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PubMed2003

Ambient nitrogen dioxide and distance from a major highway.

The primary objective of this pilot study was to measure the variation of ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) concentration with increasing distance from a major highway in Montréal, Canada, in order to assess the validity of distance from the roadways as a surrogate for exposure to traffic-related air pollution in epidemiologic studies. A total of 31 two-sided Ogawa passive samplers (using triethanolamine-impregnated filters as an absorbent) were installed for 7 days in groups of two or three along an axis perpendicular to a major highway where traffic density exceeds 100000 vehicles/day. Distances ranged from 0 to 1310 m from the highway. Concentrations of NO(2) ranged from 11.9 to 29.3 ppb, and decreased significantly with increasing logarithmic distance from the highway (P<0.0001). Concentrations of NO(2) were also significantly lower upwind than downwind relative to the highway (P=0.0012). These findings indicate that distance from highways may be a valid surrogate for traffic-related air pollution.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

[Surgical procedures of the urinary tract and male genital organs. Rates of surgical intervention: variability and its relationship with distance and income].

OBJECTIVE: To valorate the existence of the variability, in surgical rates on urinary tract and masculine genital organs, between the population of Health Centres (HC) adscribed to the Hospital of Ciudad Real. It so, quantify the influence of the distance (from Health Center to Hospital) or the income have in the variability of these rates. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Surgical activity of the period 1996-98. It has been analyzed for every procedure: residence, sex, age and type (coded by CIE 9th MC). The surgical rates, standardized for age and sex, (TFQ) for every HC has been compared whit the mean (t alpha/2 n-1 alpha = 0.99) of the distribution of rates by HC. The relation between the TFQ and distance or income has been analyzed by lineal regression and ANOVA test for one variable, using the Newman Keuls test to assess the difference of the rates between the HC at different distance or income. It has been considered as significative every p < 0.05. RESULTS: The population studied has a TFQ significatively different (p < 0.01). significant relationship exists between the TFQ and the distance. There were no relations between the TFQ for HC and the income. CONCLUSIONS: 42% of the variance (variability) of the distribution of TFQ for HC is due to the distance.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

End-to-end distance distribution in bradykinin observed by Förster resonance energy transfer.

Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) was used to study the conformational dynamics of bradykinin related peptides. The fluorescent probe aminobenzoic acid (Abz) bound to the amino terminal of bradykinin maintained its fluorescence characteristics, like high quantum yield and excited state decay dominated by a lifetime of 8.3 ns. The binding of the acceptor group N-[2, 4-dinitrophenyl]-ethylenediamine (EDDnp) to the carboxy terminal of Abz labeled bradykinin resulted in a drastic decrease of the fluorescence intensity and in a fastening of the excited state decay. The change of the decay kinetics to an heterogeneous process, precludes the use of energy transfer models based on a single fixed distance between donor and acceptor. The computational package CONTIN was employed to the analysis of time-resolved fluorescence data, allowing the recovery of a distance distribution between donor and acceptor corresponding to the end-to-end distance of the labeled peptide. The distance distribution reflects the occurrence of distinct conformations for the peptide, that coexist in equilibrium during the fluorescence lifetime. We observed three distance populations for bradykinin in water, that merged to two populations when the solvent was trifluoroethanol (TFE). The results were consistent with those obtained from circular dichroism spectroscopy, that showed structural flexibility in water and the presence of more defined secondary structure in TFE. We also studied several peptides related to bradykinin, and the results emphasized the formation of turns involving the proline residues and the decrease of conformational flexibility induced by using TFE as the solvent.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1998

