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At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits.

Evidence suggests that a diet high in fruits and vegetables may decrease the risk of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer, and phytochemicals including phenolics, flavonoids and carotenoids from fruits and vegetables may play a key role in reducing chronic disease risk. Apples are a widely consumed, rich source of phytochemicals, and epidemiological studies have linked the consumption of apples with reduced risk of some cancers, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and diabetes. In the laboratory, apples have been found to have very strong antioxidant activity, inhibit cancer cell proliferation, decrease lipid oxidation, and lower cholesterol. Apples contain a variety of phytochemicals, including quercetin, catechin, phloridzin and chlorogenic acid, all of which are strong antioxidants. The phytochemical composition of apples varies greatly between different varieties of apples, and there are also small changes in phytochemicals during the maturation and ripening of the fruit. Storage has little to no effect on apple phytochemicals, but processing can greatly affect apple phytochemicals. While extensive research exists, a literature review of the health benefits of apples and their phytochemicals has not been compiled to summarize this work. The purpose of this paper is to review the most recent literature regarding the health benefits of apples and their phytochemicals, phytochemical bioavailability and antioxidant behavior, and the effects of variety, ripening, storage and processing on apple phytochemicals.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Chemical characterization and biological activity of Macfadyena unguis-cati (Bignoniaceae).

Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) has been widely used in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory, antimalarial and antivenereal. The purpose of this study was to chemically characterize the main plant components, and to evaluate the biological properties of some of the fractions derived from leaves (MACb) and liana (MACa) of this plant. Chemical characterization allowed the identification of the compounds corymboside, vicenin-2, quercitrin, chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid, lupeol, beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterylglucoside, allantoin and lapachol. The biological screening of fractions and/or purified substances derived from fractions revealed antitumoral and antitrypanosomal activities in fractions MACa/lapachol and MACb/MACb21, respectively. The anti-lipoxygenase and anti-cyclooxygenase effect seen in fractions MACa and MACb showed a partial correlation with the anti-inflammatory property attributed to this plant.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Quantitative analysis of the major constituents of St John's wort with HPLC-ESI-MS.

A method was developed to profile the major constituents of St John's wort extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS). The objective was to simultaneously separate, identify and quantify hyperforin, hypericin, pseudohypericin, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercetrin, quercitrin and chlorogenic acid using HPLC-MS. Quantification was performed using an external standardisation method with reference standards. The method consisted of two protocols: one for the analysis of flavonoids and glycosides and the other for the analysis of the more lipophilic hypericins and hyperforin. Both protocols used a reverse phase Luna phenyl hexyl column. The separation of the flavonoids and glycosides was achieved within 35 min and that of the hypericins and hyperforin within 9 min. The linear response range in ESI-MS was established for each compound and all had linear regression coefficient values greater than 0.97. Both protocols proved to be very specific for the constituents analysed. MS analysis showed no other signals within the analyte peaks. The method was robust and applicable to alcoholic tinctures, tablet/capsule extracts in various solvents and herb extracts. The method was applied to evaluate the phytopharmaceutical quality of St John's wort preparations available in the UK in order to test the method and investigate if they contain at least the main constituents and at what concentrations.

Anthracenes↗
PubMed1990

Phenolic compounds from stem bark of Acanthopanax senticosus and their pharmacological effect in chronic swimming stressed rats.

Ten phenolic compounds, isofraxidin (1), (+)-syringaresinol-di-O-beta-D-glucoside (2), syringin (3), chlorogenic acid (4), isofraxidin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside (5), 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone (6), (+)-pinoresinol-O-beta-D-glucoside (7), (7), (+)-syringaresinol-O-beta-D-glucoside (8), (+)-pinoresinol-di-O-beta-D-glucoside (9) and (+)-medioresinol-di-O-beta-D-glucoside (10), were isolated from the stem bark of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms and identified, respectively. The aqueous extract of the stem bark exhibited a prolonging effect on the exercise time to exhaustion in chronic swimming stressed rats. The effect on the exercise time in the chronic swimming stressed rats was respectively tested for compounds 2 and 4, which are major constituents of the stem bark. As a result, it was indicated that compound 2 is the compound responsible for part of the pharmacological effect which the aqueous extract of the stem bark showed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Medicinal foodstuffs. V. Moroheiya. (1): Absolute stereostructures of corchoionosides A, B, and C, histamine release inhibitors from the leaves of Vietnamese Corchorus olitorius L. (Tiliaceae).

