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PubMed1971

Alkane oxidation by a particulate preparation from Candida.

The oxidation of decane by a cell-free particulate preparation from Candida intermedia was studied. Decane is oxidized to decanoate via decanol and decanaldehyde. Oxidation of decane to decanol requires molecular oxygen. Decanol is oxidized to decanaldehyde by a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked dehydrogenase differing greatly in specificity from ordinary yeast alcohol dehydrogenase. Decanaldehyde is oxidized to decanoate by a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked dehydrogenase that oxidizes long-chain aldehydes but not short-chain aldehydes. The enzymes that oxidize decane, decanol, and decanaldehyde are all induced when decane is present in the medium. These enzymes are apparently located in the cell membrane.

Acids↗
PubMed1988

Cultural and chemical characterization of CDC groups EO-2, M-5, and M-6, Moraxella (Moraxella) species, Oligella urethralis, Acinetobacter species, and Psychrobacter immobilis.

We determined phenotypic characteristics, cellular fatty acid composition, and isoprenoid quinone content of representative strains of CDC groups EO-2, M-5, and M-6, Moraxella (Moraxella) species, Oligella urethralis, Acinetobacter species, and Psychrobacter immobilis. All organisms contained ubiquinone with eight isoprene units as the major isoprenolog, but distinct differences were observed in fatty acid composition. Twenty-eight of the original collection of CDC group EO-2 strains were further identified as P. immobilis, EO-2, or EO-3 by distinctive cellular fatty acid profiles, cellular morphology, and pigment production. The cellular fatty acid compositions of M-5 and M-6 were similar but were clearly different from those of other organisms. The genus Acinetobacter was differentiated from other organisms in the study by small amounts of 2-hydroxydodecanoic acid (2-OH-12:0), and P. immobilis was differentiated by small amounts of decanoic acid (10:0) and a branched-chain 17-carbon acid (i-17:0). All Moraxella species were distinguished by small amounts of decanoic acid (10:0) and the absence of i-17:0. M. bovis, M. nonliquefaciens, and some strains of M. lacunata formed a single fatty acid group, while M. osloensis, M. phenylpyruvica, M. atlantae, and other strains of M. lacunata (M. lacunata II) had species-specific fatty acid profiles. O. urethralis differed from Moraxella species by the presence of large amounts (49%) of cis-vaccenic acid (18:1 omega 7c), small amounts (1%) of 3-hydroxyhexadecanoate (3-OH-16:0), and the absence of 10:0 and 3-hydroxydodecanoate (3-OH-12:0). The combined use of chemical data and a small number of conventional tests permitted rapid identification and differentiation of these organisms from each other and from related organisms.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1999

Lymphatic absorption of structured triglycerides vs. physical mix in a rat model of fat malabsorption.

Comparison was made between the intestinal absorption and lymphatic transport of a randomly interesterified fish oil and medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) structured triglycerides (STG) vs. the physical mix in rat small intestine following ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. Under halothane anesthesia, the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was occluded for 20 min and then reperfused in I/R rats. The SMA was isolated but not occluded in control rats. In both treatment groups, the mesenteric lymph duct was cannulated and a gastric tube was inserted. Each treatment group received 1 ml of the fish oil-MCT STG or physical mix (7 rats/group) through the gastric tube followed by an infusion of PBS at 3 ml/h for 8 h. Lymph was collected hourly for 8 h. Lymph triglyceride, cholesterol, and decanoic and eicosapentaenoic acids increased rapidly and maintained a significantly higher output (P < 0.01) with STG compared with physical mix in control rats over 8 h. After I/R, lymphatic triglyceride output decreased 50% compared with control. Gastric infusion of STG significantly improved lipid transport by having a twofold higher triglyceride, cholesterol, and decanoic and eicosapentaenoic acids output to lymph compared with its physical mix (P < 0.01). We conclude that STG is absorbed into lymph significantly better than physical mix by both the normal intestine and the intestine injured by I/R.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of growth hormone and other anabolic agents in AIDS wasting.