Effect of cilostazol on walking distances in patients with intermittent claudication caused by peripheral vascular disease.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the effects of cilostazol on walking distances in patients with intermittent claudication (IC) caused by peripheral arterial occlusive disease. METHODS: The study was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Two hundred thirty-nine patients with IC were randomly assigned to receive cilostazol (100 mg b.i.d.) or a placebo for 16 weeks. All patients underwent serial, variable-grade, constant-speed treadmill testing. Absolute claudication distance (ACD), assessed at the end of the 12-hour dosing interval (trough), was the primary end point. Secondary end points included ACD assessed 3 to 4 hours after dosing (peak) and initial claudication distances (trough and peak). Functional status measures, including the Medical Outcomes Scale (SF-36) and Walking Impairment Questionnaire, were used to assess subjective changes over the 16-week treatment period. Ankle-brachial indexes were calculated from Doppler-measured systolic pressures at every visit with treadmill testing. RESULTS: Patients treated with cilostazol demonstrated significant improvements over the placebo patients in ACD at all three time points tested after baseline (weeks 8, 12, and 16). Peak treadmill testing at weeks 8 and 12 also showed significant improvement in walking distances for cilostazol-treated patients over placebo-treated patients. At week 16, patients in the cilostazol group had a 96.4-meter (47%) increase in ACD compared with 31.4 meters (12.9%) for the placebo group (p < 0.001). In the SF-36, significant improvement was observed in the physical component subscale and the composite physical component score. In the Walking Impairment Questionnaire, improvements were significant in patient reports of walking speed and specific measures of walking difficulty. Ankle-brachial indexes improved in the cilostazol group (0.64 +/- 0.02 to 0.70 +/- 0.02) compared with the placebo group (0.68 +/- 0.02 to 0.69 +/- 0.02) (p < 0.0125). The most frequent adverse events were headache, abnormal stools (e.g. loose stools), diarrhea, and dizziness. CONCLUSIONS: Cilostazol significantly increased ACD at all measured time points and initial claudication distances at most time points. This agent may represent a new treatment option for patients with intermittent claudication.

Cilostazol↗

PubMed1995

Effect of film-object distance on posteroanterior cephalometric measurements: suggestions for standardized cephalometric methods.

Posteroanterior (PA) cephalographs are used for diagnosis of transverse skeletal and dentoalveolar relationships. Unlike lateral head films, the variability of the PA radiograph has not been assessed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of film-object distance (film-ear rod, or film-porionic axis distance: FPD) and head angulation on transverse measurements from PA cephalographs. Seventeen skulls were selected from a total of 45 on the basis of strict criteria, including a stable reproducible centric occlusion. Radiographs were taken of each skull at the FPD of 11, 12, 13, and 14 cm. At the FPD of 11 and 14 cm, additional radiographs were taken at the angulations of +5 degrees and -5 degrees from the Frankfort horizontal (FH). Distances between the following landmarks were measured on the radiographs with digital calipers accurate to 0.01 mm: J (on the lateral contour of the maxilla), Ag (at the antegonial notch), Go (Gonion), Mb (buccal surface of mandibular first molar), IR (inner ramal point at the intersection of mandibular ramus and body). No clinically significant difference existed between measurements at the different FPDs evaluated. For this reason, and because the majority of PA films taken of 59 human subjects were within a FPD range below and including 13 cm, regression analyses were computed only at FPD = 13 cm. Correlation coefficients r between the distance AG-AG and distances J-J, IR-IR, and Mb-Mb were 0.71, 0.75, and 0.68, respectively. Transverse measurements were not significantly affected by a head angulation within 10 degrees (FH -5 degrees to +5 degrees).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A table of color distance scores for quantitative scoring of the Lanthony Desaturate color vision test.

The Lanthony Desaturate Panel D-15 (D-15d) color vision test is used in neurotoxicological testing to assess acquired color vision deficits. The original test design included a qualitative scoring method. Quantitative scoring requires mapping the colored objects used in the test into a color space describing perceptual distances. A table of these distances has previously been published for the saturated version of this color vision test, but not the desaturate test. This communication includes a table of color distances for the calculation of Bowman's Total Color Distance Score (TCDS) for the D-15d. This table should be useful for non-computerized scoring under field test conditions or for devising one's own computerized scoring methods using the tabulated color distances for a look-up table. Data analysis programs using SAS or Matlab are available from the author.

Color↗

PubMed2002

Influence of interelectrode distance and force level on the spectral parameters of surface electromyographic recordings from the lumbar muscles.