Three new ionone glucosides named corchoionosides A, B, and C were isolated from the leaves of Corchorus olitorius, commonly called "moroheiya" in Japanese, together with seven known compounds, an ionone glucoside (6S,9R)-roseoside, a monoterpene glucoside betulalbuside A, two flavonol glucosides astragalin and isoquercitrin, two coumarin glucosides scopolin and cichoriine, and chlorogenic acid. The absolute stereostructures of corchoionosides A, B, and C were determined by chemical and physiochemical evidence, which included the result of application of a modified Mosher's method, the CD helicity rule, and chemical correlation with (6S,9R)-roseoside. Corchoionosides A and B and (6S,9R)-roseoside were found to inhibit the histamine release from rat peritoneal exudate cells induced by antigen-antibody reaction.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Constituents of the underground parts of Glehnia littoralis.

From the underground parts of Glehnia littoralis FR. Schmidt ex Miquel (Umbelliferae), 26 compounds, including two new lignan glycosides [giehlinosides A (1) and B (2)], a new neolignan glycoside [glehlinoside C (3)], and a new phenylpropanoid glycoside 14-[beta-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxyl-3-methoxypropiophenone (4)1, were obtained and their structures were determined by analysis of their spectral data. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging assay disclosed quercetin (8), isoquercetin (9), rutin (10), chlorogenic acid (11), and caffeic acid (24) as the major antioxidative constituents in this crude drug.

Apiaceae↗
PubMed2005

Simultaneous determination of major bioactive components in Qingkailing injection by high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection.

High-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC/ELSD) was established for simultaneous determination of seven major bioactive components of Qingkailing injection including adenosine, geniposide, chlorogenic acid, baicalin, ursodeoxycholic acid, cholic acid, and hyodeoxycholic acid. The proposed method was applied to analyze ten various Qingkailing injections and produced data with acceptable linearity, repeatability, precision and accuracy having a limit of detection (LOD) of 10-50 ng. In comparison with UV detection, HPLC/ELSD permits the determination of non-chromophoric compounds without prior derivatization, and shows good compatibility to the multi-components of complex analytes. The proposed method is a useful alternative for routine analysis in the quality control of traditional Chinese medicine.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2006

Radioprotective effects of hawthorn fruit extract against gamma irradiation in mouse bone marrow cells.

The radioprotective effect of hawthorn (Crataegus microphylla) fruit extract against genotoxicity induced by gamma irradiation has been investigated in mouse bone marrow cells. A single intraperitoneal (ip) administration of hawthorn extract at doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg 1h prior to gamma irradiation (2 Gy) reduced the frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MnPCEs). All four doses of hawthorn extract significantly reduced the frequencies of MnPCEs and increased the PCE/PCE+NCE ratio (polychromatic erythrocyte/ polychromatic erythrocyte + normochromatic erythrocyte) in mice bone marrow compared with the non drug-treated irradiated control (p < 0.02-0.00001). The maximum reduction in MnPCEs was observed in mice treated with extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg. Administration of amifostine at dose 100 mg/kg and hawthorn at dose 200 mg/kg reduced the frequency of MnPCE almost 4.8 and 5.7 fold; respectively, after being exposed to 2 Gy of gamma rays, compare with the irradiated control group. Crataegus extract exhibited concentration-dependent activity on 1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl free radical showing that Crataegus contained high amounts of phenolic compounds and the HPLC analysis determined that it contained chlorogenic acid, epicatechin and hyperoside. It appeared that hawthorn extract with antioxidant activity reduced the genotoxicity induced by gamma irradiation in bone marrow cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Antioxidative activity of bound-form phenolics in potato peel.

Free and bound-form phenolics were isolated from potato (cv. Toyoshiro) flesh and peel. The free and bound-form phenolics in the peel showed high DPPH radical scavenging activity, while those in the flesh showed low activity. The total amount of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid in the free-form phenolics from the peel was highly correlated with the DPPH radical scavenging activity. Ferulic acid was identified as the active radical scavenging compound in the bound-form phenolics from the peel. The potato peel may therefore offer an effective source of an antioxidative.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2006

Polyphenolic content and physiological activities of Chinese hawthorn extracts.

