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At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

EEG synchronization to modulated auditory tones in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The authors tested whether neural synchronization deficits were present in subjects with schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder. METHOD: Amplitude-modulated tones were used to evaluate auditory steady-state evoked potential entrainment in a combined group of 21 subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, 11 subjects with schizotypal personality disorder, and 22 nonpsychiatric comparison subjects. RESULTS: The schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder group exhibited decreased power compared to the schizotypal personality disorder and nonpsychiatric comparison groups. There were no differences between groups in N100 amplitude. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with schizophrenia but not subjects with schizotypal personality disorder have deficits in steady-state responses to periodic stimuli, despite an intact response to sensory-evoked potentials (N100). These deficits reflect aberrant neural synchronization or resolution and may contribute to disturbed perceptual and cognitive integration in schizophrenia.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1985

Familial transmission of major affective disorders. Is there evidence supporting the distinction between unipolar and bipolar disorders?

The two-threshold multifactorial polygenic (MFP) model was applied to blind family study data, collected in a long-term follow-up and family study of major affective disorders. This model tested whether bipolar and unipolar disorders are manifestations of the same underlying factors or if they are independently caused disorders. The hypothesis that bipolar and unipolar disorders are, respectively, severe and mild forms of the same disorder was supported. There was little evidence for different familial aetiologies for bipolar and unipolar disorders in our sample.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed1990

Screening for adjustment disorders and major depressive disorders in cancer in-patients.

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), a four-point, 14-item questionnaire, was tested as a screening method for adjustment disorders and major depressive disorders in a sample of 210 cancer in-patients. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed, giving the relationship between the true positive rate (sensitivity) and the false positive rate (1-specificity). This makes it possible to choose an optimal cut-off point that takes into account the costs and benefits of treatment of psychological distress. For screening for major depressive disorders only, a cut-off score of 19 gave 70% sensitivity and 75% specificity. For screening for adjustment disorders and major depressive disorders taken together, a cut-off score of 13 gave 75% sensitivity and 75% specificity. HADS appears in this study to be a simple, sensitive and specific tool for screening for psychiatric disorders in an oncology in-patient population.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

The motor disorders of mental handicap. An overlap with the motor disorders of severe psychiatric illness.

Among 236 in-patients in one hospital for the mentally handicapped, there was a significant relationship between the amount of motor disorder (rated using a comprehensive check-list) and the severity of mental handicap, the presence of associated psychiatric disorder and the use of neuroleptic medication. The population was fairly evenly divided between those currently, previously and never having received neuroleptic medication. All categories of motor disorder, including abnormal movements, were present in all three subgroups. Neuroleptic medication appeared to modify the expression of motor disorder rather than producing it de novo. The range and frequency of motor disorders was comparable with that in patients with severe psychiatric illness. A common cerebral basis for the motor disorders of patients with mental handicap and severe psychiatric illness is suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The prevalence of thought disorder in personality-disordered outpatients.

Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have been found to exhibit thought-disordered responses on unstructured psychological tests, but not on more structured tests. My study compared outpatients diagnosed with BPD to those who qualified for other personality disorders (OPD). Johnston and Holzman's (1979) Thought Disorder Index was applied to the Rorschach and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) protocols of two outpatient groups. The results of this study demonstrated that the BPD group produced a significantly greater number of thought-disordered responses on the Rorschach but not on the WAIS-R compared to the OPD group. Thus, the test pattern of individuals with BPD was confirmed by this study and successfully differentiated these patients from OPD outpatients. Further exploration of the degree of thought disorder on structured versus unstructured tests is suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder with the MMPI: PK scale scores in somatization disorder.

Clinic patients with diagnoses of either major depression or somatization disorder were given the MMPI. Women with somatization disorder had high scores on Keane's MMPI scale (PK) for posttraumatic stress disorder. Following the procedure for the MMPI-2 (46 of the 49 PK items and MMPI-2 norms), 59% of the women with somatization disorder and 21% of the women with major depression would have T scores > or = 65 on the MMPI-2 scale although none of them were known to have developed psychiatric disorder after exposure to a life threatening event. The PK scale has little use in the differential diagnosis of women patients with somatization disorder.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2000

Relationships of premenstrual dysphoric disorder to major depression and anxiety disorders: a re-examination.

