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PubMed1997

High polymorphism of Mhc-E locus in non-human primates: alleles with identical exon 2 and 3 are found in two different species.

Thirteen Mhc-E new sequences were found in eight individuals belonging to the Cercopithecinae family, i.e.: Macaca mulatta, Macaca fascicularis and Cercopithecus aethiops when studying E locus polymorphism. No changes were found in the invariant residues which are required for the correct conformation of the peptide presenting region which are conserved in classical Mhc class I molecules from fish and reptiles to humans; however, polymorphism of Mhc-E alleles is not limited to the three typical hypervariable regions per domain as it is in classical class I alleles. The rate of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions in the DNA sequence corresponding to the antigen binding site, compared to the remainder of exons 2 and 3 shows that the peptide-binding site is under high evolutionary pressure for stability since only synonymous substitutions have been found to be accepted in apes. Also, a clear example of trans-species evolution of allelism is found: two identical exon 2 and exon 3 sequences there exist belonging to individuals from different species (Mamu-Mhc-E*0101 and Mafa-Mhc-E*04). In addition, two Macaca mulatta individuals show an Mhc-E locus duplication. Finally, phylogenetic tree analysis shows that Mhc class I molecules found in Saguinus oedipus (described as Mhc-G homologues) are closer to Mhc-E sequences.

Alleles↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Maintenance of human sperm motility and prevention of oxidative damage through co-culture incubation.

Co-culture incubation is one of the important techniques used in basic and clinical research of assisted reproduction. In this study, sperm samples from 40 healthy donors were prepared for co-culture incubation with Vero cells which had been derived from the kidney fibroblasts of the African green monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops. We found that the motility characteristics of ejaculated human sperm co-cultured with Vero cells were largely maintained and the percentage of hyperactivated sperm in the co-culture group was not affected. While the sperm of the control group completely lost the motility at 12 h incubation at 37 degrees C in 5% CO2, the sperm co-cultured with Vero cells still maintained 74% of the original motility. Lipid peroxidation and accumulation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in spermatozoa were also reduced by the co-culture incubation, which strongly indicates that intercellular interactions may play some role in the maintenance of sperm functions. We conclude that the oxidative damage in vitro of the sperm can be reduced by the co-culture system and thereby maintains the function of sperm from oxidative damage.

8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine↗
PubMed1992

A spontaneous Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-infection in a monkey-colony.

A spontaneous Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Y.p.) infection in one African Green Monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops), and nine Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), is reported. The clinical findings, laboratory results and pathological findings are presented. The digestive system was the most affected organ in the acute phase of the Y.p. infection, while in the subacute and chronic phases, the alterations of the lymphatic tissues, spleen or liver were severe.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Sexual transmission of SIVagm in wild grivet monkeys.

This study reports the prevalence of simian immunodeficiency virus and the relationship of serostatus to age and sex among a wild population of Ethiopian grivet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops aethiops). Seropositivity paralleled patterns of sexual activity, being nearly universal in females of reproductive age, and absent in all males except those that were fully adult. One female seroconverted between two capture seasons at an age consistent with first breeding. Our findings support a predominantly sexual mode of transmission among SIVagm infected grivets.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Secnidazole vs. paromomycin: comparative antiprotozoan treatment in captive primates.

The antiprotozoan activity of secnidazole was studied in Cercocebus t. torquatus, Cercopithecus campbelli, Erythrocebus patas (Cercopithecidae), and Gorilla gorilla (Pongidae) compared with that of paromomycin in Cercocebus t. lunulatus (Cercopithecidae), E. patas, and G. gorilla (Pongidae) by coprological analysis. The antiprotozoan activity of both drugs depended on the parasite species and the host species. The drugs acted in a similar way on Entamoeba coli parasitising C. t. torquatus, and E. patas. This activity was different from that observed on I. buestchlii from the same host species. Nevertheless, E. coli parasitising cercopithecids and pongids responded to drugs differently.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The effect of dietary protein on the mineral status of vervet monkeys with special reference to the impact of milk solids on calcium excretion.

