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PubMed1982

Cadmium telluride detectors in the external measurement of glomerular filtration rate using 99mTc-DTPA (Sn): comparison with 51Cr-EDTA and 99mTc-DTPA (Sn) plasma sample methods.

GFR was determined in 16 patients using an external detector to monitor disappearance of a single injected dose of 99mTc-DTPA (Sn) simultaneously with determinations of GFR using plasma sample methods for 99mTc-DTPA (Sn) and 51Cr-EDTA. Values of GFR were correlated closely between the external determinations of GFR and the plasma sample methods of 51Cr-EDTA and 99mTc-DTPA (Sn) with correlation coefficients of 0.97 and 0.99, respectively. Although the external detector method is apparently accurate, its advantages are as yet insufficient to warrant its adoption as the method of choice for determination of GFR.

Cadmium↗
PubMed1983

Effect of inhalation exposure to cadmium oxide on arterial blood pressure, lipid metabolism and tissue cadmium concentration in rats.

The arterial blood pressure, lipid content in serum and some organs, cadmium level in blood, aorta wall, lung and liver have been examined in rats repeatedly exposed to cadmium oxide fume 5 hours daily, 5 days a week, during 6 months. The blood pressure in rats exposed to cadmium oxide at concentration 0.02 mg Cd/m3 and 0.16 mg Cd/m3 was not changed, but it was slightly lowered at concentration 1.0 mg Cd/m3, which has been found lethal for rats. The concentration of total cholesterol, phospholipids and cholesterol esters in serum of female rats exposed at concentration of 0.16 mg Cd/m3 for 3 months was decreased, but was not affected after 6 months of exposure. The content of cholesterol and triglycerides in aorta wall, heart and liver was unchanged, although the content of cholesterol was decreased in adrenals of rats exposed for 3 months at concentration of 0.16 mg Cd/m3. Inhalation of cadmium oxide brought about the marked increase of Cd content in lung and kidney of rats exposed at all concentrations an increase of Cd blood level in rats exposed at concentrations of 0.16 mg Cd/m3 and 1.0 mg Cd/m3 and no increase of Cd content in aorta wall.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1982

Ultrastructural changes in rat alveolar macrophages exposed to oxides of copper and cadmium.

The morphological effects of single intratracheal injections of copper oxide (CuO) and cadmium oxide (CdO) (5 mg) on rat alveolar macrophages were studied. Rats sacrificed after a one week recovery period showed distinct morphological changes induced by CuO and CdO. Copper oxide induced hypertrophy of both the alveolar macrophages as well as the epithelial lining. The macrophages contained polymorphic nuclei with margination of the chromatin, crystalloid-like inclusions, concentric and parallel lamellar structures, lattice formationa and degenerative membranous structures. After CdO treatment, a slight increase in the number of alveolar macrophages and an attenuated thickening of the epithelial wall were noted. Two types of macrophages were identified: one type was large in size, with numerous vacuoles, electron dense aggregations, phagocytized mitochondria and fragmented chromatin. The other type was smaller in size, with fewer vacuoles, a distinct rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and a highly convoluted plasma membrane. The results were suggestive of degenerative morphological alterations due to CuO and CdO treatments which were incompatible with normal macrophage function.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Biotelemetry in local clearance studies with radionuclides using cadmium telluride detectors.

Small, gamma-sensitive, cadmium-telluride [CdTe(C1)] detectors are evaluated for biotelemetry of the local clearance of an injected radioactive depot in tissue. The lateral displacement dependence and depth dependence are determined with 99mTc as radiation source. Perspex is used as attenuation and scattering medium. With 133Xe injected into subcutaneous tissue the effect of a geometrical adjustment of the CdTe(C1) detector prior to measurement is studied. Examples of 133Xe disappearance curves are shown during rest and ergometry bicycling.

Cadmium↗
PubMed1994

Voltage-dependent effects of opioid peptides on hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons in vitro.

