Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “BUTTER”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Impact of hydrogenated fat on high density lipoprotein subfractions and metabolism.

Relative to saturated fatty acids, trans-fatty acids/hydrogenated fat-enriched diets have been reported to increase low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and either decrease or have no effect on high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. To better understand the effect of trans-fatty acids/hydrogenated fat on HDL cholesterol levels and metabolism, 36 subjects (female, n = 18; male, n = 18) were provided with each of three diets containing, as the major sources of fat, vegetable oil-based semiliquid margarine, traditional stick margarine, or butter for 35-day periods. LDL cholesterol levels were 155 +/- 27, 168 +/- 30, and 177 +/- 32 mg/dl after subjects followed the semiliquid margarine, stick margarine, and butter-enriched diets, respectively. HDL cholesterol levels were 43 +/- 10, 42 +/- 9, and 45 +/- 10 mg/dl, respectively. Dietary response in apolipoprotein (apo) A-I levels was similar to that in HDL cholesterol levels. HDL(2) cholesterol levels were 12 +/- 7, 11 +/- 6, and 14 +/- 7 mg/dl, respectively. There was virtually no effect of dietary fat on HDL3 cholesterol levels. The dietary perturbations had a larger effect on particles containing apoA-I only (Lp A-I) than apoA-I and A-II (Lp A-I/A-II). Cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) activity was 13.28 +/- 5.76, 15.74 +/- 5.41, and 14.35 +/- 4.77 mmol x h(-1) x ml(-1), respectively. Differences in CETP, phospholipid transfer protein activity, or the fractional esterification rate of cholesterol in HDL did not account for the differences observed in HDL cholesterol levels. These data suggest that the saturated fatty acid component, rather than the trans- or polyunsaturated fatty acid component, of the diets was the putative factor in modulating HDL cholesterol response.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Enrichment of spreadable fats with polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3 using fish oil.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 series, especially very long chain--eicosapenta- and docosahexaenoic acid (EPA, DHA)--exert a strongly desirable influence on health. However, their intake with the western-style diet is usually too low which favours development of many diseases (CVD, cancers, allergies, etc.). Nowadays elevation of EPA and DHA intake is commonly recommended, but almost the only dietary source of them is seafoods, especially fish. A new way to increase the intake of long-chain omega-3 without radical changes of eating patterns is enrichment of regularly consumed foods with unhydrogenated fish oil. The aim of this study was to establish sensory and nutritionally acceptable enrichment level of low-calorie spreadable fats (soft margarine and mix of butter and vegetable oil) with EPA and DHA by addition of fish oil preparations (ROPUFA--30% EPA, DHA and MARITEX--10%), and evaluation of the stability of enriched spreads during storage (sensory and chemical). It was shown that tested spreadable fats might be enriched up to 1% EPA, DHA (i.e. 3% ROPUFA, 8% MARITEX), and that this had no significant influence on sensory acceptability. Both used fish oils which exerted similar influence on the quality of fats. An enriched mix of butter and vegetable oil and margarine may be stored up to 3 and 6 weeks respectively without significant decrease of quality. Peroxide value and acid numbers were not much affected by enrichment and storage. Daily portion (25-30 g/day) of spreadable fats enriched on the level established in the study may provide 0.2-0.3 g EPA, DHA, significantly increasing the amount of long-chain omega-3 in the diet above those eaten normally.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of fat in dairy products using pressurized solvent extraction.

Gravimetric fat data were obtained for a wide range of dairy products with fat contents ranging from 0.5 to 83% using pressurized solvent extraction at elevated temperatures and pressure (80-120 degrees C; 10.3 MPa). Extraction performance was sensitive to solvent composition, temperature, and sample matrix. By optimizing solvent mixtures, sample-solvent contact times of 8-10 min were sufficient for high recoveries from all products tested. The most successful solvents with regard to speed of extraction, selectivity, and recovery (average recovery, %) were various mixtures of hexane (or petroleum ether)-dichloromethane-methanol for dried cream (99.8%), dried whole milk (99.6%), dried buttermilk (98.2%), dried skim milk (97.0%), dried whey protein concentrate (97.5%), casein (95.0%), and caseinate (102.1%); petroleum ether-acetone-ethanol or petroleum ether-acetone-isopropanol for cheddar-type cheese (99.4%); petroleum ether-acetone for butter (99.9%); petroleum ether-acetone-isopropanol for cream (100.3%); and petroleum ether-isopropanol for liquid milks (99.0%). Relative standard deviations for repeatability were obtained for dried whole milk (0.2%), dried whey protein concentrate (0.7%), cheese (0.3%), butter (0.1%), and ultraheat treated (UHT) milk (0.7%). Solvent removal and drying of extracts with a heated block evaporator saved time compared with conventional drying ovens. Estimated savings in labor (50-75%) and solvents (80%) were substantial compared with the manual Mojonnier methods.

