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PubMed1982

[Nutrient composition of some newly bred high-protein and/or high-lysine cereal strains and digestibility by growing pigs. 2. Protein quality and digestibility of the amino acids].

After a first report on the nutrient composition and the digestibility of some newly bred varieties of cereals, information on the apparent digestibility of the amino acids in growing female pigs ascertained with the same test material is given. These data serve the evaluation of the quality of such cultivation products and the completion of the data in of feedstuffs tables and tables of the amino acid content. The newly bred barleystrains meet the requirement of digestible protein of pigs, wheat exceeds it whereas the maize samples fall short of it. The content of digestible lysine in the newly bred barleystrain approximate the requirement of growing pigs. There is ample digestible methionine + cystine in all samples. This again proves that newly cultivated barley and wheat rich in protein and lysine if accordingly supplemented with the limiting amino acid lysine can be used as sole feed for fattening pigs. Moreover, it becomes again obvious that the apparent digestibility of the amino acids can, for practical purposes, be sufficiently exactly evaluated with the help of the apparent digestibility of the crude protein of the respective feedstuff.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2005

A cost-effective screening method for pesticide residue analysis in fruits, vegetables, and cereal grains.

This paper reports the results of studies performed to investigate the potential of applying thin layer chromatography (TLC) detection in combination with selected extraction and cleanup methods, for providing an alternative cost-effective analytical procedure for screening and confirmation of pesticide residues in plant commodities. The extraction was carried out with ethyl acetate and an on-line extraction method applying an acetone-dichloromethane mixture. The extracts were cleaned up with SX-3 gel, an adsorbent mixture of active carbon, magnesia, and diatomaceous earth, and on silica micro cartridges. The Rf values of 118 pesticides were tested in eleven elution systems with UV, and eight biotest methods and chemical detection reagents. Cabbage, green peas, orange, and tomatoes were selected as representative sample matrices for fruits and vegetables, while maize, rice, and wheat represented cereal grains. As an internal quality control measure, marker compounds were applied on each plate to verify the proper elution and detection conditions. The Rf values varied in the different elution systems. The best separation (widest Rf range) was achieved with silica gel (SG)--ethyl acetate (0.05-0.7), SG--benzene, (0.02-0.7) and reverse phase RP-18 F-254S layer with acetone: methanol: water/30:30:30 (v/v) (0.1-0.8). The relative standard deviation of Rf values (CV(Rf)) within laboratory reproducibility was generally less than 20%, except below 0.2 Rf, where the CVRf rapidly increased with decreasing Rf values. The fungi spore inhibition, chloroplast inhibition, and enzyme inhibition were found most suitable for detection of pesticides primarily for confirming their identity or screening for known substances. Their use for determination of pesticide residues in samples of unknown origin is not recommended.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed2002

Specificity of tissue transglutaminase explains cereal toxicity in celiac disease.

Celiac disease is caused by a selective lack of T cell tolerance for gluten. It is known that the enzyme tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is involved in the generation of T cell stimulatory gluten peptides through deamidation of glutamine, the most abundant amino acid in gluten. Only particular glutamine residues, however, are modified by tTG. Here we provide evidence that the spacing between glutamine and proline, the second most abundant amino acid in gluten, plays an essential role in the specificity of deamidation. On the basis of this, algorithms were designed and used to successfully predict novel T cell stimulatory peptides in gluten. Strikingly, these algorithms identified many similar peptides in the gluten-like hordeins from barley and secalins from rye but not in the avenins from oats. The avenins contain significantly lower percentages of proline residues, which offers a likely explanation for the lack of toxicity of oats. Thus, the unique amino acid composition of gluten and related proteins in barley and rye favors the generation of toxic T cell stimulatory gluten peptides by tTG. This provides a rationale for the observation that celiac disease patients are intolerant to these cereal proteins but not to other common food proteins.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1980

Plasma carnitine levels in adult males in India: effects of high cereal, low fat diet, fat supplementation, and nutrition status.

