Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Census Methods”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Genotypic analysis of B cell colonies by in situ hybridization. Stoichiometric expression of three VH families in adult C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice.

The filter paper disc method for cloning inducible lymphocytes was used to census the splenic B cell population of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice for the expression of three VH gene-families, VH X-24, -Q52, and -J558. B cell colonies, arising from single founder lymphocytes, were identified by in situ hybridization with VH family- and C mu-specific cDNA probes. Some 6.7 X 10(4) C mu+ colonies were screened. Among C57BL/6- or BALB/c-derived colonies, approximately 3% were VH X-24+, approximately 19% were VH Q52+, and approximately 54% were VH J558+. These frequencies are consistent with a process of equiprobable expression for individual VH segments, and provide direct evidence that normal splenic B lymphocytes use a process of random genetic combinatorics to generate the antibody repertoire.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Investigation of the association between excess winter mortality and socio-economic deprivation.

BACKGROUND: Excess winter mortality is higher in England and Wales than in other European countries with similar or lower average winter temperatures. It might be expected that excess winter mortality would be higher in areas with greater socio-economic deprivation, and if this were so preventive interventions could be directed at populations in these areas. The association between deprivation and excess winter mortality has not been adequately investigated in the past. The aim of this study was to look at the association between excess winter mortality and socio-economic deprivation, so that policy decisions to reduce this excess mortality could be appropriately directed. METHODS: Super Profile groups derived from the 1991 Census were used as a measure of socio-economic status. The age-standardized excess winter death index (EWDI) was calculated for each Super Profile group, for the population of Bradford. The EWDI was also calculated for the manufacturing districts (Office for National Statistics area classification), a relatively deprived group, and compared with that for England and Wales. RESULTS: No significant trend was found in age-standardized excess winter mortality across the Super Profile groups. The manufacturing districts had a similar EWDI to the national value. CONCLUSION: Excess winter mortality is not associated with deprivation. Further research to identify the important aetiological factors and appropriate interventions to reduce excess winter mortality is needed.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The use of length of stay distributions to predict hospital discharges.

Many hospital admissions scheduling or admissions control systems reported in the literature rely on estimates of future discharges to help control the variance in daily patient census. One of the two most frequently reported methods of estimating discharges attempts to explain the variance in historical length of stay (LPS) data. This paper explores the relationship between LOS variance explanation and the ability to predict discharges and concludes that even a large improvement in the ability to explain LOS variance will only marginally reduce the errors in the associated discharge predictions. In drawing this conclusion, a general discharge prediction model is developed and a more relevant statistic than per cent variance explained is introduced.

Admitting Department, Hospital↗
PubMed2004

Income, income inequality, and cardiovascular disease mortality: relations among county populations of the United States, 1985 to 1994.

OBJECTIVES: Despite the major contribution of cardiovascular disease (CVD) to total mortality, and reports demonstrating strong relations between income and CVD, the joint relations of population-level income and income inequality with CVD mortality are not well described. This study was undertaken to describe relations among population-level income, income equality, and mortality due to cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke. METHODS: County income distributions were determined from 1990 census data, and CVD mortality rates were obtained from the Compressed Mortality File. Relations among income, income inequality, and CVD mortality were examined in stratified and Poisson regression analyses. RESULTS: County income was inversely related and income inequality was directly related to CVD, coronary heart disease, and stroke mortality. Relations were strongest for stroke. Relations of stroke mortality with income inequality were strongest in low-income populations. CONCLUSIONS: The CVD mortality experiences of county populations are related to both income and income distribution in a complex, disease-dependent manner. The authors' findings are especially relevant to the Southeast, a region of high income inequality, low income, and high stroke mortality.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Age at acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection: comparison of two areas with contrasting risk of gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori infection is usually acquired during childhood and is a known risk factor for the development of gastric malignancies in adulthood. It has been reported that early age at first infection may determine a neoplastic outcome in adults. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in children residing in areas with high (Pasto) and low risk (Tumaco) of gastric cancer in Colombia to evaluate whether differences in the age of acquisition of H. pylori infection were present in the two populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study sample was based on a census taken in 1999. Using the (13)C-urea breath test, we compared the prevalence of H. pylori infection among children aged 1-6 years. RESULTS: Among 345 children in Pasto, 206 (59.7%) were H. pylori-positive, compared with 188 (58.6%) among 321 children in Tumaco. The two populations share a common pattern of very early age at infection and marked increase in prevalence during the first 4 years of life. No differences in any one year were observed when comparing the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of infection was similarly high and increased with age in both populations. In these populations the age of acquisition of H. pylori after 1 year of age does not appear to be a primary factor responsible for the differences in the rates of gastric cancer incidence in adults. Previous findings in adults showed lower prevalence of the most virulent genotypes in Tumaco compared to Pasto, and bacterial virulence may play a key role in determining cancer outcome.