Butter↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of health value of fats and oils.

The fat content and fatty acid composition (saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated in cis and trans configuration) in selected food products was determined. From over 2000 products investigated in recent years, results are given for some soft and hard margarines, oils and butter as well as butter-like products. It has been found that food products are distinguished by very high diversification with regard to fat content, in terms of both quantity and quality. This differentiation was particularly evident in the groups of margarines, mixed fats and confectioner's products.

Butter↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enhanced supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction of pesticides from foods using pelletized diatomaceous earth.

Supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SC-CO2), when used with an extraction enhancer, comprises a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) system for extraction of pesticides and matrix components from fatty and nonfatty foods. After being mixed with the enhancer, samples ranging from 95% water to pure lipophilic oils can be extracted efficiently with SC-CO2. This extraction technique yields analyte recoveries in excess of 85% for over 30 types of pesticides at incurred levels ranging from 0.005 to 2 ppm in such diverse matrixes as carrots, lettuce, peanut butter, hamburger, and fortified butter fat and fortified potatoes. SC-CO2 provides a solvent medium that is nontoxic, nonflammable, and inexpensive while also eliminating the use and disposal of potentially carcinogenic organic solvents.

Butter↗
PubMed1988

Quantitative characterization of diet effects on glucose tolerance in rabbits.

Normal, atherogenic and butter-enriched diets were given to three groups of rabbits during six months. The effects of the three forms of diet after six months were examined with the intravenous glucose tolerance test, which was evaluated by computer-aided model-fitting and parameter identification. Long-term effects are reflected in parameters such as pancreas sensitivity and the glucose utilization rate constant as a measure of peripheral insulin sensitivity. In these terms, the atherogenic diet caused a diminution of both pancreatic and peripheral sensitivity, whereas the butter-enriched diet led to an increase in glucose utilization and a decrease in pancreatic sensitivity relative to the system parameters of the normally fed control animals. Related to the findings about metabolic regulation are indications for an endocrinological approach to the problems of cholesterogenesis and atheroma formation.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The pattern of food and mortality in Belgium.

Belgians have been gradually shifting from a low ratio of polyunsaturated/saturated fat in their food to a higher one with lower total fat and cholesterol. This has occurred predominantly in the north, where the most obvious change is a decrease in butter consumption and an increase in margarine consumption. The northerners have a four to five times smaller intake of butter than the southerners and nearly double the intake of margarine. Evidence gathered over the past ten years reveals in the north a decreasing serum-cholesterol and in the south a significantly higher serum-cholesterol, associated with higher coronary morbidity and mortality. Life expectancy of males in the north is 2-4 years higher at birth and 2-2 years higher at the age of 30. It is concluded that the food habits of a population can be changed, with great benefit.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Effects of medium-chain triglycerides on external secretory function of the liver].

Effect of middle chain triglycerides (MChT) on liver external secretory activity in comparison with butter was studied in dogs with bile duct taken out on skin. Fats containing MChT alone or in combination with meat cause increasing of volume of excreted bile in 2 times in comparison with butter. Concentration of bile cholesterol was increased in 1.5-2 times and colic acid in 1.3-1.5 times in comparison with control level. Such effects of MChT should be taken into account during preparation of baby food and and food for clinical nutrition.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The antiproliferative effect of dietary calcium on colonic epithelium is mediated by luminal surfactants and dependent on the type of dietary fat.

