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PubMed1981

Increased urination following p-chloroamphetamine.

Para-chloramphetamine (PCA) is a drug whose long-term and short-term neurochemical and behavioral effects have received considerable attention. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether PCA produces acute urination, defecation, and body weight changes similar to that seen following various amphetamine derivatives. Following baseline test sessions, rats were administered either 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0 or 10.0 mg/kg of PCA or saline. Results indicated increased urination at some doses tested. Increased defecation, salivation, locomotor activities, and body weight losses were also observed. These data are discussed in terms of possible CNS or peripheral mechanisms of action.

Amphetamines↗
PubMed1992

Effects of lithium and purinergic compounds on the behavioral and physiological aspects of restraint stress in rats.

This study investigates the effects of lithium and caffeine on psychomotor activities, defecation, and gastric lesions induced by restraint stress. Rats exposed to restraint stress typically exhibited a biphasic response consisting of an initial hypermotility (such as tail-flipping, body-rolling, jaw movement, and vocalization) accompanied by defecation, and followed by hypomotility (decrease in motility) accompanied by gastric ulceration. Lithium chloride (150 micrograms, ICV; 50 and 100 mg/kg, IP) significantly attenuated these responses while N6-cyclohexyl adenosine (CHA; 1.5 micrograms, ICV; 0.3 mg/kg, IP), a potent adenosine A1 receptor agonist, attenuated the behavioral effects but potentiated the gastric ulceration. Caffeine (3 micrograms, ICV; 1.0 mg/kg, IP), an adenosine receptor antagonist, inhibited the effects of CHA in animals exposed to 3 h of stress, but aggravated the effects in animals exposed to 6-12 h of stress. These results suggest that caffeine consumption may produce supersensitivity of adenosine receptors, which potentiate the actions of adenosine or CHA. Lithium may modulate the effects of stress by indirectly inhibiting central adenosine receptor activity.

Adenosine↗
PubMed1988

Are emotion and motivation localized in the limbic system and nucleus accumbens?

Groups of control rats without surgery or groups of rats prepared with surgical lesions of the septal nuclei, amygdala, cingulate cortex, accumbens nucleus, section of the fornix, or sham surgical operations, were tested in a simple autonomic conditioning situation (conditioned defecation). Control rats and rats with lesions of the accumbens nucleus were also tested in a straight alley maze under varying conditions of water deprivation. In general, the lesions had little effect except that amygdaloid damage impaired acquisition of conditioned defecation. The theory that 'emotion' and 'motivation' can be localized in the 'limbic system' and nucleus accumbens is discussed critically.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Gestational stress: effects on open-field behaviour and heart rate reactivity in rat offspring.

Home-cage heart rate (HR) and open-field defecation, ambulation, rearing and HR, were recorded in the offspring of mothers who had been exposed to stress during gestation. Compared with controls, experimental animals showed no significant differences in ambulation and rearing, while defecation was significantly lower. The only significant finding on HR was an increase from home-cage level to open-field level in the experimental group. The results confirmed previous findings that illumination level is a useful independent variable in gestational stress studies, and suggested that different types of HR measure yield a similar picture of the HR/defecation relationship, which appears to be a negative function. These conclusions were discussed in the light of other findings in this area, and traditional assumptions about the emotionality construct were questioned.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Etiology and pathogenesis of diverticulosis coli: a new approach.

The paper describes a hypothesis as to the etiology and pathogenesis of diverticulosis coli. Colonic diverticulosis develops as a result of excessive straining at defecation due to habitual bowel emptying in a sitting posture, which is typical of Western man. The magnitude of straining during habitual bowel emptying in a sitting posture is at least three-fold more than in a squatting posture and upon urge. The latter defecation posture is typical of latrine pit users in underdeveloped nations. The bowels of Western man are subjected to lifelong excessive pressures which result in protrusions of mucosa through the bowel wall at points of least resistance. This hypothesis is consistent with recent findings of elastosis of the bowel wall muscles, the distribution of diverticula along the colon, as well as with epidemiological data on the emergence of diverticulosis coli as a medical problem and its geographic prevalence.

