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At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Interruption management: the use of attention-directing tactile cues.

Previous research has suggested that providing informative cues about interrupting stimuli aids management of multiple tasks. However, auditory and visual cues can be ineffective in certain situations. The objective of the present study was to explore whether attention-directing tactile cues aid or interfere with performance. A two-group posttest-only randomized experiment was conducted. Sixty-one participants completed a 30-min performance session consisting of aircraft-monitoring and gauge-reading computer tasks. Tactile signals were administered to a treatment group to indicate the arrival and location of interrupting tasks. Control participants had to remember to visually check for the interrupting tasks. Participants in the treatment group responded to more interrupting tasks and responded faster than did control participants. Groups did not differ on error rates for the interrupting tasks, performance of the primary task, or subjective workload perceptions. In the context of the tasks used in the present research, tactile cues allowed participants to effectively direct attention where needed without disrupting ongoing information processing. Tactile cues should be explored in a variety of other visual, interrupt-laden environments. Potential applications exist for aviation, user-interface design, vigilance tasks, and team environments.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Amygdalar and prefrontal pathways to the lateral hypothalamus are activated by a learned cue that stimulates eating.

Experimental animals that are trained to associate a cue with food consumption when hunger prevails will subsequently consume a greater amount of food when that cue is presented under conditions of satiety. Previously, we showed that this phenomenon of conditioned potentiation of feeding is abolished by a neurotoxic lesion that encompasses the basolateral (BL), basomedial (BM), and lateral (LA) nuclei of the amygdala (AMY) and by disconnection of this region and lateral hypothalamus (LHA). Here, we combined immediate-early gene (IEG) and tract-tracing methods to map functional AMY-LHA circuitry that is engaged when potentiated feeding is produced by pavlovian conditioning. Sated rats were assessed for food consumption in the presence of a cue that was paired previously with food (CS+), or in the presence of another cue that was never paired with food (CS-), in two consecutive tests temporally arranged for activation of the effector IEGs Arc (activity-regulated cytoskeletal protein) and Homer 1a. We examined the selective induction of the IEGs by tests with CS+ or CS- presentations in AMY neurons that project to LHA, as identified with the retrograde tracer FluoroGold. Using the same labeling methods, we also examined neurons in several other forebrain regions, including the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens, that receive strong inputs from BL/BM/LA nuclei and, in turn, innervate the LHA. Our results indicate that a cue that has acquired the ability to promote eating in sated rats (CS+) strongly activates a functional network formed by direct pathways from the BL/BM and orbitomedial prefrontal cortex to the LHA.

Amygdala↗
PubMed2004

A role of ventral tegmental area glutamate in contextual cue-induced relapse to heroin seeking.

The environmental context previously associated with opiate use plays an important role in human relapse, but the neuronal mechanisms involved in context-induced drug relapse are not known. Using a rat relapse model, we determined the effect of a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist [LY379268 ((-)-2-oxa-4-aminobicylco hexane-4,6-dicarboxylic acid)] on contextual cue-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking. LY379268, which acts centrally to reduce evoked glutamate release, was injected systemically or directly into the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a brain area involved in opiate reward and conditioned drug effects. Rats were trained to self-administer intravenous heroin for 12 d; drug infusions were paired with a discrete tone-light cue. Subsequently, lever pressing was extinguished in the presence of the discrete cue in a context that differed from the drug self-administration context in terms of visual, auditory, tactile, and circadian cues. After extinction of lever responding, LY379268 was injected systemically or into the VTA, and nonreinforced responding was determined in the extinction context or the drug context. Exposure to the heroin-associated context induced robust reinstatement of drug seeking, and this effect was attenuated by systemic or intra-VTA injections of LY379268. Results indicate that glutamate transmission in the VTA plays an important role in contextual cue-induced relapse to heroin seeking.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2006

Head direction cell representations maintain internal coherence during conflicting proximal and distal cue rotations: comparison with hippocampal place cells.

Place cells of the hippocampal formation encode a spatial representation of the environment, and the orientation of this representation is apparently governed by the head direction cell system. The representation of a well explored environment by CA1 place cells can be split when there is conflicting information from salient proximal and distal cues, because some place fields rotate to follow the distal cues, whereas others rotate to follow the proximal cues (Knierim, 2002a). In contrast, the CA3 representation is more coherent than CA1, because the place fields in CA3 tend to rotate in the same direction (Lee et al., 2004). The present study tests whether the head direction cell network produces a split representation or remains coherent under these conditions by simultaneously recording both CA1 place cells and head direction cells from the thalamus. In agreement with previous studies, split representations of the environment were observed in ensembles of CA1 place cells in approximately 75% of the mismatch sessions, in which some fields followed the counterclockwise rotation of proximal cues and other fields followed the clockwise rotation of distal cues. However, of 225 recording sessions, there was not a single instance of the head direction cell ensembles revealing a split representation of head direction. Instead, in most of the mismatch sessions, the head direction cell tuning curves rotated as an ensemble clockwise (94%) and in a few sessions rotated counterclockwise (6%). The findings support the notion that the head direction cells may be part of an attractor network bound more strongly to distal landmarks than proximal landmarks, even under conditions in which the CA1 place representation loses its coherence.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Local sensory cues and place cell directionality: additional evidence of prospective coding in the hippocampus.