Opioid peptides, and especially the dynorphins, have been localized to several circuits in the CA3 hippocampal region, yet electrophysiological studies often find mixed effects of opiates on the excitability of CA3 neurons. Reasoning that these mixed effects might involve voltage-dependent actions, we tested the effect of several opiates on CA3 pyramidal neurons using single-electrode voltage-clamp recording in a slice preparation of rat hippocampus. In most CA3 neurons, the voltage-dependent K+ current known as the M-current (IM) was uniquely sensitive to the opioid peptides, with the direction of response dependent upon the opiate type and concentration. Thus, an opiate selective for kappa receptors, U-50,488H, significantly augmented IM. The kappa-selective agonists dynorphin A and dynorphin B, which exist in mossy fiber afferents to CA3 pyramidal neurons, also markedly augmented IM at low concentrations (20-100 nM). By contrast, dynorphin A at higher concentrations (1-1.5 microM) often reduced IM. Similarly, several opiates [e.g., D-Ala2,D-Leu5-enkephalin: (DADL), [D-Pen2,5]-enkephalin (DPDPE)] known to act on the delta receptor subtypes reduced the M-current, with partial reversal of this effect by naloxone. Neither the selective mu-receptor agonist [D-Ala2, NMe-Phe4, Gly-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO) nor the nonopioid fragment of dynorphin, des-Tyr-dynorphin, consistently altered IM. These opiate effects on IM were accompanied by changes in conductance and holding current consistent with their respective effects on IM. Dynorphin A did not measurably affect the Q-current, a conductance known to contribute to inward rectification in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. The opiate effects on IM were not altered by pretreatment with Cs+ (which blocks IQ) or Ca2+ channel blockers. The opposing effects of the dynorphins (both A and B) and DADL on IM were antagonized by naloxone (1-3 microM), and the dynorphin-induced augmentations of IM were usually reversed by the kappa receptor antagonist norbinaltorphimine. These results suggest that the opiates can have opposing effects on the same voltage-dependent K+ channel type (the M channel) in the rat CA3 pyramidal neuron, with the direction of the response depending on which receptor subtype is activated. These data not only help explain the mixed effects of opiates seen in other studies, but also suggest a potential postsynaptic function for the endogenous opiates contained in the CA3 mossy fibers.

3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cycloh↗
PubMed1994

Effects of toosendanin on electric and mechanical properties of guinea pig papillary muscles.

Effects of toosendanin (TS) on the action potentials and contractile force in guinea pig papillary muscles were examined using a standard microelectrode technique. TS concentration-dependently increased the action potential duration at 90% repolarization (APD90) of the fast action potentials. In the presence of a Ikl channel blocker BaCl2, the effects of TS on lengthening the APD90 were completely abolished, thereby suggesting that TS inhibited the inward rectifier K+ current Ikl. The APD and contractile force of aminophylline-induced slow action potentials were potentiated by TS in a concentration-dependent manner. In the presence of BaCl2, both effects of TS were completely abolished. The effect of TS on enhancing contractile force was abolished by the addition of CdCl2, with the prolongation of APD preserved. Thus, TS selectively inhibited the inward rectifier K+ current Ikl with a positive inotropic effect, resulting from a delay in Ca channel inactivation which was secondary to delay in ventricular repolarization.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1996

Pulmonary toxicity of cadmium in rats: a histologic and ultrasound study.

Several studies have shown a carcinogenic effect of inhaled or injected cadmium in rats. This carcinogenity has not yet been confirmed in humans. We have performed a study with 48 Wistar male rats, to which we have administered either cadmium sulphide (0.2 mg/Kg/day) or the same doses of placebo for four or eight days. 24 hours after the last administration, the rats were euthanised and an autopsy was performed. The histologic changes in the lung of the cadmium-exposed group were diffuse areas of alveolar collapse due to narrowing of the bronchioles secondary to the alteration of the surrounding connective tissue, with compensating alveolar emphysema near these foci and also at the periphery of the lung. There was also an increased number of intra-alveolar macrophages. We also noticed small foci of dysplasia in the alveolar epithelium. Ultrastructural changes were inspecific but suggested a toxic effect of cadmium on the epithelium. These findings, absent in the control group, confirm that intrathoracic injection of cadmium is associated with an increased tendency to the development of pulmonary emphysema and with dysplastic changes in the alveolar epithelium (peribronchiolar alveolar dysplasia).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Precipitation of cytochromes c with complex cadmium iodide].

Using cytochrome c from horse heart and the yeast candida valida as examples, it was shown that a complex anion, cadmium tetraiodide (CdI42-), precipitated proteins from aqueous solutions at the reagent concentrations below 50 mM. The composition and pH value of the solution, as well as the starting protein concentration, considerably influenced the precipitation. The results suggest that this reagent acts on the protein by a mechanism similar to the salting-out process. The ability to act at small concentrations is the advantage of CdI42- over conventional agents.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Up-regulation of reactive astrogliosis in the rat glioma 9L cell line by combined mechanical and chemical injuries.