Defecation↗
PubMed1996

A retrospective study of the effects of pelvic irradiation for gynecological cancer on anorectal function.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prevalence of anorectal dysfunction following therapeutic pelvic irradiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Anorectal function was evaluated in 15 randomly selected patients (aged 47-84 years) who had received pelvic irradiation for treatment of carcinoma of the uterine body and cervix 5 and 10 years earlier. The following parameters were assessed in each patient: (a) anorectal symptoms (questionnaire), (b) anorectal pressures at rest and in response to rectal distension, voluntary squeeze, and increases in intraabdominal pressure (multiport anorectal manometry with concurrent electromyography of the anal sphincters), (c) rectal sensation (rectal balloon distension) and, (d) anal sphincteric morphology (ultrasound). Results were compared with those obtained in nine female control subjects. RESULTS: Ten of the 15 patients had urgency of defecation and 4 also suffered fecal incontinence. Basal anorectal pressures measured just proximal to the anal canal (p = 0.05) and anorectal pressures generated in response to voluntary squeeze measured at the anal canal were less (p < 0.01) in the patients. The fall in anal pressures in response to rectal distension was greater in the patients (p < 0.05) and the desire to defecate occurred at lower rectal volumes (p < 0.05). The slope of the pressure/volume relationship in response to rectal distension was greater (p < 0.05) in the patients, suggestive of a reduction in rectal compliance. In 14 of the 15 patients at least one parameter of anorectal motor function was outside the control range. There was no difference in the thickness of the anal sphincters between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Abnormal anorectal function occurs frequently following pelvic irradiation for gynecological malignant diseases and is characterized by multiple dysfunctions including weakness of the external anal sphincter, stiffness of the rectal wall, and a consequent increase in rectal sensitivity.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Ortho-iodosobenzoic acid: its acute toxicity and neurobehavioral effects in mice.

o-Iodosobenzoic acid (IBA), in a surfactant micellar medium, is a rapid and efficient catalyst for the hydrolysis of organophosphate (OP) esters. Since little is known about the toxicity of IBA, a primary screen of neurobehavioral toxicity was evaluated in male ICR mice. IBA was administered intraperitoneally in a pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution containing 8% dimethylformamide. The predominant overt signs of toxicity included an immediate and transient writhing reflex and/or persistent spasmodic myotwitching of the abdomen, and conspicuous suppression of orienting/exploratory behavior and emotional defecation. The dose ranges for ED50 of writhing response, suppression of rearing and spontaneous motor activity overlapped at levels of about one-tenth the acute LD50, 742 (633-856) mumol/kg, being 94.9 (74.5-122.5), 69.8 (47.9-105.4) and 71.1 (49.9-101.3) mumol/kg, respectively; the dose ranges for ED50 of abdominal myotwitching and depression of emotional defecation in a novel environment also overlapped but at levels of about one-fifth the acute LD50, being 138.4 (115.3-167.2) and 146.2 (110.7-196.3) mumol/kg, respectively. Morphine (1.25-10 mg/kg s.c.) antagonized the IBA-induced writhing response and abdominal myotwitching in a dose-dependent manner, with a PD50 of 4.2 and 4.9 mg/kg, respectively. The present report demonstrates that acute intraperitoneal administration of IBA produces an intriguing, non-specific behavioral syndrome, probably resulting from nociceptive stimulation. This implies that IBA might be irritating to the skin and mucosa.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Behavioral effects of exposure to caffeine during gestation, lactation or both.