Body wasting and loss of lean body mass (LBM) have been associated with increased mortality and disease progression, and reduced quality of life, in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The failure of nutritional therapies and, more recently, of effective viral suppression, to consistently restore LBM has prompted investigation of the pharmacologic use of a number of specific protein anabolic agents, including recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH), insulin-like growth factor I (rhIGF-I), and synthetic testosterone derivatives, such as nandrolone decanoate, oxandrolone, and oxymetholone. In a placebo-controlled trial, treatment with rhGH resulted in a significant and sustained increase in weight that was accompanied by an even greater increase in LBM and a decrease in fat, and improvement in treadmill work output. Preliminary data suggest that short-term rhGH treatment may be effective in mitigating weight loss in patients with secondary infections. Open-label studies of nandrolone decanoate suggest that this injectable agent also can increase weight and LBM. Two oral agents, oxandrolone and oxymetholone, can increase weight, but their effects on LBM in placebo-controlled trials have not been reported. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that HIV-infected individuals can regain weight and LBM under the proper therapeutic circumstances. The effects of reversal of wasting on survival and disease progression, long-term safety, and the potential value of these therapies in the treatment of fat redistribution remain to be determined.

HIV Wasting Syndrome↗
PubMed1986

A comparative trial of depot pipothiazine.

Thirty-nine chronic schizophrenic patients were selected for a 12-month double-blind evaluation of the effectiveness of pipothiazine palmitate (PPT) and flupenthixol decanoate (FPX) in the maintenance management of their illness. Allocation was at random and, in order to allow constant injection intervals, the patients typically received every 2 weeks either 40 mg of flupenthixol decanoate or alternating injections of 100 mg of pipothiazine palmitate and placebo. At monthly intervals the patients were assessed using both a battery of rating scales (which included the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Extrapyramidal Symptoms Rating Scale (EPS] and a general side-effects evaluation. At 3-monthly intervals they were also rated on the Comprehensive Psychiatric Rating Scale (CPRS) and the Zung Depression Scale. Haematological and biochemical tests were performed every 3 months. Both drugs provided good control of psychotic symptoms and side-effects were not troublesome. No substantial difference was detected on the CPRS and the Zung scales. There was a trend in favour of PPT on the BPRS survey, detectable at 6 months and reaching statistical significance by 12 months. We conclude that the PPT regime is at least as effective as the FPX treatment and probably more so. It is possible that even longer periods of control could be obtained with PPT.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Fluphenazine treatment of DSM-III-R male schizophrenic patients among the Xhosa.

A comparison of fluphenazine decanoate depot injection used alone and fluphenazine decanoate with fluphenazine HCl i.m. was undertaken in South African Xhosa patients with schizophrenia diagnosed according to DSM-III-R. The combined treatment significantly shortened the length of hospital stay to a mean of 30.5 days from a mean of 40.7 days for the single therapy group. The combined treatment group also obtained significantly higher improvement ratings one week after the start of treatment than the single treatment patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Novel phorbol esters exert dichotomous effects on inhibition of HIV-1 infection and activation of latent HIV-1 expression.