In order to study the influence of interelectrode distance and force level on the electromyographic (EMG) spectral parameters and on their reliability, bipolar surface EMG measurements were performed on the lumbar muscles of 15 subjects. Two test contractions (45 s) at 40% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) were performed, one with 2 cm interelectrode distance and the other with 4 cm, followed by two contractions at 80% MVC with the same change in interelectrode distance. Increasing the interelectrode distance from 2 to 4 cm caused a significant mean decrease (about 8%) in the initial median frequency. It is shown that this shift is of an order of magnitude that may be expected from the bipolar electrode filter factor, and we further conclude that the observed individual variations in the shift are likely to be connected to fluctuations in the shape of the power spectrum and to variations in conduction velocity. No significant change was found for the median frequency slope when changing the interelectrode distance. Increasing the force (from 40 to 80% MVC) also caused a significant mean decrease (about 10%) in the initial median frequency. The median frequency slope became significantly more negative by more than 200%. We conclude, however, that torque fluctuations during the fatigue contractions should have had only minor influence on the standard error of measurement of the initial median frequency and of the median frequency slope.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Correlation between genetic distances based on single loci and on skeletal morphology in inbred mice.

Genetic and morphometric distances between 12 inbred strains of mice ranging from closely related substrains to a sub-species were estimated using published data on single locus polymorphisms, and on the basis of up to 44 measurements on seven different bones, respectively. Simulation was also used to investigate sampling effects for the single loci. There were strong and statistically highly significant correlations among all measures of genetic distance ranging from 0.58 for the comparison of single loci with the logarithm of the Mahalanobis distance based on 24 measurements on four bones, to 0.72 for estimates of genetic distance based on single loci and the morphology of the mandible. These findings are in sharp contrast with those of Wayne & O'Brien (1986) who claimed that 'structural gene and morphometric variation of mandible traits are uncoupled between mouse strains'. Their failure to find such a correlation is probably because their sample of inbred strains included only a single pair of closely related substrains, and no substrains separated for less than 40 years, and because they failed to correct for non-linearity between morphometric and single-locus measurement scales. Simulations and regression analysis suggested that genetic distances could be estimated with approximately equal precision using morphological data on bone measurements or about 10 cladistically informative single loci, which would usually involve sampling about 50 loci. Data based on single-gene markers is usually more informative than morphometric data for studying the similarity of independently-derived strains. However, similarities among closely related populations such as sublines of an inbred strain can usually be studied more efficiently using morphometry.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Genetic distance estimated through surname frequencies of 37 counties from the state of Lara, Venezuela.

Genetic distances between all possible pairs of counties (n = 37) in the state of Lara, Venezuela were calculated using surname frequencies and the Euclidean distance as estimator. In general, Euclidean distances were smaller between counties closer together, and the product moment correlation between geographic and Euclidean distances was 0.49 (p < 0.02). The results suggest that, in Lara, geographic distance has been an important determinant of genetic structure, although topography and roadways also have had an important influence upon this structure.

Developing Countries↗

PubMed1999

Geographical distances and the similarity among parasite communities of conspecific host populations.

The geographical distance between conspecific host populations is no doubt a key determinant of the likelihood that exchanges of parasite species occur between these populations. This variable must therefore be taken into account in studies that compare parasite species richness or similarity among host populations. This paper presents a multivariate approach, based on the permutation of matrices, that allows all pairwise geographical distances between host populations to be included as independent variables. The method is illustrated with 3 separate data sets on parasite communities of conspecific fish from different lakes. In 2 of 3 cases, geographical distances among lakes had a significant influence on the similarity of their parasite communities. The effect of geographical distance on species richness of parasite communities also proved important in 2 of the 3 case studies. These examples demonstrate the pervasive influence of distances among host populations on their parasite communities, and the need to properly control for them in statistical analyses.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Dual microelectrodes for distance control and detection of nitric oxide from endothelial cells by means of scanning electrochemical microscope.