Clarifying the relationships of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) to depressive and anxiety disorders may contribute to the understanding of risk factors and etiologies associated with the disorders. A current belief is that women with PMDD have a higher percentage of past psychiatric disorders than women without the disorder, an assumption that may be premature. This review carefully examines existing literature on the nature of the relationships between PMDD and major depression and anxiety disorders. A re-evaluation of the literature and the resulting implications for risk factors and etiology, as well as for obstetric and gynecological practice, are provided.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1999

Eating disorders and depression in Hungarian women with menstrual disorders and infertility.

Menstrual disorders are among the most frequent somatic complications and symptoms of eating disorders. This study was designed to assess the prevalence of eating disorders connected to menstrual disorders of a non-organic origin in women at two gynecological out-patient departments. We performed a survey via questionnaires (ANIS: Anorexia Nervosa Inventory Scale; BCDS: Bulimic Cognitive Distortions Scale; BITE: Bulimia Investigation Test, Edinburgh; EDI: Eating Disorders Inventory; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory). Among 75 women tested we found a prevalence figure of 4% for anorexia nervosa (AN) and 12% for bulimia nervosa (BN). The total prevalence of clinical and subclinical eating disorders syndromes was 44%. The prevalence of depression was 64% for all respondents, whilst severe depression accounted for 11%. This study demonstrates the (relatively) higher frequency of bulimia nervosa in Hungary, compared with other countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Medication compliance among patients with bipolar disorder and substance use disorder.

BACKGROUND: This study examined patterns of medication compliance and reasons for noncompliance among patients with bipolar disorder and substance use disorder. METHOD: Forty-four patients with current bipolar disorder and substance use disorder were administered a structured interview regarding lifetime compliance with prescribed psychotropic medications. RESULTS: Patients who were prescribed both lithium and valproate were significantly (p = .03) more likely to report full compliance with valproate than with lithium. Side effects were the most common reason for lithium noncompliance, but were not cited as a reason for valproate noncompliance. Also, a common pattern of noncompliance among patients prescribed benzodiazepines, neuroleptics, and tricyclic antidepressants was the use of more medication than prescribed. CONCLUSION: Valproate may have greater acceptability than lithium among patients with bipolar disorder and substance use disorder. Clinicians should also be aware that these patients may take higher doses of medication than prescribed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of schizoaffective disorder: initial results from a large, multicenter surveillance study. Group for the Study of Risperidone in Affective Disorders (GSRAD).

BACKGROUND: An adequate therapy for psychotic disorders needs to be effective against mood as well as psychotic symptoms. Analyses of data from clinical trials of risperidone in schizophrenia and small open-label studies in mania suggest that risperidone may have this broad efficacy profile. We present data on a 6-week trial of risperidone for the treatment of schizoaffective disorder that was part of a larger, 6-month surveillance study of patients with affective disorders. METHOD: One hundred two patients suffering from schizoaffective disorder (DSM-IV or ICD-10) entered the trial. Inclusion criteria consisted of a current DSM-IV diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type; DSM-IV manic or mixed psychotic episode; and a Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) score > 7 for a mixed episode (> 20 for a manic episode). Assessments included the YMRS, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), the 4-item Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) scale, and the UKU Side Effect Rating Scale subscale for neurologic side effects. For patients entering the study, open-label risperidone therapy was added to their existing regimens of mood-stabilizing treatments. Other antipsychotic drugs were not allowed. RESULTS: Ninety-five patients completed the 6-week trial. At week 6, the mean +/- SD dose of risperidone was 4.7+/-2.5 mg/day. The mean scores on the assessment scales at baseline and week 6 (unless otherwise stated) were as follows: YMRS, 22.7 and 4.7, an improvement of 18.0 points (p < .0001); PANSS (at baseline and week 4), 74.1 and 54.2, an improvement of 19.9 points (p < .0001); HAM-D, 14.0 and 7.4, an improvement of 6.6 points (p < .0001); CGI (at baseline and week 4), 2.6 and 1.7, an improvement of 0.9 points (p < .0001). At week 4, most patients had shown improvement in symptom severity, and 9.3% were completely symptom-free. There were no statistically significant differences between baseline and week 4 in the severity of extrapyramidal symptoms as measured by the UKU. Risperidone was well tolerated; side effects were few and generally mild. CONCLUSION: The results to date with risperidone indicate that it may have both antipsychotic and mood-stabilizing properties. Despite the limitations of the open-label design, the results indicate that risperidone is a safe and effective therapy in combination with mood-stabilizers for the treatment of patients with manic, hypomanic, and depressive symptoms of mixed episodes in schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Are antidepressants associated with new-onset suicidality in bipolar disorder? A prospective study of participants in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD).