Two new phorbol esters, NPB-11 (12-O-methoxymethylphorbol-13-decanoate) and NPB-15 (12-O-benzyloxymethylphorbol-13-decanoate) were synthesized. The compounds exhibited potent anti-HIV-1 activity and low cytotoxicity in MT-4 cells by MTT assay even at a high concentration [50% cytotoxic concentrations (CC50) were 8.32 and 4.39 microg/ml, respectively]. Two inhibitors strongly suppressed HIV-1 (IIIB strain) replication in MT-4 cells with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 1.3 and 0.27 ng/ml, respectively. NPB-11 efficiently blocked replication of both X4 and R5 HIV-1 in PHA-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and MT-4 cells as revealed by p24 assay. The antiviral activity appeared to be mediated, at least partially, by the down-regulation of the expression of CD4 and the HIV-1 co-receptors, CXCR4 and CCR5. The compounds were also capable of selectively up-regulating HIV-1 expression in a variety of latently infected cell lines and inducing cell death in HIV-1 infected cells. The effect of NPBs on the induction of HIV-1 was specifically blocked by nontoxic doses of a protein kinase C blocker, staurosporine. NPB-11 blocked the spread of HIV-1 released from latently infected ACH-2 cells to MT-4 cells in a co-culture system. When combined with AZT, NPB-11 synergistically inhibited HIV-1 replication in MTT assay using MT-4 cells. These data suggest that these agents might be useful in reducing persistent viral reservoirs in patients and as adjuvant therapy in patients treated with HAART.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of inpatient depot antipsychotic prescribing.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the use of fluphenazine decanoate and haloperidol decanoate in an inpatient setting. DESIGN: A prospective observational study conducted over a 3-month period. SETTING: A 400-bed state psychiatric hospital. INTERVENTIONS: The psychiatric pharmacy staff evaluated the medical records and new orders of 30 consecutive patients receiving depot antipsychotic formulations using a detailed evaluation form and the hospital pharmacy computer database. Criteria for evaluation were derived from the medical literature and product information, and included the following areas: diagnosis, stabilization on a short-acting form of the antipsychotic, appropriateness of dosage conversion to depot therapy, concomitant administration of short-acting antipsychotics (and duration of concomitant medications), and plasma concentration monitoring. RESULTS: Only 7 patients (23%) received what would be considered optimal depot antipsychotic therapy. These patients were receiving a stable dosage of a short-acting antipsychotic prior to conversion to depot therapy (i.e., > or = 7 d), received optimal dose conversion to a depot form, and received optimum overlap with a short-acting preparation (i.e., overlap < or = 7 d with fluphenazine HCI and 7-30 d with haloperidol HCI). When length of stay data were evaluated, no significant differences were observed in patients who received optimal therapy versus those who did not. There was also no difference in length of stay when the study group was compared with an age-, sex-, and diagnosis-matched cohort group. However, quantitatively fewer adverse effects were reported for patients whose treatment was considered optimal on the basis of the evaluation criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Depot antipsychotic therapy frequently did not meet the criteria for optimal use. This did not affect length of hospital stay in these individuals. However, individuals who met the criteria experienced quantitatively fewer adverse events.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1979

Depressive and extrapyramidal symptoms and clinical effects: a trial of fluphenazine versus flupenthixol in maintenance of schizophrenic out-patients.

Fifty-seven patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were started on either fluphenazine decanoate or flupenthixol decanoate injections in a double-blind trial just prior to discharge into the community. During the six month follow-up 30 per cent dropped out of the treatment. Of those observed for six months, 7 per cent relapsed, 54 per cent experienced depressive symptoms and 88 per cent extrapyramidial side-effects. Analysis of both clinical data and the ratings failed to discriminate between the two drugs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Psychiatric disturbance in mentally handicapped patients. A prospective study of current clinical usage of depot fluphenazine in hospitals for the mentally handicapped.

One hundred and two mentally handicapped and severely mentally handicapped patients with behaviour disorders and superadded mental illnesses which, in most cases, had not responded adequately to oral medication, entered a 12-week study of fluphenazine decanoate depot injections. Some of the patients had the additional complications of epilepsy, organic brain damage, and physical handicap. Highly significant overall improvements occurred, irrespective of such factors as the patient's age, sex, degree of mental handicap, or co-existence of epilepsy, or brain damage. Hyperpyrexia was not encountered. Extrapyramidal disturbance in 22 of the patients, were mostly well controlled by antiparkinson medication; eight of the 12 patients with pre-trial extrapyramidal abnormalities lost these during the study. Fluphenazine decanoate injections proved a reliable drug-delivery system, which may improve difficult behaviours and enable the mentally handicapped patient to be more receptive to behaviour-shaping exercise, aimed at improving long-term personality adjustment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The antinociceptive effect of nalbuphine and its long-acting esters in rats.