Open-field behavior and latencies of emergence from a darkened chamber to a brightly lit arena were recorded at 1, 2, 4 and 6 months after birth in male and female rats that had been exposed to 26 or 45 mg/kg/day caffeine ingested by dams in their drinking water during gestation, 25 or 35 mg/kg/day during lactation or to the two low or high doses ingested during both gestation and lactation. One or both of the gestational or lactational doses reduced locomotor activity and increased defecation in the open field at all ages for males only. Rearing was decreased for both sexes by 25 mg/kg/day lactational caffeine. Numbers of rats that failed to or took longer than 1 min to emerge into the brightly lit arena were increased by 26 mg/kg/day gestational caffeine. All rats that had been exposed to either dose combination of caffeine during both gestation and lactation showed less locomotor and rearing activity, reduced tendencies to emerge within 1 min and, at 6 months of age only, more defecation in the open field. It was concluded that the effects of gestational and lactational exposure to caffeine were additive in their modification of the developing brain as reflected in decreased motor activity possibly arising from heightened emotional reactivity to the testing situation. Hypersensitivity of males to caffeine exposure during either gestation or lactation separately seemed to diminish when exposure was increased for all rats through experience of the drug during both gestation and lactation. Possible involvement of caffeine-induced increases in adenosine receptors in the type of results obtained was discussed.

Aggression↗
PubMed1994

Dynamic rectal examination (defecography).

Dynamic rectal examination (DRE), first described in 1952, is becoming more widely used in the dynamic evaluation of pelvic floor and anorectal motility disorders. It is a minimally invasive investigation which is well tolerated by patients and provides information about the anosphincteric, puborectal and levator muscle in addition to insight in rectal function and structure. DRE is the only investigation of anorectal function that can give detailed anatomical information such as the presence of a rectocele, an enterocele and an intussusception. DRE should be performed in a quiet environment with a minimum number of investigators present. Any technique which attempts to study the defecatory mechanism must be a compromise since the patient is aware of being studied. In order to defecate on command the radiologist must make the patient comfortable before starting the investigative procedures to avoid any possible psychological inhibition. We have not encountered any failures in this regard. The relative value of the radiological findings with respect to symptoms and complaints is insufficiently known. This has been the main incentive to design carefully and carry out a large prospective critical evaluation of various aspects of DRE in particular the correlation with objective findings and symptoms. Moreover an assessment has been made of its overall clinical utility (Wiersma, 1994). It is very likely that DRE is both investigator- and technique-dependent. To ensure that the study is as physiological as possible the contrast medium used to fill the rectum needs to be semi-solid and malleable equivalent in consistency to a normal faecal bolus. For proper anatomical studies in females vaginal opacification is mandatory. The acceptance of vaginal contrast was good. Only 4% of the female patients preferred not to have the vaginal application of contrast. The technique of DRE when performed with small bowel and vaginal opacification provides a sensitive and objective method of detecting enteroceles. A substantial number of female patients related the onset of their complaints to hysterectomy. In female patients with constipation there was a significantly higher incidence of enteroceles in patients with a hysterectomy compared to the group of females without hysterectomy. Because of these findings a series of pre- and postoperative DREs in hysterectomy patients are on their way in our institute. Unlike a rectocele which is usually most obvious during defecation, enteroceles are sometimes appreciated only with repeated straining after evacuation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Anal Canal↗
PubMed2005

Posterior pelvic floor compartment disorders.

Posterior pelvic floor compartment disorders generally refer to functional anorectal disturbances that by definition are symptom-based rather than anatomical defect-based and have a significant impact on quality of life. Symptoms attributed to the posterior compartment are often non-specific and associated with structural, neuromuscular and functional defects giving rise to symptoms of prolapse, pelvic pressure, faecal incontinence, stool trapping and constipation. They may range from mild to incapacitating and occur in varying combinations. While symptoms of constipation and incontinence may conceptually represent the opposing extremes of normal anorectal function, the dynamic interrelationships between the different pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of these disorders suggest a more complex explanation. Faecal continence and defecation are dependent on several neurological and anatomical factors that involve coordinated physiological processes, including intestinal transit and absorption, colonic transit, rectal compliance, anorectal sensation and continence mechanism. However, it is well recognized that pelvic floor symptoms originating from one compartment do not imply absent pathology in another compartment. Furthermore, symptoms associated with one disorder (such as constipation related to functional obstructed defecation) can be causative in the sequential development of other pelvic floor disorders, such as a urogenital prolapse syndrome, that may further exacerbate symptoms. In addition, it has been found that treatment that corrects one problem may improve, worsen or even predispose to other symptoms from another compartment. Consequently, while the concept of global pelvic floor dysfunction has emerged, the traditional single speciality referral and evaluation of pelvic floor problems continues to foster potentially segregated management strategies that can overlook the relevance of concomitant symptomatology. The evaluation and treatment of posterior pelvic compartment disorders needs to assume an individualized but multidisciplinary therapeutic approach. Given the variation in surgical approaches described to correct anatomical integrity of posterior pelvic compartment deficits, the consensus on optimal management has yet to be achieved. Therefore, it is critical that outcome measures following surgery are clearly defined. Treatment is to a great extent dictated to by functional severity and the impact that symptoms have on quality of life. Long-term follow-up should ensure that the potential for complications is minimized and satisfactory bowel, bladder and sexual function is maintained.