OBJECTIVE: Depressive episodes are common in bipolar disorder, and the disorder is characterized by high suicide rates. Recent analyses indicate a possible association of antidepressant treatment and suicidality in children and adults with depressive or anxiety disorders. However, few data are available to inform the suicidality risk assessment of antidepressant use specifically in bipolar disorder. METHOD: Of the first 2000 participants followed for 18 months in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD), 425 experienced a prospectively observed, new-onset major depressive episode without initial suicidal ideation. Standardized ratings of suicidality and antidepressant exposure at index depressive episode and next evaluation were used to investigate the primary hypothesis that new-onset suicidality was associated with increased antidepressant exposure (antidepressant initiation or dose increase). Secondary analysis investigated correlates of new-onset suicidality and antidepressant exposure. Data were collected from November 8, 1999, to April 24, 2002. RESULTS: Twenty-four participants (5.6%) developed new-onset suicidality at follow-up, including 2 suicide attempts. There was no association of new-onset suicidality with increased antidepressant exposure or any change in antidepressant exposure, and no association with initiation of antidepressant treatment. New-onset suicidality was associated with neuroticism, prior attempt, and higher depressive or manic symptom ratings at index episode. Increased antidepressant exposure was negatively associated with higher manic symptom rating at index episode; control for this sole empirically identified confound did not alter the primary results. CONCLUSIONS: Although careful monitoring for suicidality is always warranted in bipolar disorder, this cohort study provides no evidence that increased antidepressant exposure is associated with new-onset suicidality in this already high-risk population. Correlates of both suicidality and antidepressant exposure indicate directions for further research.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Anxiety disorders and substance-related disorders].

Psychiatric comorbidity between anxiety disorders and substance-related disorders is studied. This relationship is complex due to the overlapping of symptoms (during the abstinence of alcohol and opiates as well as in the intoxication of cocaine) and also for the inaccurate definition of several disorders. Epidemiologic studies show an increase of prevalence of anxiety disorders, mainly agoraphobia and social phobia, in patients who are alcohol dependents and in heroine and cocaine users. Such studies also point out an augmentation of consume of substances (drugs and alcohol), with a prevalence of 24% in patients with several anxiety disorders. The relationship between these disorders is analysed. It is also studied the influence of such a comorbidity in the evolution and outcome of treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Manic-depressive disorders in adolescence. Mood disorders and psychoses in adolescence].

DISEASE ONSET: In adolescents, the different aspects of mood disorders and psychoses are closely related. The first episode of what will become schizophrenia is often suggestive of a mood disorder. The inverse is also true. Frequently, a psychotic state is the inaugural manifestation of a mood disorder. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: The depressive manifestations observed in adolescents are very similar to negative psychotic symptoms. More so than in adults, the thymic disorder is expressed as severe episodes of psychosis. It would appear that in this case, the psychotic elements are related to the intensity of the thymic disorder. DIAGNOSTIC ERRORS: Misdiagnosis is probably related to the fact that mood is not sufficiently taken into account in acute psychotic states. The risk inherent in "over"-diagnosis of schizophrenic disorders is related to the therapeutic implications: prescriptions of neuroleptics can hinder the psychic work involved in the structuralization process going on in the adolescent.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dysphoric disorders and paroxysmal affects: recognition and treatment of epilepsy-related psychiatric disorders.