A long-acting analgesic is particularly desirable in patients with long-lasting pain. In this study, we evaluated the antinociceptive effect and duration of action of three nalbuphine esters-nalbuphine propionate, enanthate, and decanoate-and observed whether these esters had a long-acting effect. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 12 in each group) were used. Two studies were performed. In Study 1, we evaluated the antinociceptive effect of IM nalbuphine HCl with dosages of 0.25, 1.25, 2.5, 25, and 250 micro mol/kg. In Study 2, we evaluated the antinociceptive effects of IM nalbuphine base and esters with a dosage of 25 micro mol/kg. After 2.5, 25, and 250 micro mol/kg IM injections, we found that nalbuphine HCl produced a dose-related antinociceptive effect with durations of action of 1.5, 2, and 4 h, respectively. After a 25 micro mol/kg IM injection, the durations of action of the nalbuphine esters, nalbuphine propionate, enanthate, and decanoate were 5, 30, and 60 h, respectively. We conclude that, on an equimolar basis, nalbuphine esters produce relatively longer durations of action than nalbuphine HCl.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed2003

The cardioprotective effect of sevoflurane depends on protein kinase C activation, opening of mitochondrial K(+)(ATP) channels, and the production of reactive oxygen species.

UNLABELLED: Several studies suggest that the cardioprotective effect of sevoflurane depends on protein kinase C (PKC) activation, mitochondrial K(+)(ATP) channel (mitoK(+)(ATP)) opening, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, evidence for their involvement was obtained in separate experimental models. Here, we studied the relative roles of PKC, mitoK(+)(ATP), and ROS in sevoflurane-induced cardioprotection in one model. Rat trabeculae were subjected to simulated ischemia by applying metabolic inhibition (MI) through buffer containing NaCN, followed by 60-min reperfusion. Recovery of active force (F(a)) was assessed as percentage of pre-MI force. In time controls, F(a) amounted 60% +/- 5% at the end of the experiment. The recovery of F(a) after MI was reduced to 28% +/- 5% (P = 0.045 versus time control), whereas sevoflurane reversed the detrimental effect of MI (F(a) recovery, 67% +/- 8%; P = 0.01 versus MI). The PKC inhibitor chelerythrine, the mitoK(+)(ATP) inhibitor 5-hydroxy decanoic, and the ROS scavenger N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)-glycine all completely abolished the protective effect of sevoflurane (recovery of F(a), 31% +/- 8%, 33% +/- 8%, and 24% +/- 9% for chelerythrine, 5-hydroxy decanoic, and N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)-glycine, respectively). In conclusion, PKC activation, mitoK(+)(ATP) channel opening, and ROS production are all essential for sevoflurane-induced cardioprotection. These signaling events are arranged in series within a common signaling pathway, rather than in parallel cascades. Our findings implicate that the perioperative use of sevoflurane preserves cardiac function by preventing ischemia-reperfusion injury. IMPLICATIONS: Protein kinase C, mitochondrial K(+)(ATP) channels and reactive oxygen species act within one downstream signaling pathway in mediating the cardioprotective effect of sevoflurane.

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters↗
PubMed2002

Inhibition of cytopathic effect of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 by various phorbol derivatives.

