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PubMed1994

Body mass, body composition and sleeping metabolic rate before, during and after endurance training.

Metabolic rate, more specifically resting metabolic rate (RMR) or sleeping metabolic rate (SMR), of an adult subject is usually expressed as a function of the fat-free mass (FFM). Chronic exercise is thought to increase FFM and thus to increase RMR and SMR. We determined body mass (BM), body composition, and SMR before, during, and after an endurance training programme without interfering with energy intake. The subjects were 11 women and 12 men, aged 37 (SD 3) years and body mass index 22.3 (SD 1.5) kg.m-2. The endurance training prepared subjects to run a half marathon competition after 44 weeks. The SMR was measured overnight in a respiration chamber. Body composition was measured by hydrostatic weighing. Measurements were performed at 0, 8, 20, 40, and 90 weeks after the start of the training. The BM had decreased from a mean value of 66.6 (SD 6.9) to 65.6 (SD 6.7) kg (P < 0.01), fat mass (FM) had decreased from 17.1 (SD 3.9) to 13.5 (SD 3.6) kg (P < 0.001), and FFM had increased from 49.5 (SD 7.3) to 52.2 (SD 7.6) kg (P < 0.001) at 40 weeks. Mean SMR before and after 40 weeks training was 6.5 (SD 0.7) and 6.2 (SD 0.6) MJ.day-1 (P < 0.05). The decrease in SMR was related to the decrease in BM (r = 0.62, P = 0.001). At 90 weeks, when most subjects had not trained for nearly a year, BM and SMR were not significantly different from the initial value while FM and FFM had not changed since week 40 of training.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

Human body temperature is inversely correlated with body mass.

Forty-two women and 18 men of mean age 54 years had their sub-lingual oral temperature measured hourly from 0700 h to 2300 h. Mean oral temperature (averaged over the 17 readings) was inversely correlated with body mass in the group as a whole (r = -0.44, df = 58, p = 0.0003). The women had significantly higher mean oral temperatures than the men, but the inverse relationship between mean oral temperature and body mass was still significant when the data from the women were analyzed separately (r = -0.37, df = 40, p = 0.013). The results suggest that in humans, mean body temperature is inversely related to body mass, irrespective of gender.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Randomized trial of measures of body fat versus body weight in the treatment of anorexia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether treatment goals based on body weight or body fat assessed by anthropometrics caused a larger reduction in the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) over 3 months during the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN). METHODS: Randomized trial comparing the use of body weight versus measures of body fat by anthropometrics, with the EDE as the outcome measure. Of 23 patients enrolled, 11 subjects who met diagnostic criteria for AN (DSM-IV) and received outpatient treatment from the Eating Disorders clinic of a university teaching hospital completed the study. RESULTS: Comparison of the 2 methods by independent t-tests, verified by Mann-Whitney and Sign tests, suggests no difference (p = 0.33). Due to the small sample size, statistical significance could not be assured. A cross-sectional survey of 48 clinic users found the majority of patients preferred to be followed by skinfold measurements and felt they were more helpful than weight. DISCUSSION: Regardless of which measurement is used, if the clinic staff firmly believe that a method is more helpful and more useful, it is likely that the patients will find it acceptable.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Maternal perceptions of her child's body weight in infancy and early childhood and their relation to body weight status at age 7.

INTRODUCTION: Maternal perception of her child's weight status has been hypothesised to affect a child's weight development. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this analysis was to determine in how far the maternal weight perception of her child's weight at different ages is related to its future body weight status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Longitudinal data on body weight, height and skinfolds from the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study were used to determine the risk of being overweight at age 7. Complete data on anthropometry, maternal weight perception and confounding variables were available for 253 children. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Maternal weight perception assessments at age 6 months, 12 months, 2 years and 4 years of age were related to body weight status as well as changes in body mass index standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) and skinfold SDS between age at assessment and age 7. With respect to the risk of being overweight at age 7, no independent effect of maternal perception was found. When changes in anthropometric measures were considered, it could be observed that children whose weight was considered too low gained more weight until age 7, and those who were considered to be too heavy lost more weight as compared to the children whose weight was considered to be just right. Among infants aged 6 months who were above the 85th percentile, maternal misperception appeared to promote an unfavourable weight development. These latter results support the hypothesis that maternal weight perception might affect a child's weight development. CONCLUSION: As our data suggest, this effect might begin to operate already in infancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Measurement of lean body mass and total body fat using dual photon absorptiometry.