This study assessed the impact of Westernised and traditional African diets on mineral metabolism in general and calcium status in particular in vervet monkeys. Twelve adult male vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), with an average weight of 5+/-0.58 kg each, were divided into two groups of six individuals each and fed traditional diets containing largely maize + legumes (17.4%) or Westernised diets containing milk solids (17.2%) as the source of high crude protein for 8 weeks. Blood was taken at 2-week intervals, the animals were weighed, while urine and stool samples were collected over 24 hours. The monkeys on the milk solids diet had diarrhoea for 6 weeks post-dietary intervention, and produced significantly greater quantities (P<0.02) of stool. These animals also produced significantly more urine (P<0.02). There was no difference in the degree of calciuresis of the two groups, but the monkeys on maize + legume proteins absorbed significantly more calcium during weeks two and six (P<0.04). Furthermore, both groups of monkeys showed a significant decline in plasma calcium levels over the experimental period (P<0.001). The diets had no effect on phosphate levels in the plasma or urine. However, both groups of animals absorbed less phosphate (P<0.09). There was an increasing loss of urinary magnesium (P = 0.03) in both groups, with the milk solids group showing lower plasma levels of this element (P = 0.09). However, the milk solids group lost less magnesium through the stool (P<0.03). In addition, the animals on milk solids showed significant natriuresis (P<0.05), while plasma sodium levels in both groups declined over time (P<0.03). Both diets induced a state of urinary potassium loss (P = 0.0003) and decrease in plasma potassium (P<0.0002). Urinary pH and plasma urea were unaffected by the diets, but the monkeys on maize + legumes excreted significantly less (P<0.001) urinary urea. This study indicates that the milk solids diet compromised mineral homeostasis by interfering with gut and renal functioning, while the traditional African diet did not induce these effects.

Africa↗
PubMed2001

Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infections in nonhuman primates.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in nonhuman primates. Serum samples from Europe, Thailand and Vietnam were analyzed. Sera obtained from 262 apes and 454 monkeys were tested for HBV infection serologically and for HBV DNA using nested PCR (nPCR). A total number of 198 ape sera and all but one (Cercopithecus aethiops) of the 4543 monkey sera had no serological signs of HBV infection. Among the 64 of 262 (24.4%) seropositive ape sera, we found, as in humans, different stages of HBV infection: very early HBV infection, active infection with high level of infectivity, virus carriers with low infectivity, and passed HBV infection. In the cases with passed infection, 47.8% harbored HBV DNA in the presence of protective antibodies to the HBV surface antigen (HBsAb). This indicates HBV persistence in apes despite immune control. In contrast to apes, in monkeys HBV infection is a very rare event.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Comparative analysis of natural killer cell activity, lymphoproliferation and lymphocyte surface antigen expression in nonhuman primates housed at the CIRMF Primate Center, Gabon.

Six different species of nonhuman primates housed at the CIRMF Primate Center, cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx), vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops pygerythrus), chimpanzees (Pan troglodyte) and baboons (Papio hamadryas), were evaluated for their natural killer cell activity and for the ability of their peripheral blood mononuclear cells to proliferate in response to known mitogens (concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin and staphylococcal enterotoxin A) and to react with a panel of mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against human leukocyte surface antigens. Basic information on normal immune functions in these primates is important because of their use as experimental animal models for the study of human diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis, loiasis and malaria.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The impact of dietary protein intake on serum biochemical and haematological profiles in vervet monkeys.

This study evaluated the influence of Westernised and traditional African diets on biochemical and haematological profiles in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Twelve adult male vervet monkeys bred at the Medical Research Council, all over 4 years of age and weighing more than 5 kg each, were divided into two groups of six individuals. These monkeys were raised on a standard in-house diet post-weaning, before they were fed for 8 weeks on diets containing milk solids (17.2%) or maize + legume (17.4%), as sources of high crude protein (+/- 3.5 g/kg). High protein diets had no significant effect on serum biochemical indices such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) concentrations (P > 0.10). However, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations were significantly higher during week 8 (P < 0.05) for the maize + legume protein group. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP; P < 0.07), total protein (P < 0.0001), albumin (P < 0.02), and bilirubin (P < 0.003) were elevated in the milk solids group, while glucose levels were also significantly higher for the milk solids group (P < 0.05) between weeks 2 and 6. Elevated protein intake had no significant effect on haematological parameters such as red blood cells (RBC), platelet and white blood cell (WBC) counts, haemoglobin levels and monocyte and neutrophil concentrations (P > 0.10). In contrast, serum lymphocyte levels were significantly raised in the maize + legume protein group (P = 0.03), whereas values for the haematocrit (P < 0.002), mean cell volume (MCV; P < 0.03) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC; P < 0.0001) were higher in the monkeys that were fed the milk solids. This investigation showed that the type of dietary protein that is consumed may well affect certain biochemical and haematological indices in vervet monkeys. Compared to the group that were given the traditional African food regime, the animals on the Western-type milk solids diet showed significant elevations in a number of important biological indicators. However, longer-term studies should be completed in this area if we are to make firmer conclusions regarding the link between the nature of dietary proteins that are consumed and its effect on metabolism.