Forty-eight derivatives of phorbol (9) and isophorbol (14) were evaluated for their inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 induced cytopathic effects (CPE) on MT-4 cells, as well as their activation of protein kinase C (PKC), as indices of anti-HIV-1 and tumor promoting activities, respectively. Of these compounds, the most potent inhibition of CPE was observed in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (8) and 12-O-acetylphorbol 13-decanoate (6). The former also showed the strongest PKC activation activity, while the latter showed no activity at 10 ng/ml. Both activities were generally observed in those phorbol derivatives with an A/B trans configuration, but not in the isophorbol derivatives with an A/B cis configuration. Acetylation of 20-OH in the phorbol derivatives significantly reduced the inhibition of CPE, as shown in 12-O-, 20-O-diacetylphorbol 13-decanoate (6a) (IC100=15.6 microg/ml) vs. compound 6 (IC100=0.0076 microg/ml), and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13,20-diacetate (8a) (IC100=15.6 microg/ml) vs. 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (8) (IC100=0.00048 microg/ml), except in the case of 12-O-decanoylphorbol 13-(2-methylbutyrate) (4) and phorbol 12,13-diacetate (9c). The reduction of a carbonyl group at C-3 abruptly reduced the inhibition of CPE, as observed in 3beta-hydroxyphorbol 12,13,20-triacetate (9f) (IC100=500 microg/ml) vs. phorbol 12,13,20-triacetate (9d) (IC100=62.5 microg/ml). Although 8 was equipotent in the inhibition of CPE, and activation of PKC, both activities were abruptly decreased by the acetylation of 20-OH and methylation of 4-OH [as in 8a and 4-O-methyl-12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13,20-diacetate (8b), respectively]. On the other hand, its positional isomer (12-O-acetylphorbol 13-tetradecanoate (8c) showed neither activities. The removal of a long acyl group in 8 led to a substantial loss of both activities, as shown in phorbol 13-acetate (9b). Of the 12-O-acetyl-13-O-acylphorbol derivatives, the highest inhibition of CPE was observed in 6, which has a dodecanoyl residue at C-13. Both an increase and decrease in the number of fatty acid carbon chains resulted in significant reduction of the inhibition of CPE.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Recurrent heat-related illnesses during antipsychotic treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of recurrent heat-related illnesses associated with the use of benzhexol, chlorpromazine, and zuclopenthixol decanoate. CASE SUMMARY: During the summer of 2004, a 48-year-old man with a history of diabetes mellitus and schizophrenia was twice admitted to the hospital because of heat-related illnesses. On both occasions, he had been working under the sun in an open car park. His medications included benzhexol 2 mg twice daily, chlorpromazine 650 mg at bedtime, and zuclopenthixol decanoate intramuscular injection 600 mg every 4 weeks. In the first admission, the clinical diagnosis was heat stroke. He was discharged home on day 14, with precautionary advice against heat stroke. In the second admission, the clinical diagnosis was heat exhaustion. He was discharged home on day 4 and reminded of the precautions against heat stroke. An objective causality assessment revealed that the adverse event was possibly drug related in the first admission and probably drug related in the second admission. DISCUSSION: Several drugs can impair thermoregulation during exercise or under conditions of environmental heat stress. Anticholinergic drugs or drugs with anticholinergic effects can inhibit sweating and reduce heat elimination. Neuroleptics (antipsychotics), such as phenothiazines, have combined anticholinergic and central thermoregulatory effects. The set point of the temperature regulation center can be elevated by the antidopaminergic effect of antipsychotics, such as phenothiazines and thioxanthenes. CONCLUSIONS: Certain drugs may induce or worsen heat-related illnesses. During a heat wave, special attention should be given to those most at risk, and the importance of preventive measures should be emphasized.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1993

Effects of perfluoro fatty acids on peroxisome proliferation and mitochondrial size in mouse liver: dose and time factors and effect of chain length.

1. Male mice were fed a diet containing perfluoro fatty acids of varying chain length (i.e. perfluoroacetic, -butyric, -octanoic and -decanoic acids) at different doses (0.02 or 0.1% w/w of diet) for different periods of time (2-10 days), and effects on liver weight, hepatic mitochondrial protein and hepatic peroxisomal palmitoyl-CoA oxidation, lauroyl-CoA oxidase and catalase were monitored. 2. The greatest effects were obtained with perfluoro-octanoic and perfluoro decanoic acids, while perfluoro acetic acid was inactive. The effects with 0.02% w/w of diet perfluoro-octanoic acid were at least as great as those observed with 0.1%. A more detailed dose-response investigation focused on perfluoro-octanoic acid revealed that maximal effects with this substance could be obtained with a dietary dose of 0.01% for 10 days and that significant changes were also observed with 0.001%. 3. Maximal effects with 0.02% w/w of diet perfluoro-octanoic acid were attained after 6-10 days of feeding. 4. As with other peroxisome proliferators, perfluoro fatty acids increase mouse hepatic peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation more extensively than they increase catalase, thus increasing hepatic oxidative stress. 5. As with other peroxisome proliferators, perfluoro fatty acids increase mouse liver mitochondrial protein. This effect is due primarily to a redistribution of mitochondria from the nuclear to the mitochondrial fraction, caused by an apparent decrease in the mean size of hepatic mitochondria after treatment.

Acyl-CoA Oxidase↗
PubMed2002

Identification of aroma compounds in Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese by gas chromatography/olfactometry.

