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PubMed2004

[Automatic exposure control to reduce the dose in subsecond multislice spiral CT: phantom measurements and clinical results].

PURPOSE: To investigate the potential of dose reduction in multislice spiral CT (MSCT) with automatic exposure control. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was performed on a Sensation 4 multislice scanner. This prototype implementation analyzed the distribution of the attenuation along the z-axis in the lateral and sagittal directions of the digital radiogram. Depending on this distribution of the attenuation, the tube current (mA) is defined for every tube rotation. In addition, the tube current was modulated during each tube rotation. First, a three step oval water phantom was measured to evaluate the potential of this method with respect to dose reduction and image quality. In a patient study (n = 26), four different scan regions (shoulder, thorax, abdomen, pelvis) were examined and dose (mAs) and image quality evaluated in comparison to examinations with a standard protocol for these regions in adults and a weight-adjusted standard protocol in children. The image quality was classified in consensus as good, sufficient and poor image quality. RESULTS: By adapting and modulating the tube current, we substantially reduced the variation of noise in one spiral scan and in one scan region of our patient collective. The dose (average mAs) was reduced by 31 % to 66 % in children (mean 44 %) and between 35 % and 64 % in adults (mean 53 %), depending on the scan region. The image quality was substantially improved in regions with high attenuation and did not suffer in low attenuation regions. CONCLUSION: The dose can be reduced substantially by an automatic exposure control including angular tube current modulation with the same or improved image quality.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1989

Clinical field trials of praziquantel in pulmonary paragonimiasis due to Paragonimus uterobilateralis in endemic populations of the Igwun Basin, Nigeria.

A clinical field trial of praziquantel was carried out on patients infected with Paragonimus uterobilateralis in the Igwun Basin, Nigeria. 332 patients were subjected to the praziquantel therapy. 290 (87.3%) reverted to negative status. The pattern of reduction in sputum and faecal egg counts was related to the quantity of praziquantel administered. With 45 mg daily dose reduction in sputum egg counts ranged from 83.2% to 87.3% with reversion rate of 71.1%; with 60 mg daily dose, 84.8-88.3% reduction was recorded with 85.4% cure rate. With 75 mg daily dose reduction rate ranged between 90.8-96.8%, with cure rate of 97.6%. A cure rate of 100% was recorded in 15-29 year old patients treated with 75 mg daily dose. The recommended effective dose treatment of Paragonimus uterobilateralis infection with praziquantel is therefore 75 mg/kg body weight/day for two days.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Psychosis associated with clonazepam therapy for blepharospasm.

A 73-year-old woman with no previous psychiatric history received clonazepam maintenance therapy for essential blepharospasm. Visual, auditory, and tactile hallucinations as well as paranoid delusions were documented. Dose reduction resulted in complete disappearance of the hallucinations and reduction of paranoia to an acceptable level, with no exacerbation during the subsequent 12 months. To our knowledge, this is the first well documented report of psychosis induced by clonazepam. Psychosis was probably related to clonazepam-induced increased central nervous system serotonin and possible predisposition to organic brain syndrome by undocumented causes. Dose reduction is suggested as an alternative to discontinuing the drug when hallucinations or paranoia arise during clonazepam therapy, if no other satisfactory treatment is available and if adequate patient monitoring and protection exist.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

An experimental investigation of the tongue and groove effect for the Philips multileaf collimator.

The tongue and groove effect is an underdosing effect which can occur in certain applications of multileaf collimators. It results from the need to overlap adjacent leaves of a multileaf collimator in order to limit leakage between leaves. The applications in which the effect can occur are the abutment of fields where the beam edges are defined by the leaf edge and the production of intensity-modulated fields by dynamic collimation. The effect has been measured for the 'worst case' when just two MLC fields are matched along leaf edges which have overlapping steps. Measurements of the dose have been made at d(max) and also at a more clinically relevant depth of 87 mm in Perspex for beam energies of 6 MV, 8 MV and 20 MV on two Philips SL series accelerators. Dose distributions were recorded on radiographic film which was subsequently digitized for analysis. The dose reduction of the tongue and groove effect was found to be 15-28% and spread over a width of 3.8 to 4.2 mm. This is somewhat shallower and wider than would be expected from a simple, idealized model of the effect which would predict a dose reduction of 80% over a width of 1 mm.