Effects of diet and nutrition status on plasma carnitine levels was examined in adult Indian men. Apparently healthy subjects from middle and low income groups, consuming predominantly cereal-based diets had normal levels of plasma carnitine and albumin. Subjects with clear-cut evidence of malnutrition as judged by anthropometry, who, however, had normal plasma albumin, tended to have higher concentrations of plasma carnitine. Conversely, subjects with nutritional edema had markedly reduced plasma carnitine which improved with treatment. Among subjects with plasma albumin above 3.0 g/dl, plasma carnitine showed a weak but significant inverse correlation with anthropometric index (weight/height2 X 100). Increased intake of dietary fat reduced plasma free carnitine markedly and total carnitine marginally, but raised acyl carnitine. The results suggest that plasma carnitine levels in adults may be regulated by a balance between factors influencing its availability through the diet or its synthesis (availability of precursor amino acids, activity of synthetic enzymes), and utilization (body weight, quality and quantity of fat).

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Oral digestion of a complex-carbohydrate cereal: effects of stress and relaxation on physiological and salivary measures.

A comprehensive study was undertaken with 12 dental hygiene students to ascertain whether the time of chewing or the degree of relaxation is more important in the oral digestion of complex carbohydrates. In addition, we studied whether the effects of stress and relaxation on salivary alpha-amylase activity was corroborated by physiologic measures. The dental hygiene students chewed an oat cereal for either 20 or 60 s while under two different orders of stress and relaxation conditions: 1) stress/20 s, stress/60 s, relax/20 s, relax/60 s; and 2) relax/20 s, relax/60 s, stress/20 s, stress/60 s. Galvanic skin resistance, pulse rate, and blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) were used to physiologically verify the effects of stress and relaxation on amylase activity. Amylase activity was judged by spectrophotometric analysis of maltose produced from a specific dilution of expectorated saliva. Results showed that the physiological measures significantly corroborated the salivary determinations of stress and relaxation and that deep relaxation was significantly more important than thorough chewing in the oral digestion of complex carbohydrates.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Comparative effects of three cereal brans on plasma lipids, blood pressure, and glucose metabolism in mildly hypercholesterolemic men.

Dietary fiber lowers atherogenic serum lipids and blood pressure and improves glucose metabolism. We compared in 24 mildly hypercholesterolemic men the effects of adding 11.8 g dietary fiber/d from each of three cereal brans (wheat, rice, and oat) to a low-fiber diet for 4 wk each. A double-blind, crossover design incorporated brans into bread and muffins. Plasma total- and low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations were significantly lowered only by oat bran. Compared with wheat bran, the ratios of plasma high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol to total cholesterol and of apolipoprotein A-I to B were significantly increased with oat bran (both by 4.7%, P less than 0.05), and rice bran (2.3%, P less than 0.05, and 3.9%, P less than 0.05, respectively). Blood pressure, blood glucose, and serum insulin responses to a common test meal were unaltered. Oat and rice bran exert a small but potentially useful effect on plasma lipoprotein risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Nutrient contribution of breakfast, secular trends, and the role of ready-to-eat cereals: a review of data from the Bogalusa Heart Study.

Breakfast consumption has been identified as an important factor in the nutritional well-being of children. Several studies have indicated that omission of breakfast or consumption of an inadequate breakfast is a factor contributing to poor school performance and to dietary inadequacies that are rarely compensated for in other meals of the day. Differences have also been observed in the nutrient density of the breakfast meal, depending on whether it was consumed at school or at home. Ready-to-eat cereals make a significant contribution to the nutritional quality of diets of children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study, which began 25 y ago, is an epidemiologic investigation of cardiovascular risk factors and environmental determinants in a biracial pediatric population. The purpose of this review is to present data from the Bogalusa Heart Study and other studies supporting the statements above.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1999

Effect of the glycemic index and content of indigestible carbohydrates of cereal-based breakfast meals on glucose tolerance at lunch in healthy subjects.

