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At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Gender differences in adverse drug reactions.

The objective of this study is to identify gender-related differences in the types of symptoms and drugs reported to cause an adverse drug reaction. Patient data from the Sunnybrook Health Science Centre ADR Clinic for the period from April 1986 to May 1996 were reviewed. Of the 2,367 patients assessed, 74.1% were female. The mean age of the patients was 43 +/- 17 years. Drug classes most frequently reported to elicit an adverse event were general antiinfectives (60.4%), nervous system agents (21.5%), and musculoskeletal agents (3.7%). Skin-related reactions accounted for 49.0% of all reported adverse drug reactions. More than one agent was reported to be responsible for the adverse drug reaction(s) in 50% of the female patients, versus 33.1% of all male patients. Of the female patients, 47.6% were referred for skin or oral challenge testing, versus 41.6% of the male patients. Of the female patients, 6.2% tested positive to the agent compared with 6.1% of all male patients. These results support previous findings that female gender is a risk factor for the development of adverse drug reactions. Further work is required to elucidate the mechanisms explaining the differences observed between male and female patients.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1987

Utilization of the quantitative component of the information obtained from short term tests.

We are referring in this paper to traditional tests of genotoxicity that are essentially detecting properties correlated with the initiating activity of chemical and physical agents. In classical initiation-promotion experiments, promotion is changing dramatically tumor frequency, but a better correlation between initiation and tumor frequency may exist when carcinogenesis experiments in rodents utilize only an initiator agent. End points, metabolism and target organs of short term test may be not optimal in respect to the real initiation process. In conclusion, we have to expect a very high level of statistical noise in the correlation between short term tests and carcinogenicity in rodents. Correlations of this type are not unique in science. For instance, the input data for weather forecasting and the real weather are often related with a high level of statistical noise. But this is not considered a good reason for throwing away the quantitative component of the input information. Similarly, in this context the utilization of the quantitative component of the information improves in a moderate, but not negligible way the predictive value of the information offered from short term tests, especially when they are used in a battery. In this review we discuss the possibility that, when studying correlations between genotoxicity tests and carcinogenicity in rodents, a quantitative approach could replace with important advantages the qualitative approach generally adopted up to the present time. The qualitative approach appeared as a more modest but realistic approach to the complexities of these correlation studies. What we suggest is that a quantitative approach mathematically not less correct than the qualitative approach is feasible. More precise and useful information for risk assessment evaluations can be obtained.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Statistical methods in public health and epidemiology: a look at the recent past and projections for the next decade.

This article attempts to prognosticate from past patterns, the type of statistical methods that will be used in published public health and epidemiological studies in the decade that follows the millennium. With this in mind, we conducted a study that would characterize trends in use of statistical methods in two major public health journals: the American Journal of Public Health, and the American Journal of Epidemiology. We took a probability sample of 348 articles published in these journals between 1970 and 1998. For each article sampled, we abstracted information on the design of the study and the types of statistical methods used in the article. Our major findings are that the proportion of articles using statistical methods as well as the mean number of statistical methods used per article has increased dramatically over the three decades surveyed. Also, the proportion of published articles using study designs that we classified as analytic has increased over the years. We also examined patterns of use in these journals of three statistical methodologies: logistic regression, proportional hazards regression, and methods for analysis of data from complex sample surveys. These methods were selected because they had been introduced initially in the late 1960s or early 1970s and had made considerable impact on data analysis in the biomedical sciences in the 1970s-90s. Estimated usage of each of these techniques remained relatively low until user-friendly software became available. Our overall conclusions are that new statistical methods are developed on the basis of need, disseminated to potential users over a course of many years, and often do not reach maximum use until tools for their comfortable use are made readily available to potential users. Based on these conclusions, we identify certain needs that are not now being met and which are likely to generate new statistical methodologies that we will see in the next decade.

Biometry↗
PubMed2006

Bioinformatics for cancer management in the post-genome era.