Africa↗
PubMed1984

Pulpal response to a bis-acryl-plastic (Protemp) temporary crown and bridge material.

The pulpal response to Protemp (ESPE Gmbh) was compared to zinc oxide-eugenol, Super Syntrex (de Trey) and Protemp plus zinc oxide-eugenol liner in 144 vervet monkey (Cercopithecus pygerythus) incisor teeth, according to ADA Specification No. 41. Cellular displacement into dentinal tubules, superficial and deep inflammation were present only in the 3-day specimens in all materials. Mean scores for the test material were lower than both negative and positive controls. In the 30-day specimens the prevalence of reparative dentine under the test material was similar to the negative control, while at 90 days it was less than the negative control, although the severity in affected specimens was more than the positive control. Use of a zinc oxide-eugenol liner reduced the severity of reparative dentine formation.

Acrylates↗
PubMed1984

Effects of three methods of restraint an in rhesus and african green monkeys intravenous glucose tolerance testing.

The intravenous administration of 0.75 gm glucose per kg and the measurement of serum glucose pretest and at 10, 20, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes constitute a satisfactory protocol for intravenous glucose tolerance testing of Rhesus (Macaca mulatto) and African Green (Cercopithecus aethiops) monkeys. No significant differences were noted between animals restrained with ketamine hydrochloride and those restrained with sodium pentobarbital, but the African Green males and females and the male Rhesus monkeys yielded significantly different results while being manually restrained.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Fundamental frequency declination is not unique to human speech: evidence from nonhuman primates.

In human speech, declination of the fundamental frequency (F0) of the voice spans coherent units of an utterance and, therefore, signals where units begin and end. A rapid final fall at the end of an utterance provides a further indication of an utterance's ending. The occurrence of declination is sufficiently widespread across languages that several investigators have suggested it as a language universal. Language universals may be universal because they are part of a species-specific specialization for language or, alternatively, they may constitute conventionalizations of natural dispositions of the vocal tract that may serve a communicative function. Evidence is offered favoring the latter account for declination and the final fall by showing that vocal productions of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) show declination, and vervets show clear evidence of a final fall. Interestingly, the fall in F0 may serve some communicative role in the vocal exchanges of vervets and rhesus, analogous to its signalling function in human language.

Acoustics↗
PubMed2006

In vivo and in vitro characterization of chlorzoxazone metabolism and hepatic CYP2E1 levels in African Green monkeys: induction by chronic nicotine treatment.

CYP2E1 metabolizes compounds, including clinical drugs, organic solvents, and tobacco-specific carcinogens. Chlorzoxazone (CZN) is a probe drug used to phenotype for CYP2E1 activity. Smokers have increased CZN clearance during smoking compared with nonsmoking periods; however, it is unclear which cigarette smoke component is causing the increased activity. The relationships between in vivo CZN disposition, in vitro CZN metabolism, and hepatic CYP2E1 have not been investigated in a within-animal design. In control-treated monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), the in vivo CZN area under the curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC(inf)) was 19.7 +/- 4.5 microg x h/ml, t1/2 was 0.57 +/- 0.07 h, and terminal disposition rate constant calculated from last three to four points on the log-linear end of the concentration versus time curve was 1.2 +/- 0.2 /h. In vitro, the apparent Vmax was 3.48 +/- 0.02 pmol/min/mug microsomal protein, and the Km was 95.4 +/- 1.8 microM. Chronic nicotine treatment increased in vivo CZN disposition, as indicated by a 52% decrease in AUC(inf) (p < 0.01) and 52% decrease in Tmax (p < 0.05) compared with control-treated monkeys. The log metabolic ratios at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h significantly negatively correlated with CZN AUC(inf) (p = 0.01-0.0001). Monkey hepatic CYP2E1 levels significantly correlated with both in vivo AUC(inf) (p = 0.03) and in vitro (p = 0.004) CZN metabolism. Together, the data indicated that nicotine induction of in vivo CZN disposition is related to the rates of in vitro CZN metabolism and hepatic microsomal CYP2E1 protein levels. Nicotine is one component in cigarette smoke that can increase in vivo CZN metabolism via induction of hepatic CYP2E1 levels. Thus, nicotine exposure may affect the metabolism of CYP2E1 substrates such as acetaminophen, ethanol, and benzene.