Interictal dysphoric disorder is an intermittent and pleiomorphic affective-somatoform disorder that presumably occurs as a result of inhibitory mechanisms in chronic mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Treatment with antidepressant medication, enhanced if necessary with small doses of an atypical antipsychotic, tends to be highly effective. The dysphoric disorder also occurs in the absence of epilepsy in a subictal variation, particularly in patients with brain lesions and as premenstrual dysphoric disorder. The paroxysmal affects, ranging from irritability through anger to rage, play a major role in interictal dysphoric disorder. Their manifestation among patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is counterbalanced by the fact that these individuals tend to be highly ethical and religious. The paroxysmal affects that may emerge with vehemence during episodes of interictal dysphoric disorder play a role in all people, differing in prominence among individuals. For a comprehensive view of the psychiatric aspects of epilepsy, the important premodern findings are reviewed together with recent ones.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Personality disorders in patients with panic disorder].

The relationship between personality disorders and panic disorder in adults is analyzed in this study. The patients included in this work presented anxiety disorder with agoraphobia and were compared with a group of normal controls. The percentage of patients with personality disorder was 46% significantly higher than those encountered in the control group (16%). The existence of these disorders do not seem to modify the severity of panic disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Mentally disordered offenders. Patterns in the relationship between mental disorder and crime.

Five patterns among mentally disordered offenders are distinguished by the relationship between mental disorder, on the one hand, and criminality, on the other. Pattern 1 offenders are those for whom crime is a response to psychotic symptoms, most often delusions or hallucinations. Pattern 2 offenders commit crimes motivated by compulsive desires, such as sex offenses by paraphiles and offenses regarded as evidence of disorders of impulse control. Pattern 3 offenders are those with personality disorder for whom the crime is merely one example of a maladaptive pattern of voluntary and knowing behavior. Pattern 4 offenders have coincidental mental illness that is unrelated to the crime. Pattern 5 offenders are those who become mentally disordered or feign mental disorder as a result of their crimes, such as those who dissociate upon seeing what they have done, those who become depressed in prison, those who become psychotic on death row, and those who malinger mental illness. Although these categories do not determine whether offenders are responsible for their behavior, some unknown proportion of Pattern 1 offenders do meet legal criteria for insanity, depending on the facts of each case and the applicable legal standards. It is arguable whether or not Pattern 2 offenders ever meet legal criteria of insanity. Offenders evidencing only Patterns 3, 4, or 5 are not candidates for an insanity defense.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Large-scale genotyping in research into autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder].

INTRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are two neuropsychiatric disorders beginning in childhood that present a high degree of familial aggregation. ASD is characterised by social interaction and communication disorders, whereas patients with ADHD display persistent inattention and/or hyperactive-impulsive behaviour. With the exception of a few cases of autism in which cytogenetic anomalies or mutations have been reported in specific genes, the aetiology of these diseases remains unknown. This is a group of multifactorial diseases with several genes having a lesser effect and there is also an environmental component. Genetic linkage studies have pointed to about 20 chromosomal regions that could well contain genes that grant susceptibility to autism, to ADHD or to both disorders. The challenge to researchers lies in the clinical characterisation, recruitment of patients with ASD and ADHD, gene dosage quantification studies, comparative genomic methylation and hybridisation in order to identify chromosomal rearrangements in patients with autism and severe mental retardation. CONCLUSIONS: Genotyping large SNP-type collections that are potentially functional in genes that are candidates for these disorders, based on pharmacological, biochemical and neuropathological data together with that coming from animal models and linkage studies in a wide collection of samples from patients and controls, will enable us to identify the genetic components of these pathologies and to define their biological foundations.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Substance use disorders, anorexia, bulimia, and concurrent disorders.

BACKGROUND: While the co-prevalence of eating disorders (ED) has been documented in individuals with substance use disorders (SUD), little is known about the co-occurrence of other disorders in this population. Examining this issue is critical for public health policy and treatment success. OBJECTIVE: To identify and evaluate the co-occurrence of ED and other psychiatric disorders in men and women with SUD. METHODS: The sample consisted of individuals seeking treatment for substance use. Semi-structured interviews and the CAMH Concurrent Disorders Screener were completed to assess DSM-IV psychopathology. RESULTS: Chi-square analyses suggested that more women scored positive for ED than men, EDs were more prevalent in both genders than in the general population, and the co-occurrence of other disorders was higher for clients with both SUD and ED than with SUD. DISCUSSION: Individuals with both SUD and ED appear to have multiple needs that may not be readily assessed by existing addiction treatment programs. Assessment issues, treatment, potential prevention and health promotion implications are addressed.

Adolescent↗