +/- 6.2 mmol/kg wet wt) compared with CON (81.8 +/- 7.5 mmol/kg wet wt). There was no difference between FF and IL in the amount of glycogen utilized. Serum triglyceride levels were greater (P < 0.05) at preheparin in FF (1.58 +/- 0.37 mmol/l) and IL (0.98 +/- 0.13 mmol/l) compared with CON (0.47 +/- 0.14 mmol/l).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Effects of chemical sympathectomy on lipoprotein lipase activities in peripheral tissues of rats fed high fat diets consisting of different fats.

We have previously reported that the feeding of a beef tallow diet gives lower lipoprotein lipase activities in the interscapuler brown adipose tissue, heart and soleus muscle compared with feeding of a safflower oil diet. We have also suggested that sympathetic activities (norepinephrine turnover rates and beta-adrenergic receptor bindings) in these peripheral tissues were lower in the beef tallow diet group. To confirm the effects of dietary fats on the lipoprotein lipase activities in these tissues related to sympathetic activities, rats were chemically sympathectomized by treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. The sympathectomized rats and control rats were meal-fed with a beef tallow diet or a safflower oil diet for 8 weeks. Sympathectomy abolished the differences in lipoprotein lipase activities in the interscapuler brown adipose tissue, heart and soleus muscle between two dietary groups. The percentage of body fat was increased by sympathectomy, resulting in no difference between the beef tallow diet group and the safflower oil diet group. These results suggest that intake of the beef tallow diet decreased lipoprotein lipase activities by reducing the sympathetic activities.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed1985

Concentration and composition of serum lipoproteins during a low-fat diet at two levels of polyunsaturated fat.

A 12-week dietary intervention was carried out among 40 families from North Karelia, a county in Finland with an exceptionally high rate of coronary heart disease and high serum cholesterol values. The proportion of dietary energy derived from fat was reduced during the 12-week intervention period from about 39% to 23% in all families. The families were randomly allocated into two groups. Twenty families consumed a diet with a polyunsaturated to saturated fat (P/S) ratio of 0.9 (group I), while the other 20 families had a diet with a P/S ratio of 0.4 (group II). Total serum cholesterol decreased by 16% and 9% in men of groups I and II, respectively, and by 16% in women of both groups. These changes were due to a decrease in both low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. LDL cholesterol and phospholipid reached minimum values after 6 weeks on both intervention diets, but LDL protein responded more slowly. Thus, after 6 weeks LDL had an altered composition containing less cholesterol and phospholipids and more protein and triglycerides than during the baseline diet. During the intervention, the linoleic acid content in the serum cholesteryl ester fraction increased, and the magnitude of this change correlated negatively with the changes in total and LDL cholesterol. The decrease in HDL cholesterol during the two intervention diets was due to a fall in the HDL2 cholesterol (29% and 24% in men, and 26% and 25% in women in groups I and II, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Calculates vs. analyzed composition of four modified fat diets. Formulated to study effects in human subjects of kind and amount of dietary fat.

Four diets, varying in kind and amount of fat, were calculated to meet the needs of adult men. Commonly available U.S.A. food were used. Fourteen days of menus, each with five caloric levels varying from 2,400 to 4,000 kcal, were calculated. Chemical analyses of composites were carried out to determine proximate composition, food energy, selected vitamins and minerals, sugars, fatty acids, and sterols. The diets were used in a controlled study of the effects of fat level and P:S on blood pressure, blood lipids, platelet aggregation, and other variables. In general, good agreement was found between calculated and analyzed nutrient contents. However, analyzed values for fiber, iron, cholesterol, and vitamin C showed larger than desirable differences from calculated values.

Cholesterol, Dietary↗
PubMed1979

Fatty alcohols in capelin, herring and mackerel oils and muscle lipids: I. Fatty alcohol details linking dietary copepod fat with certain fish depot fats.

It is shown that the shorter chain (C14-C18) minor fatty alcohols in copepods, fish body lipids, and commercial fish oils are all qualitatively present, and quantitatively similar in proportions to acids found in the depot fats of capelin and mackerel, and in some herring. Although these fatty acids can be formed de novo in fish, copepod alcohols offer an alternative dietary source. Monoethylenic fatty alcohol details, especially for the 22:1 isomers, are reviewed, and the latter are discussed as precursors of the 22:1 fatty acids of fish depot fats, specifically of the dominant 22:1 omega 11 isomer.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Regulation of dietary fat preference: establishing a reproducible profile of dietary fat preference in rats.