Dual Pt disk microelectrodes consisting of a 10-microm distance sensor and a 50-microm nitric oxide sensor were prepared. The 50-microm electrode was modified with Ni(4-N-tetramethyl)pyridyl porphyrin enclosed in the polymer network of a negatively charged electrodeposition paint. This paint prevented the dissolution of the otherwise soluble porphyrin in the aqueous test medium due to charge interactions. It also denied negatively charged ions in the analyte solution access to the electrode surface by electrostatic repulsion, thereby preventing interference from anions such as nitrite, nitrate, and ascorbate. With the aid of a scanning electrochemical microscope, it was possible to use the distance sensor by recording the negative feedback effect on the reduction of molecular oxygen to "guide" the nitric oxide sensor to various known distances from a layer of adherently growing human umbilical vein endothelial cells for the detection of nitric oxide released from the cells upon stimulation with bradykinin. The use of the distance sensor made it possible to preserve the integrity of the adherently growing cells concomitantly with the modified electrode by preventing the deterioration of the modifying layer during the distance adjustment step.

Cells, Cultured↗

PubMed1992

Solution structure of the EcoRI DNA octamer containing 5-fluorouracil via restrained molecular dynamics using distance and torsion angle constraints extracted from NMR spectral simulations.

The self-complementary DNA octamer [d(GGAATUFCC)]2, containing the EcoRI recognition sequence with one of the thymines replaced by 5-fluorouracil (UF), was synthesized. Proton homonuclear two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect (2D NOE) and double-quantum-filtered correlation (2QF-COSY) spectra, as well as one-dimensional spectra at different temperatures, were recorded for the octamer. Consequently, all proton resonances were assigned. The thermally induced transition from the duplex to single strands has been followed, demonstrating the stability of the duplex containing 5-fluorouracil. Simulations of the 2QF-COSY cross-peaks by means of the programs SPHINX and LINSHA were compared with experimental data, establishing scalar coupling constants for the sugar ring protons and hence sugar pucker parameters. The deoxyribose rings exhibit a dynamic equilibrium of N- and S-type conformers with 75-95% populations of the latter. Two programs used for complete relaxation matrix analysis 2D NOE spectra, CORMA and MARDIGRAS, were modified to account for the influence of the fluorines on dipolar interactions in the proton system. Quantitative assessment of the 2D NOE cross-peak intensities for different mixing times, in conjunction with the program MARDIGRAS, gave a set of interproton distances for each mixing time. The largest and smallest values of each of the interproton distances were chosen as the upper and lower bounds for each distance constraint. The distance bounds define the size of a flat-well potential function term, incorporated into the AMBER force field, which was employed for restrained molecular dynamics calculations. Torsion angle constraints in the form of a flat-well potential were also constructed from the analysis of the sugar pucker data. Several restrained molecular dynamics runs of 35 ps were performed, utilizing 284 experimental distance and torsion angle constraints and two different starting structures, energy-minimized A- and B-DNA. Convergence to similar structures with a root-mean-square deviation of 1.2 A was achieved for the central hexamer of the octamer, starting from A- and B-DNA. The average structure from six different molecular dynamics runs was subjected to final restrained energy minimization. The resulting final structure was in good agreement with the structures derived from different molecular dynamics runs and showed a substantial improvement of the 2D NOE sixth-root residual index in comparison with classical and energy-minimized B-DNA. A detailed analysis of the conformation of the final structure and comparison with structures of similar sequences, obtained by different methods, were performed.

Deoxyribonuclease EcoRI↗

PubMed1994

Hepatitis B virus direct repeat sequence: imino proton exchange rates and distance and torsion angle restraints from NMR.