Anus Diseases↗
PubMed2006

Intestinal calcium waves coordinate a behavioral motor program in C. elegans.

Periodic behavioral motor patterns are normally controlled by neural circuits, such as central pattern generators. We here report a novel mechanism of motor pattern generation by non-neural cells. The defecation motor program in Caenorhabditis elegans consists of three stereotyped motor steps with precise timing and this behavior has been studied as a model system of a ultradian biological clock [J.H. Thomas, Genetic analysis of defecation in C. elegans, Genetics 124 (1990) 855-872; D.W. Liu, J.H. Thomas, Regulation of a periodic motor program in C. elegans, J. Neurosci. 14 (1994) 1953-1962; K. Iwasaki, D.W. Liu, J.H. Thomas, Genes that control a temperature-compensated ultradian clock in Caenorhabditis elegans, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 (1995), 10317-10321]. It was previously implied that the inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor in the intestine was necessary for this periodic behavior [P. Dal Santo, M.A. Logan, A.D. Chisholm, E.M. Jorgensen, The inositol trisphosphate receptor regulates a 50s behavioral rhythm in C. elegans, Cell 98 (1999) 757-767]. Therefore, we developed a new assay system to study a relationship between this behavioral timing and intestinal Ca(2+) dynamics. Using this assay system, we found that the timing between the first and second motor steps is coordinated by intercellular Ca(2+)-wave propagation in the intestine. Lack of the Ca(2+)-wave propagation correlated with no coordination of the motor steps in the CaMKII mutant. Also, when the Ca(2+)-wave propagation was blocked by the IP3 receptor inhibitor heparin at the mid-intestine in wild type, the second/third motor steps were eliminated, which phenocopied ablation of the motor neurons AVL and DVB. These observations suggest that an intestinal Ca(2+)-wave propagation governs the timing of neural activities that controls specific behavioral patterns in C. elegans.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Triggers of acute pulmonary thromboembolism developed in hospital, with focusing on toilet activities as triggering acts.

BACKGROUND: The recognition of the trigger which is the action leading to the occurrence of acute pulmonary thromboembolism (APTE) is important to perform early diagnosis and early management of APTE. METHODS AND RESULTS: The trigger of APTE in 138 patients who developed APTE in hospital was investigated. The triggers of APTE were specified in 57 patients. Approximately half of these patients developed APTE during toilet activities (defecation and micturition). Mortality of the patients with APTE associated with toilet activities was 33%. APTE associated with toilet activities was independently related to a recent major surgery, heart diseases and a recent angiography. CONCLUSIONS: Defecation and micturition would be common triggers of APTE after operation and angiography, especially in patients with cardiac dysfunction.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