Animals↗
PubMed1965

Oncogenicity of the simian adenoviruses.

Five of 17 adenoviruses of rhesus or cynomolgus monkey origin induced tumors in newborn hamsters. The tumors appeared between 42 and 280 days after subcutaneous inoculation and had the general characteristics of lymphomas. The tumors were specific by cross-complement fixation tests. An adenovirus recovered from Cercopithecus monkeys appeared to be highly oncogenic; all 23 inoculated hamsters developed tumors within 30 to 40 days.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1981

Acyclovir treatment of experimental simian varicella infection of monkeys.

Replication of simian varicella virus (SVV) in Vero cell cultures was inhibited by acyclovir, 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine (ACV), at a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml in culture medium. Intravenous administration of ACV at 10 mg/kg twice a day for 10 days or 15 mg/kg three times a day for 5 days to patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) beginning 48 h after SVV inoculation blocked the appearance of rash and other clinical symptoms but did not affect viremia. ACV treatment of African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) at 10 mg/kg twice a day by intravenous injection beginning 24 or 72 h after SVV inoculation and continuing for 10 days had no effect on clinical symptoms, including the development of rash, or on the appearance of viremia. The minimal therapeutic results could be due to the observation that doses of 10 or 15 mg/kg produced plasma levels of ACV which were lower than 5 micrograms/ml, the concentration that inhibited SVV multiplication in vitro, and decayed rapidly.

Acyclovir↗
PubMed1986

Activity of 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodouracil against simian varicella virus infections in African green monkeys.

The fluorinated pyrimidines 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodouracil (FIAU) and 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-methyluracil (FMAU) are highly effective inhibitors of herpesvirus infections in vitro and in vivo. This report is concerned with an evaluation of their activities in African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) infected with simian varicella virus, a herpesvirus closely related to human varicella-zoster virus. Oral or intravenous administration of FIAU at 50 mg/kg per day as divided doses beginning 48 h after virus inoculation prevented the development of evidences of clinical infection. Oral treatment with FIAU at 30 mg/kg per day deferred as late as 7 days after virus inoculation modified the course of the disease. When treatment was started 48 h after virus inoculation, daily doses of FIAU as small as 1 mg/kg inhibited development of infections; daily doses of 0.2 mg/kg were ineffective. At the latter dose FMAU prevented development of clinical disease, suggesting that it was more active than FIAU. No signs of FIAU toxicity were observed, with the single exception of an early but transitory elevation in aspartate aminotransferase activity in serum.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1969

Markers differentiating type 3 parainfluenza virus grown at 25 and 37 C.

Serial passage of the 64-2389 strain of type 3 parainfluenza virus in cercopithecus monkey kidney tissue cultures at low temperatures resulted in the selection of a variant which had a higher efficiency of plaque formation at 25 C than the parent line grown at 37 C. The cold variant, unlike the parent strain, plaqued readily at 25 C, and at 37 C it produced significantly larger plaques. Virus titers of the cold variant in hamster lungs were significantly lower and this was probably caused by the stimulation of interferon by the cold variant during the early phase of the infection. The cold variant, like the virus grown at 37 C, also induced the synthesis of interferon late in the infection. Hamsters responded to the intranasal inoculation of each virus line by the development of hemagglutinating-inhibiting antibodies in the sera.

Animals↗
PubMed1973

Survival of animal tissue cells in primary culture in the absence of serum.

The ability of cells from tissues of several species of animals to survive in primary culture without serum was tested. Of the species tested, cells from the kidneys of Macaca mulatta (rhesus) and Cercopithecus aethiops (vervet) monkeys and chicken embryo cells not only survived under these conditions, but indeed developed into confluent monolayer cultures. The addition of either serum or its globulin or albumin fraction enhanced the development of cell monolayers and permitted those cells unable to survive in the absence of serum to do so. Certain specific protein trypsin-inhibitors not of serum origin were unable to provide conditions necessary for cell survival or growth when used in place of serum proteins.

Animals↗