BACKGROUND: Diets with a low glycemic index (GI) have been shown to improve glucose tolerance in both healthy and diabetic subjects. Two potential mechanisms are discussed in relation to long-term metabolic effects: a decreased demand for insulin in the postprandial phase and formation of short-chain fatty acids from fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates in the colon. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to study the effect of the GI and the indigestible carbohydrate--resistant starch (RS) and dietary fiber (DF)--content of cereal-based breakfasts on glucose tolerance at a second meal (lunch) in healthy subjects. DESIGN: The effects of 7 test breakfasts with known GIs (GI: 52-99) and RS + DF contents (2-36 g) were evaluated. White-wheat bread was used as a reference breakfast (high GI, low RS + DF content). Glucose and insulin responses after the second meal were measured in healthy subjects. In addition, the satiating capacity of 4 of the 7 test breakfasts was estimated before and during the second meal. RESULTS: Two of the 4 low-GI breakfasts improved glucose tolerance at the second meal. Only these 2 breakfasts were capable of postponing the in-between-meal fasting state. There was no measurable effect of fermentable carbohydrates on glucose tolerance at the second meal. The highest satiety score was associated with the barley breakfast that had a low GI and a high RS + DF content. CONCLUSIONS: Glucose tolerance can improve in a single day. Slow absorption and digestion of starch from the breakfast meal, but not the content of indigestible carbohydrates in the breakfast meal, improved glucose tolerance at the second meal (lunch).

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Changes in whole-grain, bran, and cereal fiber consumption in relation to 8-y weight gain among men.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies that directly examine changes in whole-grain consumption in relation to weight gain are sparse, and characterization of this association has been obscured by methodologic inconsistencies in the assessment of whole grains. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to ascertain the associations between changes in new quantitative estimates of whole-grain intake and 8-y weight gain among US men. DESIGN: The study was conducted in a prospective cohort of 27 082 men aged 40-75 y at baseline in 1986. Data on lifestyle factors were obtained periodically by using self-reported questionnaires, and participants measured and reported their body weight in 1986 and 1994. RESULTS: In multivariate analyses, an increase in whole-grain intake was inversely associated with long-term weight gain (P for trend < 0.0001). A dose-response relation was observed, and for every 40-g/d increment in whole-grain intake from all foods, weight gain was reduced by 0.49 kg. Bran that was added to the diet or obtained from fortified-grain foods further reduced the risk of weight gain (P for trend = 0.01), and, for every 20 g/d increase in intake, weight gain was reduced by 0.36 kg. Changes in cereal and fruit fiber were inversely related to weight gain. No associations were observed between changes in refined-grain or added germ consumption and body weight. CONCLUSIONS: The increased consumption of whole grains was inversely related to weight gain, and the associations persisted after changes in added bran or fiber intakes were accounted for. This suggests that additional components in whole grains may contribute to favorable metabolic alterations that may reduce long-term weight gain.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Aluminium toxicity in rye (Secale cereale): root growth and dynamics of cytoplasmic Ca2+ in intact root tips.

Aluminium (Al) toxicity in rye (Secale cereale L.), an Al-resistant crop, was examined by measuring root elongation and cytoplasmic free activity of calcium ([Ca2+]cyt) in intact root apical cells. Measurement of [Ca2+]cyt, was achieved by loading a Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent probe. Fluo-3/AM ester, into root apical cells followed by detection of intracellular fluorescence using a confocal laser scanning microscope. After 20 min of exposure to 50 microM Al (pH 4-2) a slight increase in [Ca2+]cyt of root apical cells was observed, while the response of [Ca2+]cyt to 100 microM Al (pH 4.2) was faster and larger ([Ca2+]cyt increased by 46% in 10 min). Increases in [Ca2+]cyt were correlated with inhibition of root growth, generally measurable after 2 h. Addition of 400 microM malic acid (pH 4.2) largely ameliorated the effect of 100 microM Al on [Ca2+]cyt in root apical cells and protected root growth from Al toxicity. These results suggest that an increase in [Ca2+]cyt in root apical cells in rye is an early effect of Al toxicity and is followed by the secondary effect on root elongation.