Particle Accelerators↗
PubMed2005

Antidepressant-induced sweating.

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of excessive sweating probably caused by paroxetine, review the literature on antidepressant-induced sweating, and provide recommendations for the management of antidepressant-induced sweating. CASE SUMMARY: A 59-year-old white female presented to a pharmacist-staffed pharmacotherapy clinic with episodes of excessive sweating. The episodes occurred primarily on her head and back of the neck. Other etiologies were ruled out and paroxetine was discontinued. Paroxetine had been initiated at least 7 months prior to the reporting of symptoms. Sweating symptoms gradually improved until resolution 5 weeks following discontinuation of paroxetine. The Naranjo probability scale indicated a causal relationship is probable. DISCUSSION: Excessive sweating has been associated with antidepressants including tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors, and venlafaxine. In some patients, these symptoms require therapeutic intervention such as dose reduction, antidepressant substitution, antidepressant discontinuation, or addition of an agent to control sweating. Agents that have been reported successful in controlling the sweating include benztropine and cyproheptadine. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend a patient-specific approach for the management of antidepressant-induced sweating. First, consider dose reduction or a trial off antidepressant medication. In patients in whom this is inappropriate or ineffective, substitution of another antidepressant should be considered. If episodes of excessive sweating persist, consider treatment of sweating symptoms with benztropine or cyproheptadine in the absence of contraindications.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMed1996

Phase II clinical trials with rhizoxin in breast cancer and melanoma. The EORTC Early Clinical Trials Group.

Rhizoxin is a new anti-tumour agent isolated from the pathogenic fungus Rhizopus chinensis. It has shown broad activity against murine tumour models and is also active against vinca alkaloid-resistant cells. The purpose of our studies was to determine the clinical activity of this compound in patients with advanced breast cancer and melanoma. Based on the results of a phase I study, 2.0 mg m-2 was administered as intravenous infusion over 5 min every 21 days. Nineteen patients were entered into the breast cancer phase II trial and received a total of 50 courses (median 2, range 1-6). Of these, dose reductions were performed in three courses because of leucopenia or stomatitis (1.5 mg m-2, one course; 1.45 mg m-2, two courses). Twenty-six patients were entered into the melanoma trial and received a total of 70 courses (median 2, range 1-12). No dose reductions were required. All patients were eligible for toxicity. Haematological toxicity included neutropenia CTC grade 3 (29/120 courses, 24.2%) and grade 4 (11/20 courses, 9.2%). Only drug-related CTC grade 1 thrombocytopenia was observed. Non-haematological toxicity included alopecia in all patients after two courses of treatment as well as CTC grade 3/4 stomatitis and asthenia. In the breast cancer study, one patient achieved a more than 50% tumour reduction after six cycles but was progressing after 6 weeks. Another patient showed a partial remission after the first course but was taken off the study because of CTC grade 3 skin toxicity. One patient was not evaluable for response (early death). No objective remissions were observed in 15 evaluable patients. In melanoma, no objective remissions were observed. We conclude that rhizoxin can be safely administered at 2.0 mg m-2 every 3 weeks. However, it has little activity in patients with advanced breast cancer and melanoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

A phase II evaluation of combination chemotherapy plus aminoglutethimide in women with metastatic or recurrent breast carcinoma. An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Pilot Study.

