Monitoring the interactions of environmental agents by cell-dependent chemiluminescence: studies with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Animals↗
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Results for “Environmental monitoring”
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Biological monitoring of bisphenol a in a Korean population.
To conduct proper biological monitoring of environmental exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), the variation in host susceptibility need to be investigated. For this purpose, we studied effects of genetic polymorphism in sulfotransferase (SULT) 1A1 on urinary BPA, a biomarker for BPA exposure, in 73 Koreans (male, 34; female, 39; age, 48.9 +/- 11.9 yrs). We used reverse phase-HPLC/FD for analysis of urinary BPA and obtained information from each subject on lifestyle, environment, and potential exposure to BPA via food. The HPLC/FD method showed good reproducibility (CVs < 0.1) and a relatively sensitive detection limit of 0.012 microg/L. These methods yielded a geometric mean of urinary BPA as 9.54 microg/L (8.91 microg/g creatinine), with a geometric standard deviation of 8.32 microg/L. Among potential routes for BPA exposure, only "vinyl wrapping of microwave heating" indicated a borderline positive association with urinary BPA level (p = 0.1). After PCR-RFLP, we found the allele frequencies of SULT1A1*1 and SULT1A1*2 were 0.89 and 0.11, respectively within the subjects. As the SULT1A1*1 allele of SULT1A1 is known to be a rapid sulfonylation-allele, the presence of SULT1A1*1 is suspected to rapidly dispose of environmental BPA. However resultant, urinary BPA levels were not significantly different between the SULT1A1*1/*1 identified subjects and the SULT1A1*1/*2 subjects. Therefore, to clarify host variability in urinary BPA level, different genetic polymorphisms in BPA metabolic enzymes other than SULT1A1 should be further studied.
Arylsulfotransferase↗
Evaluation of a compact bench top immunoassay analyzer for automatic and near continuous monitoring of a sample for environmental contaminants.
A compact bench top immunoassay analyzer is evaluated and shown to possess sufficient automation to allow continuous unattended sampling and measuring while still achieving the theoretical (antibody affinity based) detection limit for analyte. The system is comprised of antigen coated particles in a disposable flow cell held at the focus of a filter fluorometer. Capture of fluorescently labeled antibody from the flow stream is inhibited by analyte in the sample, allowing analyte concentrations to be determined from the fluorescent intensity. The disposable cell was designed to allow easy end user changing of test specificity, e.g. for selection of any member of a panel of environmental contaminants. Standard curves are shown for six analytes of environmental interest, dioxin F114 (2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF), the pesticide Fenitrothion, three coplanar PCBs, including the most toxic, PCB 126, and estradiol. In each case the curves are constructed using antibody concentrations at or below the Kd of the antibody, assuring that the sensitivity shown is limited by the antibody itself rather than the analyzer. The dynamic range for the six analytes investigated ranged from a low of 5 to 340 pM for fenitrothion to a high of 0.8 to 59 nM for dioxin F114, and is correlated to the antibody Kd in every case. Data is also shown for 17 consecutive samples, including both high and low values, measured completely automatically over a period of hours. With further development and characterization, the bench top analyzer is expected to fill an important niche in environmental testing.
Biosensing Techniques↗
The distribution and relative toxic potential of organic chemicals in a PCB contaminated bay.
For reliable monitoring of environmental improvement, the PCB contaminated bay Orserumsviken on Sweden's Baltic coast was investigated prior to remediation. We examined PCB congener patterns and the relative toxic potential of PCBs in extracts of three matrices: bottom sediment, settling particulate matter and the dissolved phase (obtained from semi-permeable membrane devices). Congener patterns were similar in all matrices. Three fractions were isolated from the extracts: (1) aliphatic and monocyclic aromatic compounds (MAC-fraction), (2) dicyclic aromatic compounds (DAC-fraction), including PCBs, and (3) polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC-fraction), including PAHs. Total extracts and fractions were injected into newly fertilised rainbow trout eggs. At larval stage, hepatic EROD activities were quantified. Though high, the PCB contamination could explain only an estimated 1-5% of the total EROD induction. The order of EROD induction potential was: total extract > PAC-fraction > DAC-fraction > MAC-fraction in all matrices, suggesting that in Orserumsviken PACs made a larger contribution to the EROD induction potential than PCBs and other DACs.
Animals↗
Solid-phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-ionspray interface-mass spectrometry for monitoring of herbicides in environmental water.
In this work we developed a sensitive and specific multiresidue method, based on reversed-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, with an ionspray interface (LC-ISI-MS), for determining 52 of most representative compounds of herbicides in water samples. The procedure used involved passing 0.5 l of surface water, 2 l of ground water and 4 l of drinking water samples, respectively, through a 0.5 g graphitized carbon black (GCB) extraction cartridge. Base-neutral and acid herbicides were differential eluted from GCB cartridge and follow analyzed by HPLC-ISI-MS apparatus. A conventional 4.6-mm-ID reversed-phase LC C18 column, operating with a mobile phase flow-rate of 1 ml/min, was used to chromatograph the analytes. A flow of 100 microl/min of the column effluent was diverted to the ISI source. The study demonstrates the sensitivity of the technique, with detection limit under 10 ng/l in drinking water samples. Performance data for the method such as recovery and precision are also reported.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
Prevention of inherited multifactorial diseases.