Hawthorn polyphenol (HP) was prepared by ethyl acetate treatment of the ethanol extract (HE) of Chinese hawthorn fruit. The concentrations of 15 polyphenols in the HP, HE, extraction residue (HJ), and a hawthorn leaf extract (HF) were determined by HPLC. For HP, the total content of the 15 polyphenols was 21.4%, comprised of 19.7% of procyanidins, 1.21% of chlorogenic acid, and 0.48% of flavonoids, compared to 2.55% for the HE. The yields of procyanidin monomer, dimer, trimer, tetramer, and pentamer were 50.5%, 30.3%, 23.0%, 14.6%, and 12.5% respectively, and the mean degree of polymerization was reduced to 1.39 (HP) from 1.65 (HE). Seven different physiological actions of the four extracts were investigated. The HP showed strong O(2)(-) and (.-)OH scavenging capacities (IC(50) values of 6.3 microg/ml and 1.1 microg/ml respectively), as well as selective prolyl endopeptidase inhibition (IC(50) of 60 microg/ml). The active constituents appeared to be procyanidins.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2001

A transgenic apple callus showing reduced polyphenol oxidase activity and lower browning potential.

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is responsible for enzymatic browning of apples. Apples lacking PPO activity might be useful not only for the food industry but also for studies of the metabolism of polyphenols and the function of PPO. Transgenic apple calli were prepared by using Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying the kanamycin (KM) resistant gene and antisense PPO gene. Four KM-resistant callus lines were obtained from 356 leaf explants. Among these transgenic calli, three calli grew on the medium containing KM at the same rate as non-transgenic callus on the medium without KM. One callus line had an antisense PPO gene, in which the amount and activity of PPO were reduced to half the amount and activity in non-transgenic callus. The browning potential of this line, which was estimated by adding chlorogenic acid, was also half the browning potential of non-transgenic callus.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens↗
PubMed2004

Anti-allergic activity of naringenin chalcone from a tomato skin extract.

The anti-allergic activity of a tomato extract was studied by using an in vitro histamine-release assay. The tomato skin extract exerted the strongest inhibition of histamine release. Chlorogenic acid, rutin and naringenin were identified in the 60% ethanol extract of tomato skin. However, the extract contained an unknown compound which strongly inhibited histamine release. This active compound in tomato skin was identified as naringenin chalcone (trans-2'4'6'4-tetrahydroxychalcone). Naringenin chalcone inhibited histamine release with an IC(50) value of 68 microg/ml. The anti-allergic activity of the tomato skin extract was next investigated by the in vivo mouse ear-swelling response. We found that naringenin chalcone showed the strongest inhibitory effect of the polyphenols of the tomato skin extract. These results indicate that a tomato skin extract could inhibit allergic reactions.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Green coffee bean extract improves human vasoreactivity.

Our previous study revealed the antihypertensive effects of green coffee bean extract (GCE) ingestion in spontaneously hypertensive rats. We suggested that this antihypertensive action was due to the fact that GCE contains chlorogenic acid (CQA) as a major phenolic compound, and CQA in turn contains ferulic acid as a metabolic component that acts on nitric oxide (NO) derived from the vascular endothelium. In this study, the effects of GCE on blood vessels were evaluated in healthy males. The subjects were 20 healthy males with reduced vasodilation responses measured by strain gauge plethysmograms (SPG) to ischemic reactive hyperemia. Of the 20 subjects, 10 (mean age, 37.2 years) ingested a test drink containing GCE (CQA: 140 mg/day), and the other 10 (mean age, 34.8 years) ingested a placebo drink for 4 months. During the ingestion period, SPG, pulse wave velocity (PWV), and serum biochemical parameters were measured, and acceleration plethysmograms (APG) were taken. The reactive hyperemia ratio (RHR) in the test drink group began to increase after ingestion for 1 month and was significantly higher (p <0.05) than that in the placebo group after ingestion for 3 months and 4 months. In addition, after ingestion for 4 months, the test drink group showed a significant decrease (p <0.01) in the plasma total homocysteine level compared with the pre-ingestion level. However, there were no significant differences in PWV or APG between the test drink group and the placebo drink group. The improvement in RHR after ingestion of a drink containing GCE suggested an improvement in vasoreactivity by this component.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Secondary metabolites as stimulants and antifeedants of Salix integra for the leaf beetle Plagiodera versicolora.