Bile acids and fatty acids may promote colon cancer by inducing colonic hyperproliferation. Dietary calcium inhibits the promoting effects of bile acids and fatty acids, possibly by precipitating these surfactants and lowering their cytolytic activity. Because bile acids and fatty acids are products of fat digestion, their effects may be dependent on the type of dietary fat. The effects of the type of dietary fat (energy percentage, 40) and of CaHPO4 supplementation (25 versus 225 mumol/g diet) on the luminal solubility of surfactants, cytolytic activity, epitheliolysis, and in vivo colonic proliferation were studied in rats using Western high-risk diets. The different types of commercially available fats were butter, saturated margarine, and polyunsaturated margarine. Supplemental calcium drastically increased fecal fatty acid excretion, the effect being dependent on the type of fat, and slightly stimulated fecal bile acid excretion. Soluble surfactant concentrations were drastically decreased by calcium supplementation with all three types of dietary fat. Consequently, cytolytic activity of fecal water was decreased by supplemental calcium. These luminal effects of calcium resulted in a lower intestinal epitheliolysis. The compensatory proliferation of the colonic epithelium was decreased by supplemental CaHPO4 for the butter and saturated margarine diets. Despite CaHPO4-dependent decreases in luminal effects and epitheliolysis, no significant decrease in proliferation on the polyunsaturated margarine diet was observed. Multiple regression analysis of soluble surfactants with cytolytic activity (R = 0.76), epitheliolysis (R = 0.74), and colonic proliferation (R = 0.84) showed highly significant associations. Cytolytic activity and epitheliolysis as well as epitheliolysis and proliferation were highly correlated (r = 0.97 and r = 0.88, respectively; n = 36) for control and CaHPO4-supplemented diets, suggesting cause-and-effect relationships. It is concluded that the antiproliferative effect of dietary calcium is mediated by the precipitation of luminal surfactants and is dependent on the type of dietary fat.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Influence in rats of dietary fats during the perinatal period: effects upon development and behavior of dams and offspring.

Female rats were fed purified rations containing 20% fat during gestation and lactation. The fat content was butter oil, an equal mixture of butter oil and lard, or safflower oil. Each litter size was reduced (at random) to 2 male and 2 female pups 1 day postpartum, and these offspring were feed a commercial ration after weaning and until they were 20 weeks of age. When dams were fed safflower oil, fewer of them produced litters after mating, and their behavior during lactation was less than optimal. Litter size and birth weights were similar in all dams producing litters. The type of fat fed to the dam in the perinatal period did not influence the growth, development, and spontaneous activity of the offspring. However, the offspring from the dams fed safflower oil exhibited poorer learning performance in a T-maze and sometimes had a longer time of inactivity following auditory stimulation than did the offspring from dams fed the other types of fats.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Influence in rats of dietary fats during the perinatal period: effects upon brain chemistry of dams and offspring.

Female rats were fed a purified ration containing 20% fat during gestation and lactation and the offspring were fed a commercial ration after weaning. The fat content of the purified ration was butter oil, a mixture of equal parts of butter oil and lard, or safflower oil. Brains of the dams were analyzed 1 month after parturition and brains of the offspring were analyzed when they were 20 weeks of age. Brains of the dams and offspring fed the safflower oil (about 75% linoleic acid) exhibited changes if comparisons were made with those fed other fats. In the dams, the percentage of cerebral weight as related to total brain weight was increased and the dry weight percentages of the cerebrum and brainstem were increased. In the cerebrums of male and female offspring, the DNA concentrations were increased and the RNA:DNA ration were decreased.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Residue situation of milk products after the effective carrying out of the "step-by-step program for DDT-replacement" in the GDR].

A step-by-step program had been established to replace the persistent insecticide DDT with other active principles in the GDR by 1975. Monthly thin-layer chromatographic residue determinations in butter samples from all the districts demonstrate that the DDT-residues have decreased gradually since 1973 from an average value of 0.45 mg/kg to an average value of 0.18 mg/kg (in 1976). The DDT intake of adults via the milk products (butter, milk and cheese) was, in 1976, only 2% of the ADI value, which evidences a very positive development. Furthermore, findings concerning the contamination with lindane and HCB are presented.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

UV spectroscopy studies of the oxidation changes in depot and structural lipids in high-fat feeding.

