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Results for “Child Development Disorders, Pervasive”

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PubMed2005

Asperger's disorder and murder.

Little is known about the prevalence of violence and autistic spectrum disorders. This article reviews findings of current research on Asperger's disorder and violence. Criteria for diagnosing Asperger's disorder are given. Three cases are presented in which defendants with diagnosed Asperger's disorder were charged with murder. Specific symptoms in this disorder are discussed as they relate to issues of diminished capacity and criminal responsibility.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Valuing people: health visiting and people with learning disabilities.

People with a learning disability have spent decades being excluded from mainstream society and remain almost invisible in our communities, workplaces and in family life. As a result, the health of people with a learning disability is significantly poorer than that of the general population. Despite the many reports and policy recommendations about how to improve the situation, little has been done to address the social exclusion of this group, and their health and wellbeing continue to decline. In a joint effort to challenge exclusion and address the agenda of 'Valuing People: A New Strategy for Learning Disability for the 21st Century', Warrington Primary Care Trust and Five Boroughs Partnership NHS Trust joined forces at a practical level. Two health visitors have developed a comprehensive programme of socially inclusive health care aimed at engaging people with learning disabilities more fully in their health care and their choices in leading healthy lives. The paper discusses Access All Areas--a comprehensive programme using a public health model of health care where people with learning disabilities are being supported to make healthy choices and, often for the first time, given information in accessible formats to support those choices. Led by health visitors, staff from all agencies involved in the care and support of people with learning disabilities are being trained and engaged in order to raise the standards across organisations and prioritise the health and wellbeing of this marginalised group. Health visitors are leading locally in the implementation of both health improvement and long-term condition strategies.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Infantile autism. Current considerations on diagnosis and treatment].

This is a review of concepts and diagnosis in autism, as well as the present approaches based upon possible clues from research. It also point to wards the major aspects between specific medical conditions in autism and some controversial elements. We present specific observations related to the concept of child psychosis and its relation with intelligence and thought; the therapeutic experience in Mexico is compared with that or other countries.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1991

Social deviance in autism: a central integrative failure as a model for social nonengagement.

Clinically, adult autistic and PDD individuals appear to have an uneasy relationship with their social environment no matter how much developmental progress they make. Many can work at modest jobs, many more do not, and even fewer are interested enough in the human environment to cohabitate and/or marry. A conversation with a young autistic man of 20 about a trip to visit a relative focuses more on the time the train left and how late it was in hypermnestic detail, including all details except the affective environment or the relationships to human beings. This is the human significance of the term autism. Autistics can speak and reference, but they seem not to understand the social requirements of a human interchange. If they do know it, they know it in a fragmentary or rudimentary way devoid of subtlety or nuance. Whatever we mean by social intercourse and whatever functions subsume it, they seem to emerge in interaction with cognition and language. They develop apace as human traverse those first 3 years of life and as they reach social maturity in adolescence. Autistic children appear not to integrate their knowledge of things in a representation that includes emotional and cognitive elements. They do not seem to understand that words necessarily refer to things of this world that others are also referencing in their words and sentences--shared reference is not natural to them. Intersubjectivity as a feature of common code use is not tacit or explicit in their behavior. They similarly do not use social referencing in the way in which normals do, and although they show some attachment to people, they seem to do so without benefit of affective display leading to reciprocity. There is little notion of the external that makes another human being distinguishable from a thing. Their treasured objects in early childhood are hard and lack comforting proximal receptor attractiveness as in normals. Hobson's extensive studies have elaborated a notion about the autistic child's knowledge of person. He comments on the lack of integration of the verbal and visual situational ties in which affective expression emerges and functions. He also comments on the deictic inabilities, inferring that the "I," "you," and "he" references do not have any significance for such children. We would like to note that while Vygotsky and others have observed that speech comes from the world of people, language comes from the maturing organism as an innate propensity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Affect↗
PubMed1991

Toward DSM-IV: a developmental approach to autistic disorder.