In tasks involving goal-directed, stereotyped trajectories on uniform tracks, the spatially selective activity of hippocampal principal cells depends on the animal's direction of motion. Principal cell ensemble activity while the rat moves in opposite directions through a given location is typically uncorrelated. It is shown here, with data from three experiments, that multimodal, local sensory cues can change the directional properties of CA1 pyramidal cells, inducing bidirectionality in a significant proportion of place cells. For a majority of these bidirectional place cells, place field centers in the two directions of motion were displaced relative to one another, as would be the case if the cells were representing a position in space approximately 5-10 cm ahead of the rat or if place cells were subject to strong accommodation or inhibition in the latter half of their input fields. However, place field density was not affected by the presence of local cues, but in the experimental condition with the most salient sensory cues, the CA1 population vectors in the "cue-rich" condition were sparser and changed more quickly in space than in the "cue-poor" condition. These results suggest that "view-invariant" object representations are projected to the hippocampus from lower cortical areas and can have the effect of increasing the correlation of the hippocampal input vectors in the two directions, hence decreasing the orthogonality of hippocampal output.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Alcohol-predictive cues enhance tolerance to and precipitate "craving" for alcohol in social drinkers.

This study attempts to show that tolerance to alcohol is in large part a "learned" response, precipitated by contextual cues predictive of the unconditional drug effect. It also aims to show that the contextual cues integral to such "environment-dependent" tolerance function to increase motivational desire to drink alcohol. Male students (N = 40), drinking on average 10-20 units of alcohol per week, were randomly assigned to one of four groups. Two groups ingested 1.2ml/kg alcohol: one (AL-EXPT) with exteroceptive contextual cues typically associated with alcohol use, and the other (AL-UNEXPT) in a context not normally associated with alcohol. A third group (placebo) believed that they were drinking alcohol but, in fact, consumed a nonalcoholic beverage in the alcohol-expected context. The fourth group drank juice in the alcohol-unexpected context. As predicted, tolerance to the deleterious effects of alcohol on cognition and motor-performance, and subjective desire to consume alcohol, were influenced by the alcohol-predictive contextual cues. A physiological index (pulse rate) also tended to confirm that these cues elicited a conditioned compensatory response to alcohol. The implications of these findings for tolerance to and motivation to drink alcohol in a nonpathological population are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The role of Pavlovian cues in alcohol seeking in dependent and nondependent rats.

OBJECTIVE: Recent treatment approaches to substance use disorders have focused on reducing drug use by modifying drug-seeking behaviors in response to drug-associated cues. Understanding the effect of alcohol-related stimuli on alcohol-seeking responses is therefore of interest in the study of alcoholism. The present study examined the impact of ethanol- (ETOH) associated cues on selective ETOH-seeking behavior, using a Pavlovian-instrumental transfer design in groups of alcohol-dependent and nondependent rats. METHOD: Rats (N = 24) received Pavlovian conditioning in which each of two stimuli, a tone and white noise, was paired alternately with a 10% sweetened ETOH solution and a polycose-quinine solution. The rats were trained to perform two instrumental actions, with one action earning access to the sweetened ETOH and the other to the polycose-quinine. After training, half of the animals were made ETOH-dependent by intragastric administration of 36 g/kg of ETOH over 4 days, whereas the remainder received intragastric administration of an isocaloric polycose solution. On the following day, subjects were given a choice extinction test in which they were free to choose between both actions with no outcomes being delivered. During this test, the ETOH- and polycose-associated Pavlovian cues were presented to assess performance of the two instrumental actions both in the presence and absence of these stimuli. RESULTS: Pavlovian cues associated with both the ETOH or the polycose exerted a nonspecific excitatory influence on reward-seeking behavior in both nondependent and alcohol-dependent rats. CONCLUSIONS: Responses through which rats gain access to ETOH appear to be subject to the general excitatory influence of the general motivational arousal induced by reward-related cues. It appears the rats' performance did not depend on encoding the specific consequences of their actions and thus was not affected by the selective retrieval or priming of those consequences in memory.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1968

Cue-producing behavior in the Capuchin monkey during reversal, extinction, acquisition, and overtraining.