The degree of incorporation of conjugated dienes, trienes and tetraenes into reserve (depot fats) and structural liver lipids of rats is studied depending on the type of high-fat feeding (50 energy%): lard, lard + sunflower oil (2:1), butter, hydrogenated sunflower oil. It is found that in adipose tissue there are only conjugated dienes whose concentration is lower than that of lipids of the respective diets and of the liver. Structural lipids are characterized by a high concentration of conjugated tri- and tetraenes. It is established that the fatty acid compositions of the diets and their oxidizability coefficients, respectively, do not correlate with the degree of accumulation of conjugated fatty acid structures in living organisms. The disequilibrated high-fat regimens based on butter and partially hydrogenated sunflower oil create conditions for more intensive incorporation of oxidized fatty acid products into the tissues.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1987

Bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic profile of promethazine hydrochloride suppositories in humans.

A bioequivalence study of promethazine hydrochloride (10-[2-(dimethylamino)propyl]-phenothiazine monohydrochloride) was conducted in 20 male human subjects with the purpose of comparing, under blind condition, the human serum levels of promethazine in three different formulations. The formulations tested were a 50-mg promethazine hydrochloride polyethylene glycol suppository, a 50-mg promethazine hydrochloride cocoa butter-white wax suppository, and a 50-mg oral dose of promethazine hydrochloride syrup. Each subject received single doses of each of the three formulations on each of three different days on a crossover basis. From the measured serum levels, estimates of the bioavailability parameters (area under the serum concentration versus time curve, time-to-peak serum concentration, and peak serum concentration) were obtained by least-squares digital computer fitting. Also, a one-compartment pharmacokinetic open model with two consecutive first-order input steps is proposed. Statistical analysis of the results was performed by using a linear multiple regression approach for the analysis of variance. No significant differences between the syrup and the polyethylene glycol suppositories were obtained (p greater than 0.05) for the above three bioavailability parameters. However, the polyethylene glycol suppositories provided statistically higher peak serum concentration, shorter time-to-peak serum concentration, and larger area under the serum concentration versus time curve than the cocoa butter-white wax suppositories.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Comparative quantitative fatty acid analysis of triacylglycerols using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography.

Quantitative analyses of fatty acids from five triacylglycerol products, coconut oil, palm kernel oil, palm oil, lard and cocoa butter, were carried out using two analytical methods: matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) and gas chromatography (GC), in an effort to validate the application of MALDI-TOFMS in quantitative fatty acid analysis. For the GC analysis, transmethylated products were used, whereas, for the MALDI-TOF analysis, saponified products were used. Under MALDI-TOF conditions, the acids were detected as sodiated sodium carboxylates [RCOONa + Na](+) consistent with the mode of ionization that was previously reported. Thus, the MALDI-TOF mass spectrum of saponified coconut oil showed the presence of sodiated sodium salts of caprylic acid (7.5 +/- 0.67, m/z 189), capric acid (6.9 +/- 0.83, m/z 217), lauric acid (47.8 +/- 0.67, m/z 245), myristic acid (20.4 +/- 0.51, m/z 273), palmitic acid (9.8 +/- 0.47, m/z 301), linoleic acid (0.9 +/- 0.07, m/z 325), oleic acid (4.8 +/- 0.42, m/z 327) and stearic acid (2.0 +/- 0.13, m/z 329). Saponified palm kernel oil had a fatty acid profile that included caprylic acid (3.5 +/- 0.59), capric acid (4.7 +/- 0.82), lauric acid (58.6 +/- 2.3), myristic acid (20.9 +/- 1.5), palmitic acid (7.2 +/- 1.1), oleic acid (3.8 +/- 0.62) and stearic acid (1.2 +/- 0.15). Saponified palm oil gave myristic acid (0.83 +/- 0.18), palmitic acid (55.8 +/- 1.7), linoleic acid (4.2 +/- 0.51), oleic acid (34.5 +/- 1.5), stearic acid (3.8 +/- 0.26) and arachidic acid (0.80 +/- 0.22). Saponified lard showed the presence of myristic acid (1.5 +/- 0.24), palmitic acid (28.9 +/- 1.3), linoleic acid (13.7 +/- 0.67), oleic acid (38.7 +/- 1.4), stearic acid (12.8 +/- 0.64) and arachidic acid (2.4 +/- 0.35). Finally, for saponified cocoa butter, the fatty acid distribution was: palmitic acid (32.3 +/- 1.0), linoleic acid (2.6 +/- 0.35), oleic acid (34.9 +/- 1.7) and stearic acid (30.3 +/- 1.6). Quantitative gas chromatographic analysis of the corresponding methyl esters from these triacylglycerol products yielded data that were mostly in agreement with the MALDI-TOFMS data. The MALDI-TOF experiment, however, proved to be superior to the GC experiment, particularly with regard to baseline resolution of unsaturated acids. Furthermore, the ability of MALDI-TOFMS to detect low concentrations of fatty acids rendered it more sensitive than the GC methodology.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Exponential relationship between plasma cholesterol levels and atherosclerotic lesion size in hyperlipidemic swine.