The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) conducted a pilot study of combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and 5-fluorouracil plus aminoglutethimide (250 mg three times daily with hydrocortisone supplementation of 40 mg daily) as primary therapy for estrogen receptor-positive or unknown advanced breast carcinoma to assess whether these agents can be safely combined and to provide a preliminary estimate of response rate. A total of 47 patients, 45 with metastatic breast cancer and two with stage IV disease who were rendered clinically disease free following surgical resection of chest wall recurrence, were treated. Leukopenia and mucositis were the most frequent toxicities requiring dose reduction, but only five patients (10.6%; 95% confidence interval, 1.8-18.4%) experienced life-threatening leukopenia (less than 1000/mm3) at some point during their therapy. Neurologic side effects attributed to aminoglutethimide, predominantly lethargy, were reported in less than one-third of patients, and rarely required dose reduction. One elderly patient developed clinical hypothyroidism during the first 3 months on therapy and experienced a cardiac arrest at home while receiving supplemental thyroid hormones. The overall complete plus partial response rate in 45 patients was 55.5% (95% confidence interval, 41-70%). Among 16 patients with measurable disease, the complete plus partial response rate was 75% (95% confidence interval, 54-96%). The complete plus partial response rate in 29 patients with nonmeasurable but evaluable disease was 45% (95% confidence interval, 27-63%) and an additional 14% had improvement in bone pain. Eight patients electively discontinued chemotherapy after 7-24 months of therapy, but continued aminoglutethimide. The median time to disease progression is 462 days (15.4 months); 25% of patients died by 552 days (18.4 months), and the median duration of survival is predicted to be 889 days (29.6 months). We conclude that aminoglutethimide can be combined with this doxorubicin-based regimen with acceptable toxicity and an overall response rate which is similar to that observed on prior ECOG trials with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and 5-fluorouracil.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Multislice helical CT of the heart with retrospective ECG gating: reduction of radiation exposure by ECG-controlled tube current modulation.

Our objective was to evaluate image quality and radiation exposure of retrospectively ECG-gated multislice helical CT (MSCT) investigations of the heart with ECG-controlled tube current modulation. One hundred patients underwent MSCT scanning (Somatom VolumeZoom, Siemens, Forchheim, Germany) for detection of coronary artery calcifications. A continuous helical data set of the heart was acquired in 50 patients (group 1) using the standard protocol with constant tube current, and in 50 patients (group 2) using an alternative protocol with reduced radiation exposure during the systolic phase. The standard deviations (SD) of predefined regions of interest (ROIs) were determined as a measure of image noise and were tested for significant differences. There was no significant difference between group 1 and group 2 with respect to image noise. Radiation exposure with and without tube current modulation was 1.0 and 1.9 mSv ( p<0.0001), respectively, for males and 1.4 and 2.5 mSv ( p<0.0001), respectively, for females; thus, there was a mean dose reduction of 48% for males and 45% for females, respectively. The ECG-controlled tube current modulation allows significant dose reduction when performing retrospectively ECG-gated MSCT of the heart.

Calcinosis↗
PubMed2002

Dose titration using the Disease Activity Score (DAS28) in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with anti-TNF-alpha.

OBJECTIVE: Anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) therapy yields high response rates shortly after institution of therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and on theoretical grounds large differences in the effective dose between patients can be expected. Together with the high costs, these differences warrant new approaches to the way patients are dosed. METHODS: We used the Disease Activity Score (DAS28), a composite disease activity index, to titrate the dose of anti-TNF-alpha (adalimumab, D2E7; Knoll) in 21 patients with low disease activity in an open extension study lasting 40 weeks. The dose of anti-TNF-alpha was reduced stepwise and dosing intervals were kept stable. Disease activity and flares were assessed using the DAS28. Patients who flared received the previous effective dose. RESULTS: Dose reduction was accomplished in 15 patients. The total amount of anti-TNF-alpha given to the patients was reduced by 67%. At the end of the study the mean DAS28 had not changed and no patients dropped out because of persistent worsening of the RA. CONCLUSION: Dose titration of anti-TNF-alpha treatment using the DAS28 is feasible and leads to overall dose reduction while maintaining clinical efficacy. This approach will save costs and possibly prevent long-term side-effects.