Aluminum↗
PubMed2002

Plant breeding and drought in C3 cereals: what should we breed for?

Drought is the main abiotic constraint on cereal yield. Analysing physiological determinants of yield responses to water may help in breeding for higher yield and stability under drought conditions. The traits to select (either for stress escape, avoidance or tolerance) and the framework where breeding for drought stress is addressed will depend on the level and timing of stress in the targeted area. If the stress is severe, breeding under stress-free conditions may be unsuccessful and traits that confer survival may become a priority. However, selecting for yield itself under stress-alleviated conditions appears to produce superior cultivars, not only for optimum environments, but also for those characterized by frequent mild and moderate stress conditions. This implies that broad avoidance/tolerance to mild-moderate stresses is given by constitutive traits also expressed under stress-free conditions. In this paper, we focus on physiological traits that contribute to improved productivity under mild-moderate drought. Increased crop performance may be achieved through improvements in water use, water-use efficiency and harvest index. The first factor is relevant when soil water remains available at maturity or when deep-rooted genotypes access water in the soil profile that is not normally available; the two latter conditions become more important when all available water is exhausted by the end of the crop cycle. Independent of the mechanism operating, a canopy able to use more water than another would have more open stomata and therefore higher canopy temperature depression, and 13C discrimination (delta13C) in plant matter. The same traits would also seem to be relevant when breeding for hot, irrigated environments. Where additional water is not available to the crop, higher water-use efficiency (WUE) appears to be an alternative strategy to improve crop performance. In this context delta13C constitutes a simple but reliable measure of WUE. However, in contrast to lines performing better because of increased access to water, lines producing greater biomass due to superior WUE will have lower delta13C values. WUE may be modified not only through a decrease in stomatal conductance, but also through an increase in photosynthetic capacity. Harvest index is strongly reduced by terminal drought (i.e. drought during grain filling). Thus, phenological traits increasing the relative amount of water used during grain filling, or adjusting the crop cycle to the seasonal pattern of rainfall may be useful. Augmenting the contribution of carbohydrate reserves accumulated during vegetative growth to grain filling may also be worthwhile in harsh environmcnts. Alternatively, extending the duration of stem elongation without changing the timing of anthesis would increase the number of grains per spike and the harvest index without changing the amount of water utilized by the crop.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2005

Determination of nine organophosphorus pesticides in cereals and kidney beans by capillary gas chromatography with flame photometric detection.

A method is developed for the determination of nine organophosphorus pesticide residues in cereals and kidney beans by capillary gas chromatography with flame-photometric detection. In this method, dichloromethane is used for clean-up after liquid-liquid extraction. It is shown that good separations are obtained using a fused-silica capillary column (DB-1701) by the optimized temperature program. In the spiked levels of 0.012-0.43 mg/kg, the recoveries are from 83.7% to 107%, with the relative standard deviation between 3.2% and 13% and limits of detection from 8.2 to 15 microg/kg. The method is rapid, sensitive, and practical.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2003

A high-copy-number CACTA family transposon in temperate grasses and cereals.

A lineage of CACTA family transposons has been identified in temperate grasses and cereals, and a full-length representative of the subfamily from Lolium perenne has been sequenced. Both the size and internal organization of the L. perenne element are typical of other CACTA family elements but its high copy number and strong conservation are unexpected. Comparison with homologs in other species suggests that this lineage has adopted a distinct and novel evolutionary strategy, which has allowed it to maintain its presence in genomes over long periods of time.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

A case study of sodium reduction in breakfast cereals and the impact of the Pick the Tick food information program in Australia.