The volatile compounds in Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese were isolated by solvent extraction/high vacuum distillation, followed by separation into acidic, basic, water-soluble, and neutral fractions. The neutral fraction was further fractionated by a normal-phase liquid chromatography. Aroma compounds were identified using gas chromatography/Osme-mass spectrometry and confirmed with retention index of standards. Butanoic, hexanoic, octanoic, and decanoic acids are the major free fatty acids contributing to cheesy, lipolyzed aroma. Ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl propanoate, ethyl pentanoate, ethyl heptanoate, and ethyl decanoate are the major esters contributing to fruity aroma. 2-Methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, 2,4-hexadienal, 2-butenal, pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, diacetyl, phenylacetaldehyde, dimethyltrisulfide, and methional were identified to be odor-active. It was found that 2,3-dimethylpyrazine, 2,6-dimethyl-pyrazine, 2,5-dimethyl-3-ethylpyrazine, trimethyl-pyrazine, 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine, 2,3-dimethyl-5-ethylpyrazine, 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-ethyl-pyrazine, furfural, and 2-furanmethanol contribute to the nutty, roasted aroma in this cheese.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Flavor production from edible oils and their constituents by Penicillium corylophilum.

Production of volatile substances from edible oils and their constituents by Penicillium corylophilum was studied to clarify the mechanism of flavor production from a non-stick oil by the organism in a rice cake system. First, edible oils from plant and animal origins were tested for flavor production. Among the oils tested, coconut oil was the only one from which the flavor was produced. Second, triacylglycerols consisting of fatty acids with various lengths of carbon chain (C6 to C13) were studied for flavor production. Among the triacylglycerols tested, flavors were produced from those consisting of fatty acids with carbon chains of C6 to C11. The flavors consisted of methylketones and secondary alcohols, whose carbon chains were one carbon shorter than the precursor fatty acid molecules of the triacylglycerols. Flavors similar to that from the non-stick oil were produced from tricaprylin (C8), trinonanoin (C9), and tridecanoin (C10) among the triacylglycerols tested. Formation of mould spores was more strongly suppressed by triacylglycerols with shorter chain fatty acids. Third, fatty acids with various lengths of carbon chain (C7 to C15) were studied for flavor production. Among the fatty acids tested, flavors were produced from decanoic (C10) and undecanoic (C11) acids only. The flavors also consisted of methylketones and secondary alcohols one carbon shorter than the precursor fatty acids. Fatty acids with short carbon chains (C7 to C9) completely inhibited the mould growth. Our study showed that the range of carbon chain length of fatty acids capable of the flavor production (C10 to C11) was narrower than that of triacylglycerols (C6 to C11). It was also found that the non-stick oil and coconut oil contain tricaprylin and tridecanoin as triacylglycerols and decanoic acid as fatty acid.

Dietary Fats↗
PubMed2003

The effects of clozapine versus haloperidol on measures of impulsive aggression and suicidality in chronic schizophrenia patients: an open, nonrandomized, 6-month study.

BACKGROUND: The risk of suicide for schizophrenia patients is 20 to 50 times higher than that for the general population. Long-term treatment with clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic, has been shown to reduce the rate of suicide by 80% to 85%. The goal of the present study was to examine whether clozapine's effect on the reduction of suicidal behavior in chronic schizophrenic patients could be due to a reduction in impulsive-aggressive behavior. METHOD: 44 patients with chronic DSM-IV schizophrenia were treated with clozapine or haloperidol decanoate in an open prospective 6-month trial. Changes in measures of suicidality, impulsiveness, aggression, depressed mood, and positive and negative symptoms were assessed at baseline and at 6 months. RESULTS: The clozapine-treated group (N = 18) had a significantly greater reduction on all outcome measures compared with the haloperidol decanoate-treated group (N = 26). Only in the clozapine-treated group did the reduction in measures of suicidality correlate significantly with a reduction in impulsiveness and aggression. The reductions in suicidality and impulsive aggression were not significantly correlated with reductions in depressed mood or positive and negative symptom scores in either group. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the reduction in suicidality following long-term clozapine treatment may be related to a reduction in impulsiveness and aggression.

Adolescent↗