The effect of fish oil supplements on atherogenesis is controversial, especially when fish oil does not lower plasma cholesterol. Some studies in swine have shown that a fish oil supplement to a butter-cholesterol diet reduces atherogenesis. The fish oil supplement also frequently reduces average plasma cholesterol levels. The reduction in lesion size has been shown to be greater than can be expected from average plasma cholesterol reductions, if a linear relationship between lesion size and plasma cholesterol was assumed. However, in an experiment in which we equalized time-weighted average plasma cholesterol levels, there was no significant reduction in lesion size in the fish oil supplemented group. This led us to question the validity of the linear relationship between lesion size and plasma cholesterol level. In this study we have combined the results of eight study blocks with a total of 76 swine fed a similar hyperlipidemic, butter-cholesterol diet. Of these, 24 received a fish oil supplement (BT+fish oil) and 52 swine received no fish oil supplement (BT). The average lesion size as measured by nuclear profiles per cross section of a fixed site in the abdominal aorta (ABNpCx) was 7704 +/- 778 (mean +/- SEM) for the BT group and 2360 +/- 1145 for the BT+fish oil group. Total plasma cholesterol levels were measured at the outset and at monthly intervals until sacrifice. For each animal we obtained a time-weighted average based on the trapezoidal rule.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Olive oil, other dietary fats, and the risk of breast cancer (Italy).

Data from a multicenter case-control study on breast cancer conducted in Italy have been used to analyze the relationship of olive oil and other dietary fats to breast cancer risk. Cases were 2,564 women hospitalized with histologically confirmed, incident breast cancer. Controls were 2,588 women admitted to the same network of hospitals for acute, non-neoplastic, non-hormone related, non-digestive tract disorders. Cases and controls were interviewed between 1991 and 1994 using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. The data were modelled through multiple logistic regression controlling for demographic and reproductive breast-cancer risk factors, energy intake and, mutually, for types of dietary fat. For olive oil, compared with the lowest quintile, the odds ratios (OR) were 1.05, 0.99, 0.93, and 0.87 for increasing quintiles of intake; in a model postulating linear logit increase, the OR per unit (30 g) was 0.89 (95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 0.81-0.99, P = 0.03). Among other oils or fats considered, the OR for the highest level of intake was 0.72 (CI = 0.6-0.9) for a group of specific seed oils (including safflower, maize, peanut, and soya) compared with nonusers. The ORs for the highest cf lowest level of intake were 0.80 for mixed or unspecified seed oils, 0.95 for butter, and 0.96 for margarine. The study, based on a large dataset from various Italian regions, shows an inverse relationship of breast cancer risk with intake of olive oil and other vegetable oils, but not with butter or margarine.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Residue pattern and dietary intake of persistent organochlorine compounds in foodstuffs from Vietnam.

Concentrations of polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), DDT compounds (DDTs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide were determined in foodstuffs collected from different locations in Vietnam. Elevated levels of PCBs, DDTs, HCHs, and aldrin and dieldrin were found in animal fat, butter, meat, and seafood. Caviar and butter samples imported from the Soviet Union contained considerably higher amounts of PCBs, HCHs and DDTs. The average daily intake of some organochlorines by Vietnamese people were higher than those observed in most of the developed nations. The dietary intake of DDTs was the highest among various chemicals studied. Interestingly, the daily dietary intake of PCBs was comparable to those in developed countries. Fish, shellfish, prawn, and crab were the primary route of DDTs to humans, whereas cereals and vegetables were the predominant sources of PCBs and HCHs.

Food Analysis↗