Among the inherited multifactorial diseases are included a number of the common chronic diseases of adults. Assignment of risks within high-risk families, based on both genetic and environmental factors, offers opportunity for prevention of a portion of the present chronic disease burden. The most realistic option for prevention must be assessed for each disease, since this varies from no options to a relatively simple decision to avoid a specific environmental risk factor. Attention to specific options for prevention is an aid to identifying areas of high priority research, such as (1) factors which influence compliance with preventive management, (2) the quality of the physician-patient relationship, (3) environmental monitoring and technics for assessing genetic susceptibility to environmental risks, and (4) education of physicians in the art of chronic disease prevention.
Breast Neoplasms↗
Anaesthetic gas analysers for vaporiser calibration, patient circuit monitoring and determination of environmental waste anaesthetic gas levels.
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Anesthesia, Inhalation↗
[Utilization of general (monitoring) practices based on environmental medicine problems].
How often do general practitioners have to deal with environmental problems? To answer this question 23 GPs recorded all relevant consultations during one year in Hamburg. On an average, each of these GPs reported one contact once a month. The spectrum of both patient complaints and environmental sources was broad. The GP is less often convinced of a causal connection between both than the patient. In most cases a referral was not necessary. This study supports the assumption that the frequency of environmental problems in General Practice is--at least in the larger cities--lower than estimated from former studies and the self-image of general practice in Germany.
Adolescent↗
[Significance of social-hygienic monitoring in the control of environmental quality and population's health].
The paper deals with control of the population's environment and health. It shows the leading role of public health services in this activity. A standard approach to controlling environmental quality is presented. The first stage of this process is to determine the population's health status. To estimate the hazard of adverse environmental factors to human health may be a token of success in implementing health-promoting programmes.
Environmental Health↗
Personal, biological and air monitoring for exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.
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Air Pollutants↗
Manufacture and measurement of nitrogen oxides.
A decade of research has identified nitric oxide as a unique endogenous biologic mediator with functions as diverse as vasodilation, macrophage cytotoxicity, platelet adhesion, and memory formation. Measurement devices, previously used in research on atmospheric nitrogen oxides, are being adapted for and applied to clinical situations without approval, regulation, or rigorous testing, and with little understanding of how the devices work or their limitations. This article discusses the chemistry, manufacture, and measurement of nitrogen oxides.
Administration, Inhalation↗
[Assessment of effects of lead on humans].
The author summarizes materials published in the issue, stresses importance of "Lead and Human Health" problem and necessitates further research on disclosing the lead influence on humans, with consideration of possible sources (air, waters, foods). Important matters also are improvement of hygienic regulation, biologic monitoring methods, environmental protection means; epidemiologic research covering large samples of workers, general population and children.
Adult↗
Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to cyclohexane by urinary 1,2- and 1,4-cyclohexanediol determination.
OBJECTIVES: This article reports the results obtained with the biological and environmental monitoring of occupational exposure to cyclohexane using 1,2-cyclohexanediol (1,2-DIOL) and 1,4-DIOL in urine. The kinetic profile of 1,2-DIOL in urine suggested by a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was compared with the results obtained in workers. METHODS: Individual exposure to cyclohexane was measured in 156 workers employed in shoe and leather factories. The biological monitoring of cyclohexane exposure was done by measurement of 1,2-DIOL and 1,4-DIOL in urine collected on different days of the working week. In all, 29 workers provided urine samples on Monday (before and after the work shift) and 47 workers provided biological samples on Thursday at the end of the shift and on Friday morning. Another 86 workers provided biological samples at the end of the work shift only on Monday or Thursday. RESULTS: Individual exposure to cyclohexane ranged from 7 to 617 mg/ m3 (geometric mean value 60 mg/m3). Urinary concentrations of 1,2-DIOL (geometric mean) were 3.1, 7.6, 13.2, and 6.3 mg/g creatinine on Monday (pre- and postshift), Thursday (postshift) and Friday (pre-shift), respectively. The corresponding values recorded for 1,4-DIOL were 2.8, 5.1, 7.8, and 3.7 mg/g creatinine. A fairly close, statistically significant correlation was found between environmental exposure to cyclohexane and postshift urinary 1,2-DIOL and 1,4-DIOL on Monday. Data collected on Thursday and Friday showed only a poor correlation to exposure with a wide scatter. Both metabolites have a urinary half-life of close to 18 h and accumulate during the working week. CONCLUSIONS: Comparison between data obtained from a PBPK model and those found in workers suggests that 1,2-DIOL and 1,4-DIOL are urinary metabolites suitable for the biological monitoring of industrial exposure to cyclohexane.