Plagiodera versicolora, a willow beetle living on S. sachalinensis, is found on S. integra during early June in Hokkaido Island, Japan. This insect selects several species of willows (Salix), including S. integra as host plant in Honshu Island of Japan. To determine the reasons for the limited distribution of this beetle on the willows of Hokkaido, the feeding preference of the insect to leaves of S. integra and its constituents was performed. Feeding-bioassay guided fractionation of an 80% aqueous acetone extract of fresh leaves of Salix integra to Plagiodera versicolora resulted in isolation of feeding stimulant and antifeeding constituents. Chlorogenic acid (1) and 3,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid (2) were identified as antifeedants and 1,2-di[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyl]-3-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (MGDG, 3) as feeding stimulants. The feeding test was performed by an agar disk method. The treated agar disks contained sucrose and test sample in different doses. The antifeeding activities of 1 and 2 and stimulant activity of 3 may be one of the reasons for the limited presence of P. versicolora on S. integra in Hokkaido.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Deoxypodophyllotoxin content and antioxidant activity of aerial parts of Anthriscus sylvestris Hoffm.

Deoxypodophyllotoxin content of the aerial parts of Anthriscus sylvestris Hoffm. growing at different altitudes was evaluated in comparison to the roots. The lignan accumulation in ground parts was at least double compared to aerial ones. In addition antioxidant-guided fractionation of the crude methanol extract of aerial parts was performed with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test. Active fractions contained mainly luteolin-7-O-glucoside and chlorogenic acid. Antioxidant properties of both crude extract and isolated compounds were also investigated with the Briggs-Rauscher (BR) oscillating reaction. A satisfactory agreement between the results obtained with the two methods was observed.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1998

In vitro attenuation of nitric oxide production in C6 astrocyte cell culture by various dietary compounds.

Excessive nitric oxide (NO) production in the brain has been correlated with neurotoxicity and the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. NO production from neuroglial cells surrounding neurons contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of these diseases. The suppression of NO production in these cells may be beneficial in retarding many of these disorders. The present study was designed to evaluate the capacity of dietary-derived polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, crude extracts, oils, and other food constituents in suppressing the release of NO from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) stimulated C6 astrocyte cells. In this experiment, 61 compounds were tested, and 36 showed significant suppressive effects of NO production. The results indicate that the following compounds exhibited a dose-dependent suppressive effect of NO production with an IC50 less than 10(-3) M: quercetin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, morin, curcumin, apigenin, sesamol, chlorogenic acid, fisetin, (+)-taxifolin, (+)-catechin, ellagic acid, and caffeic acid. Compounds, which reduce NO production at less than 300 ppm, include milk thistle, silymarin, grapenol, and green tea. These results demonstrate a possible value for dietary compounds to inhibit the excessive production of NO.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Induction of apoptosis by Acanthopanax senticosus HARMS and its component, sesamin in human stomach cancer KATO III cells.

Antitumor effect of the stem bark of Acanthopanax senticosus HARMS (ASH) from Hokkaido (Japanese name: Ezoukogi) on human stomach cancer KATO III cells was investigated. The extract of the stem bark of ASH prepared with hot water was dissolved in distilled water and used for the assay of antitumor effect on the KATO III cells. The exposure of KATO III cells to ASH led to both growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis. Morphological change showing apoptotic bodies was observed in the cells treated with ASH. The fragmentation by ASH of DNA to oligonucleosomal-sized fragments that are characteristics of apoptosis was observed to be concentration- and time-dependent. We have investigated which component in ASH is effective on the induction of apoptosis. Among chlorogenic acid, syringaresinol di-o-beta-D glucoside, syringin, and sesamin, components of the n-butanol extract prepared from ASH, sesamin suppressed the growth and induced apoptosis in the cells. These findings suggest that growth inhibition by ASH results from the apoptosis induced by sesamin, a component of ASH.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