Fecoflowmetric profiles in postoperative patients with Hirschsprung's disease.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the anorectal function from the viewpoint of fecoflowmetry in postoperative patients with Hirschsprung's disease (HD). METHODS: This study evaluated 23 long-term follow-up patients who had undergone a radical operation for HD. Their mean age was 11 years. The types of HD included rectosigmoid colon type, 18 cases, and entire colon type, 5 cases. An anorectal manometric study was performed before fecoflowmetry. After normal saline solution was administrated as an imitation stool into the rectal cavity under pressure monitoring, the patients defecated on a fecoflowmeter. After discussing the maximum defecation flow (Flow-max), fecoflow pattern (FFP), tolerance rate (TR), anal canal pressure (AP), and Kelly's clinical scores (Kelly-Scores), the significant parameters were identified to elucidate the anorectal activity. RESULTS: (1) A close relationship was observed between the FFP and Kelly-Scores (P = .0027). (2) Flow-max, TR, and AP in patients with good Kelly-Scores were significantly higher than those in patients with fair Kelly-Scores (P < .05). (3) The Flow-max accurately reflected the TR, Kelly-Scores, and AP. Flow-max >45 mL per second, TR >70%, or AP >30 mm Hg was statistically regarded as a borderline level of fecal continence (P < .002). CONCLUSIONS: The Flow-max and FFP are considered to be useful parameters for postoperative patients with HD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Long-term outcomes of individualized biofeedback training based on the underlying dysfunction for patients with imperforate anus.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to design an individualized biofeedback program based on the underlying dysfunctions and to assess the short-term and long-term clinical and quality-of-life outcomes for patients with imperforate anus. METHODS: Thirty-one patients were treated using an individualized biofeedback program according to their different dysfunctions after having completed the assessment of the anorectal function. Many special biofeedback training methods that consist of strengthening the perianal muscles biofeedback, sensory discrimination biofeedback, synchronizing external sphincter contraction biofeedback, and improving defecation dynamic biofeedback were selected to make up the individualized biofeedback training program. The clinical scores and quality-of-life scores were assessed in the short-term and long-term follow-up. RESULTS: The clinical scores and quality-of-life scores of patients before training, after biofeedback training, at short-term follow-up, and at long-term follow-up were 3.2 +/- 1.1 and 8.7 +/- 1.1, 5.2 +/- 0.6 and 11.0 +/- 0.8, 5.1 +/- 0.6 and 10.8 +/- 0.9, and 4.6 +/- 0.7 and 10.1 +/- 0.7, respectively. After biofeedback training, the strength of the perianal muscles were increased significantly, the abnormal rectal threshold sensation and defecation dynamic reverted to normal in all patients, and 82% patients who have no external anal sphincter reflex acquired the new reflex. In the short-term follow-up, 12 (57%) patients maintained the clinical outcome, and only 9 (43%) patients have regressions slightly. At long-term follow-up, 7 (33%) patients maintained the clinical outcome very well, and 14 (67%) patients had regressed. Although the clinical and quality-of-life scores have decreased slightly at follow-up, they were still significantly increased compared with those before biofeedback training. CONCLUSIONS: The individualized biofeedback is more suitable for improvement of the clinical outcome and the quality of life, and maintained a good clinical outcome and quality of life on the short-term and long-term follow-ups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Anal mucosal electric sensation in postoperative patients with anorectal malformations.

BACKGROUND: No previous report has, to our knowledge, been made on anal mucosal electric sensation in postoperative patients with anorectal malformations (ARMs). We studied the anal mucosal electric sensory threshold (AMEST) in comparison with clinical manifestation. METHODS: The study included 25 patients with ARMs who underwent anorectoplasty (ARMs group) and 10 subjects (control group). Based on the type of ARMs, patients were divided into 3 subgroups: high type, n = 14; intermediate type, n = 6; low type, n = 5. The AMEST was measured at 3 positions, at the anal skin margin and 1 and 2 cm from the anal skin margin. The AMEST was analyzed compared with the type of ARMs and clinical manifestation. RESULTS: The AMEST clearly increased at the 3 sites in patients with ARMs, especially those with high and intermediate types, compared with control subjects. The sensitivity threshold in the lower anal canal in the low-type subgroup was about the same as that in the control group. An analysis of clinical manifestations showed significantly increased thresholds in the upper and middle anal canal in the group of patients with difficulty in discriminating between gas and defecation and with fecal incontinence (P < .01 and P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The AMEST for the high-type and intermediate-type subgroups in the ARMs group was worse than that in the low-type subgroup and control group. The AMEST in the upper and middle anal canal was important for gas and defecation distinction and fecal maintenance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Konjac acts as a natural laxative by increasing stool bulk and improving colonic ecology in healthy adults.