Age of Onset↗
PubMed2006

Cost-sharing for emergency care and unfavorable clinical events: findings from the safety and financial ramifications of ED copayments study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of emergency department (ED) copayment levels on ED use and unfavorable clinical events. Data Source/Study Setting. Kaiser Permanente-Northern California (KPNC), a prepaid integrated delivery system. STUDY DESIGN: In a quasi-experimental longitudinal study with concurrent controls, we estimated rates of ED visits, hospitalizations, ICU admissions, and deaths associated with higher ED copayments relative to no copayment, using Poisson random effects and proportional hazard models, controlling for patient characteristics. The study period began in January 1999; more than half of the population experienced an employer-chosen increase in their ED copayment in January 2000. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: Using KPNC automated databases, the 2000 U.S. Census, and California state death certificates, we collected data on ED visits and unfavorable clinical events over a 36-month period (January 1999 through December 2001) among 2,257,445 commercially insured and 261,091 Medicare insured health system members. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Among commercially insured subjects, ED visits decreased 12 percent with the $20-35 copayment (95 percent confidence interval [CI]: 11-13 percent), and 23 percent with the $50-100 copayment (95 percent CI: 23-24 percent) compared with no copayment. Hospitalizations, ICU admissions, and deaths did not increase with copayments. Hospitalizations decreased 4 percent (95 percent CI: 2-6 percent) and 10 percent (95 percent CI: 7-13 percent) with ED copayments of $20-35 and $50-100, respectively, compared with no copayment. Among Medicare subjects, ED visits decreased by 4 percent (95 percent CI: 3-6 percent) with the $20-50 copayments compared with no copayment; unfavorable clinical events did not increase with copayments, e.g., hospitalizations were unchanged (95 percent CI: -3 percent to +2 percent) with $20-50 ED copayments compared with no copayment. CONCLUSIONS: Relatively modest levels of patient cost-sharing for ED care decreased ED visit rates without increasing the rate of unfavorable clinical events.

Cost Sharing↗
PubMed1999

A test of the feasibility of pneumococcal vaccination in the emergency department.

OBJECTIVE: To test the feasibility of pneumococcal immunization in an ED. METHODS: Cook County Hospital has an annual ED census of 120,000. Patients are 75% black and 15% Hispanic. Eighty-two percent of patients are uninsured. Seventy-three percent report no primary physician. Between May 27, 1997, and July 26, 1997, nurses had standing orders that patients meeting CDC-recommended criteria were to be offered pneumococcal immunization. Immunization was recorded in the system-wide registration computer. RESULTS: During the study period, 1,833 patient screenings encounters (13% of all patients) identified 1,493 high-risk patients. Only 10% of screened high-risk patients reported previous pneumococcal immunization. 1,173 were immunized against pneumococcus. Median number of immunizations per nurse per shift was 1.62. Patient through-put was not altered. CONCLUSION: Pneumococcal immunization is both necessary and feasible in a busy ED serving patients with little access to other immunization services.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Demographic risk factors for injury among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white children: an ecologic analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of neighborhood levels of poverty, household crowding, and acculturation on the rate of injury to Hispanic and non-Hispanic white children. SETTING: Orange County, California. METHODS: An ecologic study design was used with census block groups as the unit of analysis. Measures of neighborhood poverty, household crowding, and acculturation were specific to each ethnic group. Poisson regression was used to calculate mutually adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) corresponding to a 20% difference in census variables. RESULTS: Among non-Hispanic white children, injury rates were more closely associated with neighborhood levels of household crowding (adjusted IRR 2.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22 to 4.57) than with neighborhood poverty (adjusted IRR 1.06, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.26). For Hispanic children, the strongest risk factors were the proportion of Hispanic adults who spoke only some English (compared with the proportion who spoke little or no English, adjusted IRR 1.26, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.53) and the proportion who were US residents for < 5 years (adjusted IRR 1.20, 95% CI 1.001 to 1.43). Neighborhood levels of household crowding were not related to injury among Hispanic children (adjusted IRR 0.98, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.08), but surprisingly, neighborhood poverty was associated with lower injury rates (adjusted IRR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.97). CONCLUSIONS: Cultural and geographic transitions, as well as socioeconomic differences, appear to contribute to differences in childhood injury rates between ethnic groups.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2004