Human cancer is caused by multiple factors, such as genetic predisposition, chronic persistent inflammation, environmental factors, life style, and aging. Dysregulated proliferation, dysregulated adhesion, resistance to apoptosis, resistance to senescence, and resistance to anti-cancer drugs are features of cancer cells. Accumulation of multiple epigenetic changes and genetic alterations of cancer-associated genes during multi-stage carcinogenesis results in more malignant phenotypes. Post-genome science is characterized by omics data related to genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, interactome, and epigenome as well as by high-throughput technology, such as whole-genome tiling oligonucleotide array, array CGH with 32,433 overlapping BAC clones, transcriptome microarray, mass spectrometry, tissue-based expression array, and cell-based transfection array. Benchtop oncology supplies Desktop oncology with large amounts of omics data produced by high-throughput technology. Desktop oncology establishes knowledge on cancer-related biomarkers, such as predisposition markers, diagnostic markers, prognostic markers, and therapeutic markers, by using bioinformatics and human intelligence of experts for data mining and text mining. Bedside oncology applies the knowledge established by Desktop oncology to determine therapeutics for cancer patients. Antibody drugs (Trastuzumab/Herceptin, Cetuximab/Erbitux, Bevacizumab/Avastin, et cetera), small molecule inhibitors for tyrosine kinases (Gefitinib/Iressa, Erlotinib/Tarceva, Imatinib/Gleevec, et cetera), conventional cytotoxic drugs, and anti-hormonal drugs are used for cancer chemotherapy. Biomarker monitoring contributes to therapeutic optional choice and drug dosage determination for cancer patients. Knowledge on biomarkers is feedforwarded from desktop to bedside in the translational research, and then biomarker monitoring is feedbacked from bedside to desktop in the reverse translational research. Desktop oncology is indispensable for cancer research in the post-genome era. Combination of genetic screening for cancer predisposition in the general population and precise selection of therapeutic options during cancer management could contribute to the realization of personalized prevention and to dramatically improve the prognosis of cancer patients in the future.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2005

Chemistry in bioinformatics.

Chemical information is now seen as critical for most areas of life sciences. But unlike Bioinformatics, where data is openly available and freely re-usable, most chemical information is closed and cannot be re-distributed without permission. This has led to a failure to adopt modern informatics and software techniques and therefore paucity of chemistry in bioinformatics. New technology, however, offers the hope of making chemical data (compounds and properties) free during the authoring process. We argue that the technology is already available; we require a collective agreement to enhance publication protocols.

Access to Information↗
PubMed2005

Simple algorithm to determine the near-edge smoke boundaries with scanning lidar.

We propose a modified algorithm for the gradient method to determine the near-edge smoke plume boundaries using backscatter signals of a scanning lidar. The running derivative of the ratio of the signal standard deviation (STD) to the accumulated sum of the STD is calculated, and the location of the global maximum of this function is found. No empirical criteria are required to determine smoke boundaries; thus the algorithm can be used without a priori selection of threshold values. The modified gradient method is not sensitive to the signal random noise at the far end of the lidar measurement range. Experimental data obtained with the Fire Sciences Laboratory lidar during routine prescribed fires in Montana were used to test the algorithm. Analysis results are presented that demonstrate the robustness of this algorithm.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

[Professional training in biology: its relationships with animal experimentation and environmental protection].

With reference to the controversy regarding animal experimentation, this article questions the relationship with the professional training in universities. The considerations voiced in the paper are based on data gathered from interviews with students and professors of Biological Science courses at two different universities in São Paulo. These data reveal that the use of animals is not seen as an ethical problem by most of the people interviewed and, also, that there exists a high degree of unfamiliarity with the laws, principles and techniques recommended for animal experimentation. It is also suggested that this situation springs from a class orientation and predominance of a technician tendency geared toward professionalization, which in turn is subordinated to market demands, in university teaching.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2001

Mendelian controversies: a botanical and historical review.

Gregor Mendel was a 19(th) century priest and botanist who developed the fundamental laws of inheritance. The year 2000 marked a century since the rediscovery of those laws and the beginning of genetics. Although Mendel is now recognized as the founder of genetics, significant controversy ensued about his work throughout the 20(th) century. In this paper, we review five of the most contentious issues by looking at the historical record through the lens of current botanical science: (1) Are Mendel's data too good to be true? (2) Is Mendel's description of his experiments fictitious? (3) Did Mendel articulate the laws of inheritance attributed to him? (4) Did Mendel detect but not mention linkage? (5) Did Mendel support or oppose Darwin?A synthesis of botanical and historical evidence supports our conclusions: Mendel did not fabricate his data, his description of his experiments is literal, he articulated the laws of inheritance attributed to him insofar as was possible given the information he had, he did not detect linkage, and he neither strongly supported nor opposed Darwin.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

[Tuberculosis in adolescents: diagnosis, clinical picture, and treatment].