Structural features of a trisdecamer duplex, [d(GGCAGAGGTGAAA).d(TTTCACCTCTGCC)], in solution are being investigated by proton one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectroscopy. This DNA sequence is comprised of the 11-base-pair direct repeat sequence found in the hepatitis B viral genome with an additional base pair from the genome included on each end to minimize end effects on the 11-bp sequence of interest. The direct repeat sequence occurs twice in the viral genome; both are essential for initiation of DNA synthesis. The critical nature of this sequence suggests it may be a target to control replication of the virus. Elucidation of the structure of the direct repeat sequence could prove to be beneficial in targeting efforts. Structural determination via restrained molecular dynamics requires experimentally derived distance restraints. The ability to determine solution structures of biomolecules by NMR spectroscopy is limited by the quality and quantity of distance and torsion angle restraints that can be extracted from the NMR data. Techniques used to establish these restraints are constantly evolving and improving. Modifications in procedure are applied to the trisdecamer duplex to yield improvements in the determination of sugar conformations from COSY data and a substantial increase in the number of distance restraints typically garnered from 2D NOE intensity data. This increase in the number of distance restraints normally obtained from 2D NOE intensities was accomplished by utilizing a new version of the iterative complete relaxation matrix program MARDIGRAS with intensities extracted from a 2D NOE data set acquired in 90% H2O. The exchange rate of the imino and amino protons with the solvent water protons can now be included in the relaxation matrix calculations, thereby providing more accurate distances when utilizing the 2D NOE cross-peaks involving at least one exchangeable proton. In this lab, analysis of two-quantum-filtered correlation (2QF-COSY) spectra to determine the conformational states of the sugar moieties typically employs the program package SPHINX/LINSHA to simulate the scalar coupling effects manifest in the cross-peaks. With enough data, we typically find that a single conformer is inadequate to describe sugar pucker, but a rapid two-state equilibrium is consistent with all the data. In the process, a large number of cross-peaks are simulated with a range of possible sugar conformation ratios, amplitudes, and line widths. A limitation of this procedure is the possibility of producing a nonunique solution. These methods rely on the ability to match the appearance of simulated cross-peaks with real data.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Algorithms↗

PubMed1994

Determination of internuclear distances and the orientation of functional groups by solid-state NMR: rotational resonance study of the conformation of retinal in bacteriorhodopsin.

We have used a new solid-state NMR technique--rotational resonance--to determine both internuclear distances and the relative orientations of chemical groups (dihedral angles) in retinal bound to bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and in retinoic acid model compounds. By matching the rotational resonance condition (delta = n omega r/2 pi, where delta is the difference in isotropic chemical shifts for two dipolar coupled spins, omega r/2 pi is the mechanical rotational frequency of the sample in the MAS experiment, and n is a small integer denoting the order of the resonance), we selectively reintroduce the dipolar coupling and enhance the rate of magnetization exchange. Spectroscopic data and theoretical simulations of the magnetization exchange trajectories for the 8,18-13C dipolar coupled pair in retinoic acid model compounds, crystallized in both the 6-s-cis and 6-s-trans forms, indicate that an accurate determination of the internuclear distance is possible. For the n = 1 resonance we find the distance determination to be reasonably independent of the relative orientation of the groups. In contrast, for the n = 2 resonance, there is a more pronounced dependence on the relative orientation of the groups which permits an estimate of the angle around the 6-s bond for the cis and trans forms to be 42 +/- 5 degrees and 90 +/- 10 degrees, respectively, in good agreement with crystallography. In bR we demonstrate that the 8-13C-18-13C distance is 4.1 A and the average 8-13C-16-13C/8-13C-17-13C distance is 3.3-3.5 A.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bacteriorhodopsins↗

PubMed1991

Distance distributions and anisotropy decays of troponin C and its complex with troponin I.

We used frequency domain measurements of fluorescence resonance energy transfer to recover the distribution of distances between Met 25 and Cys 98 in rabbit skeletal troponin C. These residues were labeled with dansylaziridine as energy donor and 5-(iodoacetamido)eosin as acceptor and are located on the N- and C-terminal lobes of the two-domain protein, respectively. We developed a procedure to correct for the fraction of the sample that was incompletely labeled with the acceptor independent of chemical data. At pH 7.5 and in the presence of Mg2+, the mean distance was near 15 A with a half-width of the distribution of 15 A; when Mg2+ was replaced by Ca2+, the mean distance increased to 22 A with a decrease in the half-width by 4 A. Similar but less pronounced differences in the mean distance and half-width between samples containing Mg2+ and Ca2+ were also observed with troponin C complexed to troponin I. The results suggest that the conformation of troponin C is altered by Ca2+ binding to the Ca(2+)-specific sites and displacing bound Mg2+ at the Ca2+/Mg2+ sites. This alteration may play an important role in Ca2+ signaling in muscle. At pH 7.5, the anisotropy decays of the donor-labeled troponin C showed two components, with the long rotational correlation time (12 ns) reflecting the overall motion of the protein. When the pH was lowered from 7.5 to 5.2, the mean distribution distance of apotroponin C increased from 22 to 32 A and the half-width decreased by a factor of 2 from 13 to 7 A. The long correlation time of apotroponin C increased to 19 ns at the acidic pH. These results are discussed in terms of a model in which skeletal troponin C is a dimer at low pH and enable comparison of the solution conformation of the protein at neutral pH with a crystal structure obtained at pH 5.2. While the conformation of the monomeric unit of troponin C dimer at pH 5.2 is extended and consistent with the crystal structure, the conformation at neutral pH is likely more compact than the crystal structure predicts.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Resonance energy transfer between cysteine-34 and tryptophan-214 in human serum albumin. Distance measurements as a function of pH.