Adalimumab↗
PubMed1999

Phase II study of irinotecan plus cisplatin in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the antitumor efficacy and safety of a combination of irinotecan (CPT-11) and cisplatin in patients with inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A secondary objective was to characterize the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of CPT-11 and its active metabolite, SN-38. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with stage IIIB or IV NSCLC were treated with repeated 4-week courses comprising CPT-11 (60 mg/m(2)) administered on days 1, 8, and 15, and a single dose of cisplatin (80 mg/m(2)) after CPT-11 administration on day 1. RESULTS: Fifty-two patients were enrolled, including 33 men and 19 women. The median age was 61 years (range, 29 to 79 years). Southwest Oncology Group performance status was 0 in 12 patients, 1 in 32 patients, and 2 in eight patients. Eleven and 41 patients had stage IIIB and IV disease, respectively. Objective responses occurred in 28.8% of patients (15 of 52; 95% confidence interval, 16.5% to 41.2%). The median survival duration was 9.9 months (range, 1.6 to 30.8 months). The 1-year survival rate was 37%. Grade 3/4 adverse events consisted primarily of nausea (32. 7% ) or vomiting (13.5%), late-onset diarrhea (17.3%), and neutropenia (46.1%). The study design led to preferential modification of CPT-11 doses, resulting in CPT-11 dose attenuations to < or = 40 mg/m(2) in the majority of patients (31 of 52; 60%), whereas dose reductions of cisplatin were uncommon. CPT-11 pharmacokinetic parameters were comparable to those reported previously in single-agent studies. CONCLUSION: CPT-11/cisplatin is an active combination regimen with manageable toxicity in the therapy of stage IIIB/IV NSCLC. Future studies should be designed with schedules and dose modification provisions that avoid unnecessary CPT-11 dose reductions to exploit more directly the therapeutic synergy of these agents.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Managing hepatitis C.

Availability of a drug regimen that eradicates the hepatitis C virus (HCV) in more than half of treated patients provides the medical community with a powerful new weapon to diminish the anticipated future wave of HCV-related liver disease and cancer. Clinicians must understand the benefits, risks, and costs associated with the combination of peginterferon alfa and ribavirin. Major clinical trials with this new standard of HCV therapy have demonstrated sustained virologic responses of 54% and 56% with 48 weeks of combination therapy. Response is highest in those with genotype 2/3, with early virologic response by week 12, in patients with high adherence, and in patients receiving weight-appropriate ribavirin dosages. The most common side effects are manageable and include fatigue, headache, myalgia, rigors, fever, nausea, insomnia, and depression. Neutropenia associated with interferon and anemia associated with ribavirin are more serious side effects that can cause discontinuation or dose reduction. Clinicians can maximize results and reduce costs with a regimen of peginterferon alfa plus ribavirin by choosing patients carefully, educating patients thoroughly, stopping therapy early in those patients who do not respond by week 12 of therapy, and enhancing adherence by managing side effects with appropriate dose reductions and/or selective use of antidepressants or hematopoietic colony stimulators.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed1999

The efficacy of long term thyrostatic treatment in elderly patients with toxic nodular goitre compared to radioiodine therapy with different doses.

The objective of the study was to investigate the efficacy of long term thyrostatic versus radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism in old age. Our study is a retrospective analysis of the therapeutical outcome in 66 patients over 60 years of age with toxic nodular goitre. The patients were divided in two groups: Group A: 28 patients on methimazole treatment: starting dose 5-30, median (M) 10 mg, maintenance dose 2.5-15 (M = 5) mg, follow up 6 to 240 months (M = 23.5 months). Group B: 38 patients treated by either 100-300 MBq (N = 14, subgroup B1) or 325-1000 MBq (N = 24, subgroup B2) 131I, follow up: 18 to 156 months (M = 48 months). The efficacy of the different therapeutical approaches were compared by calculating the occurrence rate of persisting and relapsing thyroid dysfunctions and associated side effects. The 28 patients on methimazole treatment became euthyroid after 1-16 (M = 5) months but numerous relapses occurred in the follow up: hyperthyroidism, clinical: 5, subclinical 13, (relapse duration: M = 8 months; associated symptoms: hypertension in 4, cardiac arrhythmia in 3, cerebral embolism in 1, angina pectoris in 2, weight loss in 2 cases). Poor patient's compliance (9/28) or dose reduction by the physician (5/28) were the main causes of the relapses. Transient clinical (3 cases) or subclinical (6 cases) hypothyroidism also occurred (duration: 1-3 M = 2 months, no clinical symptoms). In 7 out of 14 (50%) patients receiving 100-300 MBq 131I (Group B1) hyperthyroidism persisted (versus 4/24 -16.7%- in Group B2 following 325-1000 MBq 131I; chi2(1) = 4.78 P = 0.028), methimazole treatment had to be continued in 9/14 patients (64.3%) (versus 5/24 -20.8%)- in Group B2., chi2(1) = 7.18 P = 0.0074) and in 5/14 (35.7%) the radiotherapy had to be repeated (versus 5/24 -020.8%- in Group B2, not sign.). Our conclusions are: 1) long term thyrostatic treatment is not safe in elderly patients with toxic nodular hyperthyroidism, mainly because of poor compliance or dose reduction by the physician; 2) radioiodine treatment as the first choice should be recommended for these patients and higher doses should be preferred.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Ribavirin-induced anemia: mechanisms, risk factors and related targets for future research.