Cyclohexanes↗
Determination of platinum-group metals and lead in vegetable environmental bio-monitors by voltammetric and spectroscopic techniques: critical comparison.
This paper reports voltammetric sequential determination of Pt(II), Pd(II), and Rh(III), by square-wave adsorption stripping voltammetry (SWAdSV), and Pb(II), by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV), in vegetable environmental matrices. Analytical procedures were verified by the analysis of the standard reference materials: Olive Leaves BCR-CRM 062 and Tomato Leaves NIST-SRM 1573a. Precision and accuracy, expressed as relative standard deviation and relative error, respectively, were always less than 6% and the limits of detection (LOD) for each element were below 0.096 mug g(-1). Once set up on the standard reference materials, the analytical procedure was transferred and applied to laurel leaves sampled in proximity to a superhighway and in the Po river mouth area. A critical comparison with spectroscopic measurements is discussed.
Biosensing Techniques↗
Occupational styrene exposure: environmental and biological monitoring.
Occupational exposure to styrene was studied by environmental and biological monitoring in 22 workers employed in a fiberglass reinforced plastic factory. The mean environmental styrene concentration in individual workplaces ranged from 120 to 684 microliter/l. Blood styrene, which was tested at the end of the work shift, ranged from 450 to 3700 micrograms/l. Urinary mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acid, which were determined at the end of the work shift, ranged from 133 to 2100 and from 107 to 685 mg/l, respectively. Environmental styrene exposure was better correlated with styrenemia than with mandelicuria and phenylglyoxylicuria considered either individually or together. The ratio between environmental and blood styrene showed that styrenemia was, on average, 3.3-4.9 times higher than environmental styrene concentration.
Air↗
Cost effectiveness of epidemiological monitoring.
Epidemiological monitoring (EPM) is emerging as a frequent counterpart to environmental monitoring (ENM). EPM and ENM are not alternatives to each other but rather complement each other. Each cannot be evaluated on its own merit but rather on its contributory effects in conjunction with the other. The effectiveness of EPM depends primarily on the types of action which it is designed to trigger. The benefits may be evaluated in terms of the prevention of adverse health outcomes on the one hand, and from costs saved due to avoidance of unnecessary controls on the other. Nothing definitive can be said about the cost-effectiveness of EPM in general. Every context and setting require a separate analysis. The attractiveness of introducing EPM, perhaps in conjunction with ENM, is its more immediate linkage to action and protective measures.
Carcinogens, Environmental↗
Determination of detection efficiency curves of HPGe detectors on radioactivity measurement of volume samples.
An efficiency calibration method has been developed to measure radioactivity of volume samples with HPGe detectors. The method has two main procedures. One is a point-source calibration at a representative point near the detector. The position of the representative point is determined by Monte Carlo simulations. The other is correction for absorption by a sample matrix and a sample container. This paper presents application of the method for obtaining efficiency curves for volume samples in the energy range from 22 to 1836 keV. In addition to the standard volume sources of cement and water matrices, measurement was made with some kinds of environmental samples that are often used in environmental monitoring for radiation control works. The composition of the environmental sample was determined by elemental analysis. For these samples, measured absorption correction factors were compared with those by the Monte Carlo simulations. As a result, detection efficiency curves were obtained with good accuracy for variety types of volume samples.
Journal Article↗
First Report and Integrated Characterization of Aeromonas veronii Associated with the Protected Fish Diptychus maculatus in Xinjiang, China.
Aeromonas veronii is a widely distributed opportunistic aquatic pathogen associated with diseases in freshwater fish. Despite the ecological and conservation significance of Diptychus maculatus, a protected cold-water fish inhabiting high-altitude ecosystems, information regarding its associated bacterial communities remains limited. This study aimed to isolate and characterize A. veronii recovered from D. maculatus and provide baseline information on its occurrence and phenotypic characteristics. Eight bacterial isolates were recovered from various tissues, including skin, gills, eye, intestine, dorsal fin, body kidney, gonad, and spleen of randomly sampled fish individuals from Xinjiang, China. Phenotypic and biochemical characterization, together with 16S rRNA sequencing, supported their identification as A. veronii, while gyrB analysis of a representative isolate provided additional species-level confirmation. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed a consistent multidrug-resistance phenotype among all isolates. The isolates were susceptible to enrofloxacin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and florfenicol. Intermediate responses were observed for ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, whereas resistance was detected against norfloxacin, neomycin, penicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. In vitro biofilm assays demonstrated weak to moderate biofilm-forming capacity among isolates. These findings provide baseline data for wildlife microbial surveillance and conservation-oriented monitoring of protected fish populations, supporting future investigations into environmental monitoring, genomic characterization, and host-microbe interactions.
Aeromonas veronii↗