As a developmental disorder, autism presents as a combination of unusually delayed maturational stages constrained by neuropathology that also produces many atypical behaviors. This process was labeled atypical ontogeny. To understand the development of autistic symptoms, it is necessary to consider each behavior in the context of what is normal for the child's nonverbal mental age and then the extent to which the behavior is delayed or atypical, given factors such as degree of delay, function, and frequency of expression. Many symptoms of autism are not unique to autism, and many reflect at least in part the underlying degree of mental retardation present in a large proportion of autistic individuals. Given this, it is important to rate autistic symptoms in the context of the child's mental development in areas of intelligence not specifically affected by the autism (i.e., nonverbal intelligence) in order to be sure that the symptom is characteristic of autism and not just reflective of the degree of mental retardation. In order to do this, the clinician must have a good understanding of the normal milestones in development in each of the areas in which autistic children develop symptoms. Developmental examples of both normal and atypical milestones, as well as a reliable indicator of nonverbal level of development, would help a user of the DSM-IV criteria for autistic disorder make more accurate decisions in reaching a diagnosis. The DSM-III-R criteria for autistic disorder have many other problems, such as lack of certain kinds of reliability and validity, poor specificity, and redundancy. Discussion of these problems is beyond the scope of this article but is presented elsewhere. What have been presented here are recommendations for revising DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for autistic disorder insofar as there are implications for putting developmental psychopathology into a developmental context.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1991

Methods and measures of behavior in the diagnosis of autism and related disorders.

In the past 5 years, diagnostic schemes for autism and related psychiatric disorders have become increasingly sophisticated. However, within these diagnostic frameworks, no specific assessment procedures have been prescribed. On the other hand, work has continued in the development of empirically rooted instruments for the diagnosis and screening of autism and related disorders. The need for diagnostic methods and instruments that incorporate current diagnostic criteria, that use methods specifically aimed at gleaning information about the communicative and social deficits associated with autism, and that differentiate autism from related disorders is discussed. Two new instruments that attempt to fill this need, the Autism Diagnostic Interview and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, are briefly described.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1991

Asperger's syndrome: diagnosis, treatment, and outcome.

Should Asperger's syndrome be distinguished as a separate clinical entity? Unfortunately, relatively little empiric information is available on this issue. The data suggest, however, that even compared to high-functioning autistic children of equivalent IQ, Asperger's syndrome children have better social and language skills. Anecdotal evidence also suggests that they have a different outcome, although this needs to be confirmed in proper, controlled follow-up studies. Although some differences in etiology between autism and Asperger's syndrome have been identified, these are of uncertain clinical significance. It may be that, for purposes of recognition and research, Asperger's syndrome should be considered a separate entity. This ensures that such children are identified for treatment and included in research protocols. This, in itself, would be of considerable benefit, even if it is acknowledged that Asperger's syndrome and autism probably represent different endpoints of a similar pathogenic mechanism. Asperger's syndrome represents a type of developmental disability that profoundly limits a child's participation in the process of growing up. After all, childhood is a time of play and of learning how to communicate with others. As clinicians, we need to understand these limitations and not put up artificial barriers to appropriate diagnostic and treatment services. It is hoped that the growing recognition of the predicament of these children will stimulate greater interest in research and treatment. Not only will children with Asperger's syndrome benefit from this, but, by extension, so will all children with developmental disabilities.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Are adolescents being hospitalized unnecessarily? The current use of hospitalization in psychiatric treatment.

The increasing use of hospitalization in adolescent psychiatric treatment is arousing public and professional concern. Numerous factors may be contributing to inappropriate or unnecessary inpatient care. The misuse of hospitalization ultimately may lead to reduced third-party coverage for needed care. Nurses can help promote adherence to guidelines for hospitalization, such as those set by the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Predictors of the decision to place developmentally disabled family members in residential care.

Critical circumstances that predict parents' requests for residential placements for developmentally disabled persons were described. The survey sample included 154 families who placed their disabled family member and 377 families who provided care at home. Empirical findings suggest that among families who place, the disabled persons are more impaired and have more severe behavior problems than do disabled persons being cared for at home. Families who place are more likely to be larger, headed by a single parent, suffer greater disruption of family life, and receive fewer direct client services. The policy implications of these findings were discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Electroconvulsive therapy in one child and three adolescents.

Four patients aged 12 to 15 years who received ECT are reported. Despite the presentation of signs and symptoms consistent with positive response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adults, only one of the four patients responded favorably, and three patients had seizures lasting longer than 4 minutes. The patient who did respond to ECT did not experience a prolonged seizure, and he was also the only prepubescent patient. The authors present a tentative hypothesis that correlates youth with prolonged seizures and refractoriness to ECT.

Adolescent↗