OBJECTIVE: Konjac glucomannan (KGM) has been shown to relieve constipation, which could be associated with increased stool bulk and improved colonic ecology. METHODS: This placebo-controlled study consisted of a 21-d placebo period, a 7-d adaptation period when volunteers consumed KGM progressively, and a 21-d KGM-supplemented period (1.5 g/meal, 4.5 g/d). Eight healthy adults consumed 7-d cycle menus of typical low-fiber Chinese food throughout the study. The gastrointestinal response was monitored daily. Stools were fully collected on days 15 to 21 of placebo and KGM periods to determine the fecal mass, components, microflora, and short-chain fatty acid contents. RESULTS: The KGM supplement significantly increased the mean defecation frequency (number/day), wet stool weight, and dry stool weight (g/d) by approximately 27.0% (P < 0.05), 30.2% (P < 0.05), and 21.7% (P < 0.05), respectively. The dry fecal mass increased mainly in the plant and soluble material, whereas bacterial mass tended to increase from 12.9 +/- 1.6 to 13.6 +/- 2.7 g/d (P > 0.05). However, KGM significantly promoted the fecal concentrations (log counts/g wet feces) of lactobacilli (P < 0.05) and total bacteria (P < 0.05), and promoted the daily output (log counts per day) of bifidobacteria (P < 0.05), lactobacilli (P < 0.05), and total bacteria (P < 0.05) as evaluated by the fluorescence in situ hybridization method. KGM supplement also promoted colonic fermentation as shown in the decreased fecal pH (P < 0.05) and increased fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Supplementation of KGM into a low-fiber diet promoted the defecation frequency in healthy adults, possibly by increasing the stool bulk, thus promoting the growth of lactic acid bacteria and colonic fermentation.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury: clinical evaluation and rehabilitative management.

Neurogenic bowel dysfunction (NBD) is one of many impairments that result from spinal cord injury (SCI). The experience of persons with SCI reveals that the risk and occurrence of fecal incontinence and difficulty with evacuation are particularly significant life-limiting problems. This review relates the anatomy and physiology of colon function to the specific pathophysiology that detracts from the quality of life of persons after SCI. There are two patterns of NBD after SCI: the upper motor neuron bowel, which results from a spinal cord lesion above the sacral level, and the lower motor neuron bowel, which results from a lesion to the sacral spinal cord, roots, or peripheral nerve innervation of the colon. Rehabilitation evaluation consists of a comprehensive history and examination to define impairments, disabilities, and handicaps pertinent to NBD. Rehabilitation goals include continence of stool, simple willful independent defecation, and prevention of gastrointestinal complications. Intervention consists of derivation and implementation of an individualized person-centered bowel program, which may include diet, oral/rectal medications, equipment, and scheduling of bowel care. Bowel care is a procedure devised to initiate defecation and accomplish fecal evacuation. Digital-rectal stimulation is a technique utilized during bowel care to open the anal sphincter and facilitate reflex peristalsis. Recent advances in rehabilitation practices, equipment, pharmacology, and surgery have offered patients new bowel program alternatives. Interdisciplinary development of solutions for problems of NBD are evolving rapidly.

Aging↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of the anticholinergic effects of the serotonergic antidepressants, paroxetine, fluvoxamine and clomipramine.

Paroxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, shows relatively high affinity for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors compared to other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. To determine whether paroxetine has anticholinergic effects in vivo, we examined the effects of paroxetine on oxotremorine-induced tremor, spontaneous defecation and passive avoidance performance using mice and compared the results with those using fluvoxamine, another selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and clomipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant with serotonin selectivity. The potency of antidepressant activity as determined in the tail suspension test was paroxetine>fluvoxamine>clomipramine. Paroxetine and clomipramine inhibited oxotremorine-induced tremor, reduced spontaneous defecation and impaired passive avoidance performance, while fluvoxamine did not have similar effects. A comparison of ED(50) values showed that the ratio of anticholinergic effect to antidepressant activity was fluvoxamine, >3.2; paroxetine, 2.1-2.6; clomipramine, <0.8. These results suggest that paroxetine may induce fewer adverse anticholinergic effects than clomipramine, but more than fluvoxamine.

Animals↗