In a two-choice discrimination situation, a cue-producing response produced the discriminanda for 0.05 sec. The cue-producing responses beyond those normally necessary to identify the discriminanda thus provided only redundant information. Two of the four Capuchin monkeys studied showed a large increase in cue-producing responses during reversal learning and extinction, and they reversed much faster than the two whose cue-producing responses showed little increase. During acquisition of a difficult discrimination, the cue-producing responses of the first two subjects reached a high level and during overtraining gradually reduced to their initial low level. The results were related to Wyckoff's theory of observing behavior and to the notions of uncertainty, reduction, and lack of information as extensions of the concepts of reinforcement and motivation.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Development of ability to perceive and produce pictorial depth cue of overlapping.

The perception of the pictorial depth cue of overlapping was studied in children 3, 5, and 7 yr. old. Both a sequential and a simultaneous picture/object-matching task were used to test sensitivity. All age groups successfully perceived the depth relation information provided by pictorial overlapping. Height on the picture plane, which projectively covaries with overlapping, was not consistently used as a depth cue by any age group. Children's drawings were also analyzed for the presence of distance information. The drawings of the 3- and 5-yr. old children contained no overlapping cues and indicated a general lack of understanding of the third demension behind the picture plane. Seven-yr.-old children showed the beginnings of this understanding through their use of size perspective and height on the picture plane as depth cues. For all ages the production of the overlapping cue lags behind its perception.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Mnemonic strategy instruction in coding, processing, and recall of movement-related cues by mentally retarded children.

The purpose of study was to examine the differential coding and processing characteristics of two movement cue types in the investigation of the short-term memory of mentally retarded and nonretarded children. The central focus of the study was to determine the effects of formal instruction in the use of a mnemonic versus no instruction with both types of cues in a memory for movement paradigm. The investigation was conducted across two experiments. The main conclusion drawn from Exp. 1 was that movement 'location' cues were coded, processed, and retained by both the mentally retarded and the nonretarded children, but only the former required instruction in the use of a mnemonic to achieve accurate recall. Exp. 2 was fundamentally a replication of Exp. 1 with the exception that movement 'extent' cues were maintained reliable. The results were similar but not exactly the same as those of Exp. 1. Only the mentally retarded children given mnemonic instruction appeared to code, process, and retain movement 'extent' cues over time. The net result of the two experiments was that formal instruction in the use of a mnemonic was of benefit to the mentally retarded subjects and was not necessary for nonretarded subjects to achieve the same level of movement accuracy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Short-term memory in the macaque monkey: cue-reproducing response during delay interval.

The effects of cue-reproducing responses of macaque monkeys during the delay interval of a delayed response task were examined in several situations. The monkeys showed better performance in the cue-reproducing than the nonreproducing condition. When the monkeys were exposed to choices between two keys, responses to either key reproduced the cue, the monkeys selected the cue-reproducing key only when a "mnemonic device" was available. Cue-reproducing responses of the monkeys were suggested to correspond with human rehearsal behaviors. Codes and coding responses in delayed response performance were also discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Situational cue and strategy influence on speechreading.

The influence of situational cues and reasoning strategies on speechreading was studied in normal-hearing and minimally hearing-impaired adults. Everyday Speech Sentences (Davis & Silverman, 1968) produced by a female talker were videotaped without sound in the context of a visual background scene. A non-verbal acoustic signal was matched to each sentence and dubbed onto the recording. Thus, each test item consisted of an inaudible sentence presented with an optical and acoustic situational cue. The experimental task was structured so that subjects speechread sentences using deductive or inductive reasoning strategies. Results demonstrated greater success in speechreading when sentences were matched with related situational cues than when unrelated cues were provided. This difference was noted only when inductive reasoning was used. The findings suggest that situational cues are most useful to the speechreader when he can be assured that a strong relationship exists between the spoken message and the talker's situational background.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Cue-exposure interventions for alcohol relapse prevention: need for a memory modification component.

The ability of cue-conditioned responses (CCRs) to predict relapse in problem drinkers across a wide variety of situations is better appreciated when one considers that encoded alcohol-related stimuli can be retrieved from memory and, consequently, serve as symbolic cues. By decreasing retrieval strength to such cues one might: (1) decrease the possibility that such cues elicit alcohol-related CCRs (urges), which may lead to drinking, and (2) decrease the possibility of relapse resulting directly from thinking about drinking. A memory modification approach, as compared to cue exposure, may be relatively effective with old versus young alcoholics.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2006

Cue-based preparation and stimulus-based priming of tasks in task switching.