Socioeconomic inequalities in mortality among elderly people in 11 European populations.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To describe mortality inequalities related to education and housing tenure in 11 European populations and to describe the age pattern of relative and absolute socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in the elderly European population. DESIGN AND METHODS: Data from mortality registries linked with population census data of 11 countries and regions of Europe were acquired for the beginning of the 1990s. Indicators of socioeconomic status were educational level and housing tenure. The study determined mortality rate ratios, relative indices of inequality (RII), and mortality rate differences. The age range was 30 to 90+ years. Analyses were performed on the pooled European data, including all populations, and on the data of populations separately. Data were included from Finland, Norway, Denmark, England and Wales, Belgium, France, Austria, Switzerland, Barcelona, Madrid, and Turin. MAIN RESULTS: In Europe (populations pooled) relative inequalities in mortality decreased with increasing age, but persisted. Absolute educational mortality differences increased until the ages 90+. In some of the populations, relative inequalities among older women were as large as those among middle aged women. The decline of relative educational inequalities was largest in Norway (men and women) and Austria (men). Relative educational inequalities did not decrease, or hardly decreased with age in England and Wales (men), Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, and Turin (women). CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic inequalities in mortality among older men and women were found to persist in each country, sometimes of similar magnitude as those among the middle aged. Mortality inequalities among older populations are an important public health problem in Europe.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Lack of inhospital beds: impact on emergency department performance].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect that the lack of inhospital beds exerts on emergency department performance. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Two different time periods with comparable daily census, but significantly different bed availability. Variables assessed were general emergency department performance markers, emergency department effectiveness markers and objective and subjective quality markers. RESULTS: All variables got worse within lower bed availability period, and reached a change magnitude between 0% and 300% when compared with control period. However, a statistical difference was only achieved in emergency department occupation rate (+14%; p < 0.001), rate of patients waiting to be admitted (+100%; p < 0.001), patients waiting to be seen (+60%; p < 0.01), waiting time to be seen (+83%; p < 0.001), time to employed for first medical assessment and treatment (+44%; p < 0.01), and patients left without being seen (+90%; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The lack of inhospital beds for patients admitted from the emergency department leads to a remarkable worsening in its function and performance.

Emergency Service, Hospital↗
PubMed2006

Violent crime exposure classification and adverse birth outcomes: a geographically-defined cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Area-level socioeconomic disparities have long been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Crime is an important element of the neighborhood environment inadequately investigated in the reproductive and public health literature. When crime has been used in research, it has been variably defined, resulting in non-comparable associations across studies. METHODS: Using geocoded linked birth record, crime and census data in multilevel models, this paper explored the relevance of four spatial violent crime exposures: two proximal violent crime categorizations (count of violent crime within a one-half mile radius of maternal residence and distance from maternal residence to nearest violent crime) and two area-level crime categorizations (count of violent crimes within a block group and block group rate of violent crimes) for adverse birth events among women in living in the city of Raleigh NC crime report area in 1999-2001. Models were adjusted for maternal age and education and area-level deprivation. RESULTS: In black and white non-Hispanic race-stratified models, crime characterized as a proximal exposure was not able to distinguish between women experiencing adverse and women experiencing normal birth outcomes. Violent crime characterized as a neighborhood attribute was positively associated with preterm birth and low birth weight among non-Hispanic white and black women. No statistically significant interaction between area-deprivation and violent crime category was observed. CONCLUSION: Crime is variably categorized in the literature, with little rationale provided for crime type or categorization employed. This research represents the first time multiple crime categorizations have been directly compared in association with health outcomes. Finding an effect of area-level violent crime suggests crime may best be characterized as a neighborhood attribute with important implication for adverse birth outcomes.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

[Self-assessment of STD/AIDS vulnerability among women, Brazil].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate risk behaviors and self-assessment of the vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among women. METHODS: A systematic sample including 48 of 281 census tracts in the urban area of Pelotas, Brazil, was selected. There were interviewed 1,543 women, aged between 15 and 49 years, who had ever been sexually active. Risk behaviors were assessed using a confidential questionnaire that consisted of three sections: socioeconomic profile, interviewers' and self-administered questions. Data analysis was conducted using Epi-Info software, version 6.0. Statistical analysis was carried out using Kappa test and odds ratio. RESULTS: Of all women in the sample, 64% considered impossible or almost impossible for them to acquire an STD or AIDS. The main risk behaviors were non-use of condoms in their last intercourse (72%); onset of sexual activity before age 18 years (47%); drug or alcohol use by the partner (14%) or the woman (7%) before their last intercourse; two or more partners in the last three months (7%); and anal sex in the last intercourse (3%); 44% reported two or more risk behaviors. Using a risk score of two or more points as the gold standard, sensitivity and specificity of self-assessment were 41% and 67%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Self-assessment of vulnerability is not an adequate indicator of STD and AIDS vulnerability since women do not have an appropriate perception of their risks.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1983

On the feasibility of linking census samples to the National Death Index for epidemiologic studies: a progress report.