The 9L rat glioma cells grown in culture, when subjected to a mechanical injury (scratch wound) and/or a chemical injury (CdCl2) manifest changes which are characteristic of an astrocyte reaction (astrogliosis) in the central nervous system. Such changes include cell hypertrophy and an increase in immunostaining for the astrocytic marker proteins, glial fibrillary acidic protein and J1-31 antigen. Mitochondria also increase in size and number, and the endoplasmic reticulum expands in area. These mechanical and chemical injuries are coordinated, and act synergistically to induce a considerably more intense astroglial reaction by 9L cells than can be elicited with either injurious agent alone, and this occurs without any interactions with microglia, neurons or oligodendroglia. The phenomenon suggests that more than one transcriptional mechanism is involved in the activation of astrocytes, and that mechanical and CdCl2-induced injuries, respectively, probably affect different receptors and second- and third-messenger pathways. There are a number of questions concerning the molecular biology of reactive astrocytes which can be addressed through the use of the 9L rat glioma cell model. This model offers certain advantages over primary cultures of astrocytes, namely a low basal level of reactivity (because the cells are not subjected to mechanical injury prior to experimentation), an absence of contaminating microglial cells, greater ease of reproducibility of results, lower costs and avoidance of the use of animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Infrared microspectroscopic imaging of biomineralized tissues using a mercury-cadmium-telluride focal-plane array detector.

A 64 x 64 mercury-cadmium-telluride focal-plane array detector attached to a Fourier transform infrared microscope was used to spectroscopically image 5 microm sections of canine alveolar bone tissue in the fingerprint region of the infrared spectrum. By ratioing the relative intensities of specific bands across the images, it is possible to obtain spatial distributions of the mineral-to-matrix ratio and mineral maturity as a function of distance from an osteon.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Cellular mechanisms of postnatal growth of rat liver in during chronic exposure of cadmium sulfate and strontium chloride].

A cytophotometric investigation was performed to study the ploidy level and total protein content in hepatocytes of rats of different ages (1, 7, 14, 21, 30, 90, 180, 365 days), both intact and chronically treated with cadmium sulfate or strontium chloride. It was established that during the first month of postnatal ontogenesis, compositions of liver parenchyma cell population of intact and treated rats did not differ. Compared to control animals, the process of cell polyploidization in the liver of rats treated with heavy metal salts of 30-90 days proceeded slower, especially in Cd(2+)-treated rats. Within 180-365 days the cell polyploidization in the treated animals increased. The proportion of (4c x 2)-hepatocytes in 1 year old Cd(2+)- or Sr(2+)-treated rats increased, resp., by 2.7 and 1.5 times, and that of 8c hepatocytes was higher by 3.9 and 1.5 times than in the control, the average ploidy level rising by 20 and 5%. respectively. It was established that until 90 days the rate of protein accumulation in liver cells of intoxicated rats was slower than in intact animals. Thus, the average protein content per diploid hepatocyte in Cd(2+)- or Sr(2+)-treated 30 day old rats was lower by 20 and 16%, respectively, compared to control animals. The protein content increased in liver cells of Cd(2+)- or Sr(2+)-intoxicated rats following 90 and 180 days, respectively, and this process was exclusively associated with cell polyploidization. During the first 3 weeks after birth, no significant difference was observed in the extent of involvement of cell proliferation, polyploidization and hypertrophy in the growth of liver in intact and intoxicated animals. At this period the liver was growing due completely to cell proliferation and hypertrophy. During 21-30 days the contribution of cell proliferation to the liver growth of intact rats was not significant (29%), whereas it remained at higher level (50%) in the treated animals. In 30-90 days after birth, the involvement of proliferation process to the liver growth of intoxicated rats decreased to 25-28%, while in intact animals it increased up to 37%. At this period the cell polyploidization plays an essential role in the growth of liver in both intact and intoxicated animals to reach in average 37-46%. The contribution of polyploidization and hypertrophy to the liver growth of Cd(2+)-treated rats within 30-90 days was obviously higher than in Sr(2+)-treated animals. Both at the late (3-12 months) and at the early (1-21 days) stages of experiments, the pattern of correlation of different cell components in the growing liver of intact and intoxicated rats differed only a little.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1998

[Effect of cadmium sulfate and strontium chloride on the glycogen content in hepatocytes of rats of various ages].