In this study, we investigated the interaction of three different sources of task activation in precued task switching. We distinguished (1) intentional, cue-based task activation from two other, involuntary sources of activation: (2) persisting activation from the preceding task and (3) stimulus-based task activation elicited by the task stimulus itself. We assumed that cue-based task activation increases as a function of cue-stimulus interval (CSI) and that task activation from the preceding trial decays as a function of response-stimulus interval Stimulus-based task activation is thought to be due to involuntary retrieval of stimulus-associated tasks. We manipulated stimulus-based task activation by mapping each of the stimuli consistently to only one or the other of the two tasks. After practice, we reversed this mapping in order to test the effects of item-specific stimulus-task association. The mapping reversal resulted in increased reaction times and increased task shift costs. These stimulus-based priming effects were markedly reduced with a long CSI, relative to a short CSI, suggesting that stimulus-based priming shows up in performance principally when competition between tasks is high and that cue-based task activation reduces task competition. In contrast, lengthening the response-cue interval (decay time) reduced shift costs but did not reduce the stimulus-based priming effect The data are consistent with separable stimulus-related and response-related components of task activation. Further theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Missing information in multiple-cue probability learning.

In a multiple-cue probability learning task, participants learned to use six discrete symptoms (i.e., cues) to diagnose which of three possible flu strains a hypothetical patient suffered from. For some patients, information regarding the status of certain symptoms was not available. Various possible ways in which the missing cue information might be processed were distinguished and tested in a series of three experiments (Ns = 80, 109, and 61). The results suggest that the judged probability of the outcome variable (i.e., flu strain) was assessed by "filling in" the missing cue information with a mean value based on previous observations. The predictions of other methods of processing missing cue information are inconsistent with the data.

Cues↗
PubMed1990

Cue interaction in human contingency judgment.

Most studies of human contingency judgment have been based on the assumption that frequency information about one predictor is assessed in isolation of information about other predictors. Recent evidence, however, suggests that the judged predictive strength of one cue is influenced by the predictive strengths of other copresent cues. Two experiments demonstrate that stimuli with the same outcome contingencies may nonetheless have different predictive strengths as the result of cue interaction. The first experiment, in which a within-subject design was used, provides a demonstration of blocking. A stimulus presented in compound with a strong predictor was rated as less predictive than another stimulus that was presented in compound with a nonpredictive cue. In the second experiment, cue interactions in conditioned inhibition were examined. A stimulus gained negative predictive strength as the result of compound presentations with a positive predictor when the outcome was not presented. This negative predictor was compared with an otherwise analogous stimulus that was not presented in compound with a positive predictor. These results support the use of animal-conditioning models as accounts of human contingency learning.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Causal order does not affect cue selection in human associative learning.

Waldmann and Holyoak (1992) presented evidence in support of the claim that cue selection does not emerge in "diagnostic" human learning tasks in which the cues are interpretable as effects and the outcomes as the causes of those effects. Waldmann and Holyoak argued that this evidence presents a major difficulty for associationist theories of learning and instead supports a "causal model" theory. We identify a number of flaws in Waldmann and Holyoak's experimental procedures and report three new experiments designed to test their claim. In Experiment 1, cue selection was observed regardless of causal order and regardless of whether the cues were abstractly or concretely specified. In Experiments 2 and 3, cue selection was again observed when subjects predicted causes from effects. We conclude that our results are consistent with simple associationist theories of learning but contradict Waldmann and Holyoak's causal model theory.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The relation between feelings of knowing and the number of neighboring concepts linked to the test cue.

We investigated whether feeling-of-knowing judgments are influenced by the number of different neighboring concepts linked to the test cue in long-term memory as measured using association norms. The purpose was to evaluate contrasting predictions made by the partial-retrieval hypothesis and the competition hypothesis. The partial-retrieval hypothesis assumes the more neighboring concepts activated by the test cue, the higher the feeling of knowing. In contrast, the competition hypothesis assumes that feelings of knowing are sensitive to competition between neighboring concepts, and it predicts that the fewer neighboring concepts activated by the cue, the higher the feeling of knowing. The findings were compatible with the competition hypothesis showing that both feeling-of-knowing and prediction-of-knowing ratings always were higher, the fewer different concepts were linked to the test cue. We obtained an identical pattern of results using different kinds of cues including taxonomic category names, ending sounds, and meaningfully related associates. We consider different ways that these findings could be reconciled with the partial-retrieval hypothesis, and we also discuss implications for other explanations of feeling-of-knowing effects.

Adult↗