The mechanism(s) underlying preference for individual macronutrients (particularly fat) in diet are poorly understood. The greatest obstacle in designing experiments to define neurochemical determinants of fat preference lies in our ability to clearly identify animals' macronutrient preference (MP) profile. To this end, we have defined the role of several variables and suggested ways to design better studies to examine the mechanism of macronutrient preference. The results of these studies show that the paradigm used for MP analysis, genetics and age of the animal could clearly affect the MP profile.

Aging↗
PubMed1989

Effect of fish-fat or beef-fat supplemented diet on immune complex-induced enteropathy in the rat.

In contrast to animals on a beef fat-supplemented diet (BFD), animals maintained on a fish fat-supplemented diet (FFD) incorporate increased amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) into membrane phospholipids. Generation of lipid mediators from such tissues favors the formation of compounds with less pro-inflammatory activity than are derived from tissues poor in EPA. Nevertheless, the FFD has not had a uniformly beneficial effect on animal models of inflammatory diseases. We previously showed that intravenous injection of rat anti-BSA-BSA complexes (IC) prepared in 5x antigen excess rapidly induced a striate pattern of serosal (to mucosal) hemorrhage and vascular congestion throughout the small intestine. In this study, we tested the effect of a BFD and FFD on immune complex-induced enteropathy. After six (Expt. 1) or eight weeks (Expt. 2) on the diet, rats were injected with IC and the severity of serosal hyperemia in the small intestine was scored. In some FFD, no lesions were seen under conditions which elicited moderate to severe lesions in BFD rats. In Expt. 1 involving 22 rats and in Expt. 2 involving 28 rats, those on the FFD had a significantly lower composite lesional score compared to those on the BFD, p less than 0.005 and p less than 0.005, respectively. These results indicate that the FFD had a beneficial effect on IC-induced enteropathy. It is suggested that this effect of the FFD may be mediated primarily by a reduction in availability of platelet-activating factor.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fat oxidation and plasma removal capacity of an intravenous fat emulsion in elderly and young men.

OBJECTIVE: We explored metabolic and thermogenic responses to exogenous fat in relation to age as a basis for a rational design of parenteral nutrition in elderly patients. METHODS: Ten healthy elderly men (70-78 y of age, body mass index 21-27 kg/m(2)) and 10 healthy young men (19-45 y of age, body mass index 19-26 kg/m(2)) were studied with a hypertriglyceridemic clamp (primed infusion of a long-chain triacylglycerol emulsion to reach and stabilize at a triacylglycerol concentration of 4 mmol/L for 180 min). Continuous indirect calorimetry was carried out in the basal state and throughout the study period. RESULTS: The infusion rates required to maintain plasma triacylglycerol levels at 4 mmol/L were similar in elderly and young individuals (mean +/- SEM 0.201 +/- 0.027 versus 0.203 +/- 0.014 mmol/min, not significant). Plasma concentrations of free fatty acids and beta-OH-butyrate were higher in the elderly before the infusion and increased in a similar manner in both groups during infusion. Energy expenditure at baseline was higher in the young than in the elderly (79 +/- 2 versus 64 +/- 3 kcal/h; P < 0.001), although the respiratory quotient was similar in the two groups (0.80 +/- 0.01 versus 0.78 +/- 0.01, not significant). During lipid administration there was a similar increase in energy expenditure in the old and young individuals (+9.0 +/- 1.3% versus +6.0 +/- 1.8%, not significant). Lipid infusion resulted in similar increments in fat oxidation in the young and elderly (23.9 +/- 7.0% versus 15.1 +/- 4.9%, respectively, not significant). Plasma lipoprotein lipase activity was almost three times higher in the young than in the elderly subjects (0.23 +/- 0.02 versus 0.65 +/- 0.09 mU/mL, respectively, P < 0.001). During lipid infusion, a similar increment (four- to five-fold) in plasma lipoprotein lipase activity was noted in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly healthy men have a similar capacity as young healthy men to clear and oxidize a high triacylglycerol load administered as a hypertriglyceridemic clamp.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed2002

Characterization of diet-induced obese rats that develop persistent obesity after 6 months of high-fat followed by 1 month of low-fat diet.

A subset of Sprague-Dawley rats developed persistent obesity when maintained on a high-fat diet for 6 months followed by a low-fat diet for 1 month, while another subset from the same cohort of rats remained lean on the same diet regimens. The diet-induced obese (DIO) rats had higher energy intake than expenditure, while diet-resistant (DR) rats maintained energy balance. DIO rats also had an increased respiratory quotient and higher levels of plasma leptin, insulin and cholesterol. In the hypothalamic areas, DIO rats had elevated NPY and AGRP mRNA, but not MCH mRNA. Our data suggest that the increase in hypothalamic expression of NPY and AGRP may contribute to the development of persistent obesity in DIO rats.

Agouti-Related Protein↗