The single cysteine residue (Cys-34) of human serum albumin was modified with the organic mercurial [4-[p-(dimethylamino)phenyl]azo]phenyl]mercuric acetate. Introduction of this chromophore into the protein results in the quenching of the protein tryptophan fluorescence spectrum due to energy transfer from the tryptophan residue to the mercurial. Since human albumin contains only a single tryptophan, it was then possible to calculate distances between the mercurial bound at Cys-34 and Trp-214 under various conditions. This distance contracted during the course of the N leads to F transition, being 34-35 A in the N conformation (pH 6-7.5) and 29.9 A in the F conformation (pH 3.6). The distance increased substantially during the course of the F leads to E transition occurring between pH 3.6 and pH 1.9 and was found to be nearly 37 A at pH 1.9. The distance between Cys-34 and Trp-214 was found to undergo a slight contraction during the N leads to B transition occurring between pH 7.0 and pH 9.0. At pH 8.5-9 where the protein is predominately in the B form, the distance was found to be slightly more than 31 A.

Cysteine↗

PubMed1984

Distance measurements in spin-labeled lysozyme.

The single His-15 of hen egg lysozyme reacts with 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-(bromoacetamido)piperidinyl-1-oxy or 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-(bromoacetamido)pyrrolidinyl-1-oxy to give a spin-labeled enzyme [Wien, R. W., Morrisett, J. D., & McConnell, H. M. (1972) Biochemistry 11, 3707-3716]. High-field 1H NMR spectra (300 and 500 MHz) of these species in 2H2O contain protein peaks selectively broadened by dipolar coupling to the unpaired electron spin. While usually difficult to discern in the spectrum itself, broadened resonances are revealed in difference spectra obtained by subtracting the original spectrum from one taken after reduction of the nitroxide radical with ascorbate. The heights of difference spectra peaks are related in a simple way to r-6, where r is the label to proton distance. These distances were used to solve for the location of the electron spin by using algorithms from distance geometry. The spin was found to lie in a hydrophobic groove between Phe-3 and Asp-87. These results demonstrate the feasibility of spin-labeling for accurate distance measurements in proteins through the use of distance geometry.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1988

Three-dimensional structure of acyl carrier protein determined by NMR pseudoenergy and distance geometry calculations.

Distance constraints from two-dimensional NMR cross-relaxation data are used to derive a three-dimensional structure for acyl carrier protein from Escherichia coli. Several approaches to structure determination are explored. The most successful proves to be an approach that combines the early stages of a distance geometry program with energy minimization in the presence of NMR constraints represented as pseudopotentials. Approximately 450 proton to proton distance constraints including 50 long-range constraints were included in these programs. Starting structures were generated at random by the distance geometry program and energies minimized by a molecular mechanics module to give final structures. Seven of the structures were deemed acceptable on the basis of agreement with experimentally determined distances. Root-mean-square deviations from the mean of these structures for backbone atoms range from 2 to 3 A. All structures show three roughly parallel helices with hydrophobic residues facing inward and hydrophilic residues facing outward. A hydrophobic cleft is recognizable and is identified as a likely site for acyl chain binding.

Acyl Carrier Protein↗