In 1997, one of Australia's largest food companies undertook a program of salt reduction in 12 breakfast cereals. The National Heart Foundation's Pick the Tick program criterion (<400 mg sodium per 100 g) was used as a target value where possible. Twelve products were reformulated, with reductions ranging from 85 to 479 mg sodium per 100 g and an average reduction of 40% (12-88%). As a result, 235 tonnes of salt were removed annually from the Australian food supply and five more products were able to carry the tick logo. The impact of the Pick the Tick program in changing the food supply extends beyond those products that are part of the food approval program.

Australia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

HPLC: a tool for the analysis of T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in cereals.

An analytical procedure for the determination of trichothecenes in various cereals is described. HPLC was performed with a reversed-phase (C18) column eluted with methanol:water (60:40, v/v). Compounds were detected with a refractive index detector. The elution patterns of free and contaminated samples were compared. The recovery of added T-2 toxin (2 and 5 micrograms/g) in rye and wheat was approximately 80%. The application of this method allows for combined use with other sensitive methods such as mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. The described method is operationally simple, relatively inexpensive, and requires no derivatization.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1980

Regulation of lipid metabolism in chicken liver by dietary cereals.

The activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2), fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase (EC 1.1.1.88) were determined in subcellular fractions of livers from chicks fed different cereal-based diets. With a barley-based diet as compared to corn, the following was observed: body and liver weights decreased 31%; HMG-CoA reductase activity of liver decreased 79%; acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity increased 3-fold; fatty acid synthesis increased 5-fold, and plasma and liver cholesterol decreased 45% and 35%, respectively. The suppression and induction of activities of the two divergent pathways (cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis) persisted for at least 21 days. Wheat, oats and rye showed a similar but less pronounced effect. The pronounced decrease in plasma cholesterol level and HMG-CoA reductase activity have implications for human nutrition and possible control of the cardiovascular diseases in which cholesterol plays a key role.

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase↗
PubMed1986

The influence of wheat bran and sugar-beet pulp on the digestibility of dietary components in a cereal-based pig diet.

The influence of added wheat bran or dried sugar-beet pulp on the apparent digestion of dietary components was examined in pigs fitted with duodenal and terminal ileal cannulas. The pigs were fed a basal cereal-based diet alone or substituted at a level of 33% by wheat bran or beet pulp. Neither fibrous component influenced the digestibility of starch, but inclusion of beet pulp decreased dry matter content and digestibility of ash, protein and fat in the ileum and fecal digestibility of fat. Between 11 and 37% of the nonstarch polysaccharides were degraded anterior to the ileum, and the percentage of beet pulp diet nonstarch polysaccharides that was soluble increased from 11% in the feed to 35% at the ileum. Xylose and glucose were the least degraded nonstarch polysaccharide residues in all three diets, and the non-starch polysaccharide residues varied in susceptibility to breakdown within and between diets, depending on the composition of the fiber. Almost 50% of the beet pulp, but less than 20% of the wheat bran, was degraded in the large intestine. The inclusion of wheat bran and beet pulp increased fecal output by 127 and 56%, respectively.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1986

History of promotion of vegetable cereal diets.

Vegetarian regimes have been advocated since the eighteenth century by men and women in search of physical and spiritual health. Vegetarian theorists who professed to follow the tenets of the ancient philosopher Pythagoras believed that the diet should be part of an ascetic lifestyle. Others who promoted vegetarianism did so to symbolize their commitment to health and social reform. In the 1830s vegetarians in the United States, particularly Sylvester Graham and his followers, preached that special foods, mainly coarse whole meal breads, had particular virtues and were indeed the earliest health foods. Nutritional ideas and products that are the outcomes of the early vegetarian movement include a commitment to high fiber diets, the popularity of breakfast cereals, and the graham cracker.

Diet↗