Cytophotometry and image analysis being used, hepatocyte glycogen contents were measured in periportal and pericentral zones of liver lobules at different stages (1, 7, 14, 21, 30, 90, 180 and 365 days) of postnatal development of both intact rats and rats exposed to chronic CdSO4 (1 mg/kg body weight) and SrSO4 (6.5 mg/kg body weight) intoxication. The glycogen content in hepatocytes of intact rats increased continuously in the course of development being most highest at the initial stage of development. The glycogen content ratio in cells of portal and central zones of liver lobules varied during ontogenesis. The maximum value of this ratio is reached on the 21st day after the rat birth, dropping sharply at later age to reach its minimum in adults. Intoxication of rats by Cd2+ and Sr2+ within 1-90 days interval reduced hepatocyte glycogen levels, compared to normal liver. The prolongation of rat treatment with heavy metals for 90-365 days led to glycogen accumulation in hepatocytes. Rat intoxication with heavy metals for 1 year brought about the increase in both glycogen content per cell and glycogen concentration. Cd2+ treatment for 30-90 days resulted in glycogen accumulation inhibition in both the investigated zones of liver lobules. Thereafter an increased glycogen accumulation took place in hepatocytes of the portal and central liver lobules. Following Cd2+ treatment, the value of the ratios of glycogen levels in the portal and central liver lobules was lower than in the normal liver on all stages of the postnatal rat development. The lowest value (< 1.0) of this ratio was reached in the cirrhotic liver. Distinct from Cd2+ treatment of rats, the treatment with Sr2+ does not lead to significant changes in glycogen levels in cells of different zones of liver lobules. Nevertheless certain destructive changes in glycogen-forming function of hepatocytes after Sr2+ treatment are apparent. This is suggested from the lower glycogen levels in the portal and central zones of liver lobules on 30-180 days interval compared to the normal liver. Besides, the values of ratios in glycogen levels in the portal and central zones of liver lobules in 14 and 21 days old rats was noticeably lower than in the intact rats of the same age.

Aging↗
PubMed2001

Aqueous leaching properties and environmental implications of cadmium, lead and zinc trimercaptotriazine (TMT) compounds.

2,4,6-Trimercaptotriazine, trisodium salt nonahydrate (TMT-55) is a commercial product that is widely used to chemically precipitate cadmium, lead, zinc and other heavy metals from wastewaters and contaminated natural waters. When mixed with aqueous solutions of TMT-55, aqueous solutions of either reagent-grade zinc, cadmium, or lead salts precipitate crystalline "Zn-TMT", amorphous or crystalline "Cd-TMT" or amorphous "Pb-TMT" (M3[S3C3N3]2.nH2O, where M=Cd2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ and n> or = 0) that may eventually crystallize if stored in air. Laboratory aqueous leaching studies over 78-106 days using pH 3 HCl, distilled water (pH 6) and pH 9-10 NaOH evaluated the stability of the Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-TMT precipitates. Under pH 3 conditions, the amorphous Cd- and Pb-TMT compounds converted to their crystalline forms and amorphous Cd-TMT also crystallized in distilled water. Otherwise, no decomposition products were detected in the leached solid residues. When compared with the aqueous solubilities of corresponding sulfides and most hydroxides, the TMT compounds were significantly more soluble in distilled water and pH 3 HCl.

Cadmium↗
PubMed2006

Electrospray ionization and triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry study of some biologically relevant homo- and heterodimeric cadmium thiolate conjugates.

A series of 19 compounds of general formula R1S-Cd-SR2, R1, and R2, being some biologically relevant thiol amino acids and peptides, were prepared by direct reaction of cadmium(II) ions and thiols in water at millimolar concentration. The obtained products were characterized by electrospray ionization and triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. The source spectra of stoichiometric 1:2 Cd-thiol systems containing either an individual thiol or equimolar mixtures of two different thiols featured several Cd-containing signals, although at much lesser intensity than in the previously reported experiments with mercury(II) (J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2004, 15, 288-300). Also, the relative intensity of the homo- and heterodimeric thiolates were significantly different from the theoretically expected 1:2:1 ratio, thus pointing at some degree of discrimination between the different thiols. In particular, homo-cysteine showed much less reactivity than cysteine, and penicillamine and cysteine methyl ester much less than the free amino acid. The fragment spectra show structure-specific ions for the different ligands bound to the metal ion and allow a stand-alone determination of the connectivity also of isomeric pairs. The fragmentation pathways are similar to those observed for the corresponding mercury(II) analogues, with the addition of further intense and specific fragments, one formally carrying a Cd-bound OH ligand and one connected as a five-membered oxazolone carrying a cadmium-bis-thiolate side chain, both formed with a high intensity. Energy-resolved fragmentation data show that metal-free ions can be generated from cysteine but not from glutathione conjugates and point to the possibility of unveiling differences in the biochemical behavior of the conjugates of different heavy metals through the detailed study of their mass spectrometric fragmentation.

Algorithms↗