The paper is dedicated to the anniversary of Professor V. I. Puzik, Honored Science Worker. It gives the data of morphological studies from her dissertation and some sections of the dissertations supervised by V. I. Puzik. The paper also presents data on the diagnosis, clinical picture, and treatment of tuberculosis in adolescents. The problems of early detection, differential diagnosis, the significance of concomitant diseases and social factors in the course of tuberculosis are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the importance of drug resistance in adolescent patients with tuberculosis, which has been revealed in 63.3% of cases. Complex treatment with essential, reserve, and combined antituberculous drugs is recommended in relation to the sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is also advisable to treat concomitant diseases and to prescribe pathogenetic agents enhancing the body's overall resistance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Evaluation of medication side-effects from an economic perspective].

Pharmacovigilance is a health sciences discipline devoted to the data collection, data analysis and decision-making related to adverse drug reactions (ADR). It has played an expanded theoretical and practical role since the 1960's. However, few studies have made a careful analysis of the decision-making costs in evaluating ADRs. Herein, the relevant literature is reviewed concerning the costs generated due to the attention of the drug adverse events in medical practice. Examples are taken from international literature which offer by extrapolation of the potential future costs of ADR in Colombia. The objective is to sensitize and generate insights about the need for implementation and development of a national pharmacovigilance system.

Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions↗
PubMed2004

Redefining the confidence interval.

The confidence interval, its close cousin the p-value, and other statistical summaries of data are widely used in science, including the occupational and environmental health sciences, but they are almost as widely misused. My purpose here is to review some basic matters that should be covered in every introductory statistics course, but are generally omitted. More specifically, some of the many assumptions that are needed in the usual forms of analysis are reviewed.

Confidence Intervals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An analysis of behavior management papers published in the pediatric dental literature.

PURPOSE: Behavior management is considered a keystone entity in pediatric dentistry. The purpose of this article was to: (1) categorize behavior management literature primarily published in Pediatric Dentistry and the Journal of Dentistry for Children over the past 30 years to determine the quantity of survey, opinion, and clinical publication types; and (2) focus on the specific techniques of behavior management, sanctioned by the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, to determine the extent of evidence-based support for the techniques. METHODS: A search of articles focusing on behavior management, but excluding sedation, was conducted of Pediatric Dentistry and the Journal of Dentistry for Children from 1970 to the present time. The publications were reviewed, data on authors, titles, and publication dates entered into a spreadsheet, and the publications divided into different types for analysis. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-eight articles were identified and used for analysis. The number of publications involving clinical studies was less than a third (30%) of the total number of articles identified, 38% were opinion papers, and 32% were surveys or descriptions of behavior management in the dental setting. The number of clinical studies peaked in the mid 1980s, and surveys have increased over the past decade. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence-based data to support a clinical science of the effectiveness of behavior management techniques in pediatric dentistry is limited and needs further development.

Behavior Control↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Problems related to shiftwork for health care workers at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.

A cross-sectional study of shiftwork-related problems was carried out among health care workers at hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran. Data on personal details, shift schedule and adverse effects of shiftwork were collected from 432 randomly selected subjects by questionnaire. Sleep, social and subjective problems were more prevalent in shiftworkers than day workers. Irregular shiftwork schedules caused more social and subjective problems, as well as work dissatisfaction. Voluntary selection of shiftworking produced fewer health problems.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2006

[Pathogenesis and histopathology of pseudoexfoliative lesions. The eyeball disease or ocular manifestation of a generalized process?].

Pseudoexfoliation syndrome, known since nearly hundred years, is considered at present as generalized disorder of the extracellular substance metabolism, although its etiology and pathogenesis remain unclear. Its morphological manifestation includes accumulation of fibrillar material deposits in ocular tissues which may be a ground for various ocular pathologies, in particular the open-angle glaucoma for which the syndrome is the most common identifiable cause. In patients with ocular deposits aggregates of similar material were recently identified in the skin as well as in some internal organs (e.g. heart, lung, liver, kidney). However, their clinical significance is not clear--some evidences suggest their association with transient ischemic attacks or aortic aneurysm formation. Numerous recently presented epidemiological data and improvements in basic sciences brought a new insight into the syndrome, up to now regarded as a purely ophthalmologic matter. Histopathological features as well as actual knowledge on the pathogenesis of the pseudoexfoliation syndrome is described.