Ribavirin (RBV) is an antiviral nucleoside analogue commonly used in combination with interferon for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Severe anemia develops in about 10% of treated patients, and requires close monitoring of hemoglobin and often RBV dose reduction, which may compromise sustained virologic response. Anemia is likely related to extensive RBV accumulation in erythrocytes subsequent to active unidirectional transmembraneous transport. RBV exerts its toxicity through an inhibition of intracellular energy metabolism and oxidative membrane damage, leading to an accelerated extravascular hemolysis by the reticulo-endothelial system. Concentration-dependent toxicity and improvement of anemia upon dose-reduction point towards the importance of pharmacokinetic factors for RBV-induced anemia. On the other hand, pronounced variability in the correlation between RBV concentration and Hb reduction limits the prediction of anemia based on plasma or erythrocyte concentrations in individual patients and points towards additional factors determining individual susceptibility to RBV-induced anemia. Recent studies suggest that erythrocyte oxidative defense mechanisms may play an important role in RBV-induced anemia. Clinical risk factors for severe RBV-induced anemia include impaired renal function, high age, high dose per body weight and female gender. Determination of RBV concentrations has little value in the management of anemia. The only proven effective prevention of RBV-induced anemia is the concomitant administration of erythropoietin. Future research on RBV pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, as well as erythrocyte antioxidant defense mechanisms may improve safety and efficacy of RBV therapy and guide the development of new treatments for RBV-induced anemia and alternative antiviral agents.

Anemia↗
PubMed2003

Once-weekly epoetin alfa improves anemia and facilitates maintenance of ribavirin dosing in hepatitis C virus-infected patients receiving ribavirin plus interferon alfa.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of epoetin alfa in alleviating anemia and minimizing ribavirin (RBV) dose reductions in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection receiving combination RBV/interferon alfa (IFN) therapy. METHODS: HCV-infected patients who had Hb levels of 12 g/dl or less during the first 24 wk of combination RBV/IFN therapy (n=64) were randomized to treatment with epoetin alfa (40,000 units) s.c. q.w. or to standard of care (SOC) for anemia management (RBV dose reduction or discontinuation, transfusions). Primary and secondary efficacy endpoints were changes in Hb level and RBV dosage, respectively, from baseline to week 16 of epoetin alfa therapy. Based on intent-to-treat analysis, the mean changes from baseline Hb levels at week 16 were +2.8 g/dl for epoetin alfa versus +0.4 g/dl for SOC (p<0.0001), and the mean changes in RBV dosage were -34 mg/day for epoetin alfa versus -146 mg/day (p=0.060) for SOC. The mean Hb level at week 16 in the epoetin alfa group (13.8 g/dl) was significantly (p<0.0001) higher than that of the SOC group (11.4 g/dl). At week 4 and subsequently, significantly more patients in the epoetin alfa group did not have RBV dosage reductions (p<0.011). At study end, 83% of epoetin alfa-treated patients maintained RBV dosages of at least 800 mg/day, compared with 54% of patients receiving SOC (p=0.022). Epoetin alfa was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: In anemic HCV-infected patients treated with RBV/IFN, epoetin alfa increases Hb levels and maintains RBV dosing. Based on these results, epoetin alfa seems to be promising in the treatment of HCV treatment-related anemia. Further research is warranted to determine the potential impact on outcomes, including quality of life and sustained viral response rate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Carboplatin in small cell lung cancer.