To test the feasibility of using large national probability samples provided by the US Census Bureau, a pilot project was initiated to link 230,000 Census-type records to the National Death Index (NDI). Using strict precautions to maintain the complete confidentiality of individual records, the Current Population Survey files of one month in 1973 and one month in 1978 were matched by computer to the 1979 NDI file. The basic question to be addressed was whether deaths so obtained are seriously underestimated when there is no Social Security Number (SSN) in the Census record. The search of the NDI file resulted in 5,542 matches of which about 1,800 appear to be "true positives" representing deaths, the remainder are "false positives." Of the deaths, 80 per cent would still have been detected without SSN in the Census record. The main reasons for missing deaths (false negatives) were discrepancies in the year of birth and in the given name. Assuming certain changes in the NDI matching algorithm, the 80 per cent figure could increase to 85 per cent or higher; however, this could also cause significant increases in the number of false positives. The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and Census Bureau staff are currently developing a probabilistic method to eliminate false positives from the NDI output tape. The results of the pilot study indicate that a larger research project is clearly feasible.

Epidemiologic Methods↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiological pattern of lymphatic filariasis in children living in endemic areas].

OBJECTIVE: Lymphatic filariasis still represents a major public health problem in the city of Recife. In spite of the fact that previous surveys had already shown high frequency of microfilaraemia in pediatric population, the prevalence of filarial disease and the microfilaraemic pattern of this group were unknown. This paper describes the clinical-epidemiological pattern of filariasis in children and adolescents living in two highly endemic areas of Recife. METHODS: The parasitological survey was done through a census carried out between December 1990 and July 1991. Thick drop technique (45 micro l) was performed on a total of 1,464 children and adolescents between the ages of 5 and 14, of whom 967 were submitted to clinical examination. Positive cases had their blood recollected (60 micro l) to measure the microfilaraemic density. RESULTS: The microfilaraemia prevalence was 6.4 %. In the age groups of 5 to 9 and 10 to 14 a microfilaraemia prevalence of respectively 4.6% and 8.3% was observed. The microfilaraemic density varied from 3 to 864 microfilariae per 60 microl of blood, there having been no statistically significant difference between the sexes and age groups (p<0.05). 6 cases (0.6 %) of acute filarial disease and 11 of chronic filarial disease (1.1%) were identified, hydrocele being the principal manifestation found. Lymphadenopathy was found in 22% of the children, statistical association with microfilaraemia being observed (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the parasitological survey show the strong presence of children in the contingent of microfilaraemic individuals, indicating an early and intense exposure to filariasis in the population studied.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2000

A deprivation index for health and welfare planning in Quebec.

Given that one of the goals of public health policy in Quebec and Canada is to reduce social inequalities in health and welfare, it is surprising, to say the least, that most information systems in this field make no mention of people's socio-economic characteristics. The present article proposes an index to reflect the material and social dimensions of deprivation as this concept has been developed by Peter Townsend and other authors. The article describes the method used to create the index, which uses census data and tools developed by Statistics Canada to match postal codes with enumeration areas. Examples are provided of the use of the index in information systems covering three aspects of health and welfare in Quebec: deaths, hospitalizations and births. The value of the information provided by this index in planning health and social services is demonstrated.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Very few couples remain voluntarily childless.

"The secular decline of fertility, which reached its bottommost level between the two world wars, went together with a rise in permanent infertility that was sometimes, in the ideological atmosphere of the time, ascribed to physiological factors, but obviously indicated that some couples were refusing to have children. The signs of a similar pattern in present-day France are much more discreet. Having emerged relatively recently, it is difficult to quantify, but the main problem is that sterility therapy now makes it more difficult to define once and for all a level of infertility beyond which we can speak of ¿refusal to have children'. In an attempt to do so, [the author] uses an impressive range of tools: analysis of vital registration and census data, of ad hoc and general surveys, methods of estimation to fill in the many gaps, fertility models and so on. It is a useful reminder that the understanding of fertility behaviour goes beyond the mere interpretation of individual intentions."

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1983

A new method for estimating the trend in the fertility rate.

"This article describes the method devised by Gerard Calot...for estimating monthly TPFRs [total period fertility rates] when only provisional monthly figures for numbers of births are available. The application of the Calot method, together with the US Bureau of the Census X-11 seasonal adjustment package, for computing the trend in the England and Wales fertility rate is also described."

Birth Rate↗