Anterior Eye Segment↗
PubMed1979

Muscarinic receptor regulation of NG108-15 adenylate cyclase: requirement for Na+ and GTP.

Cholinergic agonists inhibit the basal and PGE1-activated adenylate cyclase activity in membranes isolated from the mouse neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cell NG108-15. Inhibition is observed with acetylcholine, acetyl-beta-methylcholine and carbachol and is blocked by two specific muscarinic antagonists, atropine and quinuclydinylbenzilate. Inhibition of basal and PGE1-activated activity is only partial. Carbachol-directed inhibition has an apparent Km of 6 microM in the presence or absence of PGE1. Both the guanine nucleotide GTP and the monovalent cation Na+ are required for this muscarinic inhibition of basal and PGE1-activated NG108-15 adenylate cyclase. The selectivity observed for monovalent cations (all chloride salts) in this process is Na+ congruent to Li+ greater than K+ greater than Choline+ with the ED50 for Na+ congruent 40 microM. Of the nucleotides tested, only IT (and not ATP, UTP or CTP) replaces GTP in this process. GTP at 10 microM represents a saturating nucleotide concentration. Opiate-directed inhibition of NG108-15 adenylate cyclase has recently been shown to exhibit a similar requirement for GTP and Na+ [Blume, A. J., Lichtshtein, D. and Boone, G. (1979) Proc. National Academy of Sciences, USA, in press]. The data presented here therefore support the hypothesis that the general transfer of inhibitory information from membrane receptors to adenylate cyclase involves both a Na+ and GTP-sensitive process.

4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone↗
PubMed1984

Validity of selection criteria for a coordinated undergraduate program.

Academic records and selection interview results of 46 graduates of the University of Minnesota coordinated undergraduate program (CUP) in dietetics were examined to determine relationships between selection criteria and subsequent performance in the program and on the registration examination for dietitians. Data collected included (a) entering science, communication, and overall grade point averages (GPAs), (b) junior and senior year grades in professional didactic and clinical courses, (c) registration examination scores, and (d) interview scores. Entering GPAs were significantly related to performance on the registration examination and to didactic, but not to clinical, performance in the program. Grades in clinical courses were seldom related to registration examination performance. Interview results showed little relationship either to program performance or to registration examination scores.

Dietetics↗
PubMed1994

Signaling through CD19 activates Vav/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and induces formation of a CD19/Vav/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex in human B cell precursors.

The B cell-specific cell surface molecule CD19 plays a role in regulating immunoglobulin (Ig) receptor signaling, and cross-linking CD19 activates several signaling molecules in mature human B cells. In surface Ig-negative B cell precursors, a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK)-dependent homotypic aggregation response can be triggered by cross-linking CD19. In the current study, we examined the outcome of PTK-mediated signal transduction following CD19 cross-linking on surface Ig negative and surface Ig positive B cell lines, as well as freshly isolated surface Ig-negative B cell precursors. PTK activation resulted in the tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple protein substrates and peaked at 0.5-1 min following CD19 cross-linking in all B-lineage cells examined. One of the tyrosine-phosphorylated substrates was identified as the hematopoietic-specific protein Vav, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that activates the Ras pathway. Evidence consistent with Ras pathway activation was also demonstrated by MEK activation and subsequent phosphorylation of a MAP kinase fusion protein. CD19 cross-linking, sequential immunoprecipitation, and Western blotting revealed that: (a) Vav becomes associated with CD19, (b) phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) becomes associated with CD19, and (c) PI 3-kinase becomes associated with Vav. No such physical interaction occurred following control IgG1 cross-linking or cross-linking of class I major histocompatability complex cell surface molecules. Coupled with a previous report (Tuveson, D.A., Carter, R.H., Soltoff, S.P., and Fearon, D.T. (1993) Science 260, 986-988), our data support a model in which CD19 cross-linking induces the formation of a signaling complex that leads to the activation of two pathways involving Ras and PI 3-kinase.

Antigens, CD↗