The high activity of carboplatin as a single agent in small cell lung cancer was first identified in 30 previously untreated patients who had a 60% response, which included a 10% complete remission (CR). In this and subsequent studies, carboplatin showed high activity without the nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity associated with cisplatin. Gastrointestinal side effects and alopecia were also generally mild; the major toxicity was myelosuppression. Two important studies of carboplatin 300 mg/m2 and etoposide (300 to 400 mg/m2) in divided doses have reported objective responses of 85% (21% CR) and 65% (21% CR) in previously untreated patients. However, the median survival in the first study was only 9.5 months in both limited- and extensive-stage patients. In this study, 19% of patients had substantial dose reductions because of myelosuppression. The second study reported a better median survival of 15.3 months for limited-stage patients and 8.3 months for extensive-stage patients. These patients received a maximum of six courses of chemotherapy as opposed to four in the first study, and cranial irradiation in addition to mediastinal irradiation. There also appeared to be fewer dose reductions, ie, 11% for carboplatin. Another study using the combination of carboplatin and etoposide in extensive-stage patients only reported a 56% response rate, including 16% CR and a median survival of 8.1 months. The major toxicity in these three studies was myelosuppression, particularly leukopenia, but only three neutropenia-associated deaths occurred in a total of 180 patients. A recent study has reported the use of similar doses of carboplatin and etoposide in combination with ifosfamide 5 g/m2 (with mesna) and midcourse vincristine. Thoracic radiotherapy was given after six courses of chemotherapy in responding patients, but no cranial irradiation was used. In 42 patients, 30 of whom had limited-stage disease, the response rate was 78%, including a 57% CR rate. The median survival was 14 months, and the 2-year actual survival rate is 33%. These and other studies of carboplatin combinations (which are only preliminary) have described high response rates and possibly improved survival compared with less intensive therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2001

Analysis of surface dose variation in CT procedures.

An experimental and theoretical study has been made of the variations in air kerma-length product (AKLP) at the surface of a phantom exposed in a CT scanner, using clinical parameters. For the theoretical part, a computer simulation was developed, based on a simple analytical model, requiring information generic to the scanner model. The effects of patient size, position within the gantry plane and beam-shaping filter type were studied using three different elliptical phantoms. A dose reduction technique based on a sinusoidal tube current modulation system was also investigated. The surface AKLP was shown to be independent of phantom size (within experimental error) but decreases as the surface moves vertically away from the isocentre. The major contributor to this variation is the beam-shaping filter. A maximum difference of 19% between the values of surface AKLP was calculated for the two beam-shaping filters available. When the tube current modulation system was used, the maximum surface dose reduction was 18%. A maximum difference of 2% was found between measurements and computer simulations. It is therefore possible to predict the behaviour of AKLP using the analytical model. As the dose measured on the surface of a patient is simply related to AKLP, the model can be applied to data obtained from patient surface dose surveys and can be helpful in interpreting the sources of variation in the latter.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1986

Insulin dose-dependent reductions in plasma amino acids in man.

The quantitative relationship between insulin and plasma amino acid (AA) levels were characterized in five healthy young men during euglycemic insulin infusions (6, 10, 30, and 400 mU . m-2 . min-1). The endogenous production and disposal of glucose were determined for the 6 mU . m-2 . min-1 insulin infusion using 6,6-dideuteroglucose. While 8 of 10 AA decreased in a dose-responsive pattern to increasing levels of insulin, alanine and glycine concentrations remained unaffected. For isoleucine and proline, the insulin levels required for a half-maximal response were less than for glucose disposal (P less than 0.05), but, for all other insulin-influenced AA, the levels required were similar to those for glucose disposal. These studies indicate that insulin sensitivity of AA is similar to that of glucose disposal and that AA responses to insulin exhibit a physiologically relevant, dose-response relationship.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Treatment outcome in methadone detoxification: relationship to initial levels of illicit opiate use.

Two groups each of 10 patients enrolled in a 90-day outpatient detoxification program were classified on the basis of high (92.5% of tests) and low (7.5% of tests) rates of opiate-positive urine test results during two weeks of dosage stabilization. Pretreatment demographic variables did not differ between the two groups. Relapse to opiate use during the detoxification occurred in patients who were initially opiate free. By the end of the dose reduction period, opiate-positive rates were 60% and 87% of tests for the low and high opiate use groups, respectively. Sedative use and missed clinic days showed similar trends for both groups during the detoxification, although different patterns of drop-out from treatment were noted. Symptomatology increased during dose reduction for the low- but not for the high-frequency opiate group. In general, treatment outcome appeared equally poor for patients who showed low or high levels of illicit opiate drug use early in detoxification treatment.

Adult↗