We describe a method for measuring the lean body mass (LBM) and total body fat (FAT) by dual photon absorptiometry (DPA). A total body rectilinear scan was employed with a radiation source of 1 Ci 153Gd. The reliability of estimating the lean percent was assessed in vitro using limb phantoms consisting of ox muscle, lard, and human bone. The precision and accuracy in vitro of the lean percent determination were 1.5% and 1.9%, respectively. The accuracy error in vivo of measuring the total mass of soft tissues (TMST) was approximately 1.4%, thus yielding an overall accuracy error of the LBM of about 2.5%. The precision in vivo of the lean percent and the LBM in kg of duplicate measurements on five healthy subjects was 2.5% and 2.2%, respectively. Other estimates of the LBM and FAT, ie, the calculation according to Boddy et al6 and the skinfold thickness measurement (triceps and subscapular), were compared to the DPA measurement in 100 healthy subjects. High correlations were found between the FAT or FAT% by DPA versus (1) the FAT or FAT% calculated according to the formulae of Boddy et al, and (2) the skinfold thickness. The correlations between the FAT and FAT% by Boddy et al and the skinfold thickness were, however, moderate. The correlation between LBM by DPA and LBM by Boddy et al was highly significant (r = 0.96, SEE = 4.4%). We conclude that LBM and FAT measurements using DPA have precision and accuracy errors that are commensurate with a reliable estimation of the gross body composition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1990

Simple estimation of ideal body weight from body mass index with the lowest morbidity.

Body mass index (BMI) is expressed by the body weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared. Therefore, if we know ideal BMI, ideal body weight (kg) of each individual can be calculated by a formula: Ideal BMI x height (m)2. In order to estimate ideal BMI, we investigated average BMI with the lowest morbidity using 4565 Japanese men and women aged 30 to 59 years. Their BMI distributed widely with the highest frequency at 23 in men and 21 in women. The morbidity was evaluated by the number of medical problems that the subjects with each BMI have. The BMI associated with the lowest morbidity was calculated to be 22.2 kg/m2 in men and 21.9 kg/m2 in women according to the quadratic regression curves derived from the relation between BMI and morbidity. From these data, we propose that an ideal body weight in Japanese is 22 x height (m)2.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between TV viewing and girls' body mass index, overweight status, and percentage of body fat.

OBJECTIVE: To assess cross-sectional and longitudinal relations between television (TV) viewing and girls' body mass index (BMI), weight status, and percentage of body fat. STUDY DESIGN: Participants included 169 girls who were measured at ages 7, 9, and 11 years. Height and weight were measured and used to calculate girls' BMI and to classify their weight status. Girls' percentage of body fat was assessed with the use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Mothers reported the hours per day that girls watched TV on a typical day. RESULTS: No significant cross-sectional associations were identified. Results from longitudinal analyses showed that in comparison to girls who never exceeded the American Academy of Pediatrics TV viewing recommendations (ie, watched </= 2 hours of TV per day), girls who exceeded recommendations at ages 7, 9, and 11 years were 13.2 times more likely be overweight at age 11, were 4.7 times more likely to become overweight between ages 7 and 11, had significantly higher BMI and percentage body fat at age 11, and exhibited significantly greater increases in BMI between ages 7 and 11. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions that target reductions in TV viewing among 7- to 11-year-old girls may help to reduce their risk of weight gain during late childhood.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1995

Unexplained disturbance in body weight regulation: diagnostic outcome assessed by doubly labeled water and body composition analyses in obese patients reporting low energy intakes.

SUBJECTS: Ten patients who had long-term disturbances in body weight regulation, were referred over a 3-year period for obesity evaluation, and reported low energy intakes (< 1,200 kcal/day). OBJECTIVE: To ascertain whether these patients had a low energy expenditure and thus reduced energy requirement, and/or whether they were misreporting their energy intake. DESIGN: Comparison of outcome measures in referred patients and in obese control patients who did not report low energy intakes and disturbances in body weight regulation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Low energy expenditure was evaluated with serum thyroid hormone levels, resting metabolic rate (RMR), thermic effect of food (TEF), and total energy expenditure (TEE) by doubly labeled water technique. Misreporting of energy intake was evaluated by comparing patients' self-reported energy intake with energy intake estimated by doubly labeled water and body composition analyses over a 14-day period. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Low energy expenditure was considered present in a patient if RMR or TEE was more than 15% below predicted values according to results from the control group. Patient group TEF was compared with TEF results observed in the control group. RESULTS: All patients had normal serum thyroid hormone levels. Eight patients had RMR and TEE values within 15% of predicted values and were substantially underreporting their energy intake. One patient had low TEE (-19%) and a normal RMR, a finding that implies a low level of physical activity. This patient also underreported energy intake as estimated by the doubly labeled water technique during the study (-38%). The 10th patient had a low RMR (-23.2%) and TEE (-25.0%), the mechanism of which was uncertain. This patient's reported food intake over the 14-day period was accurate but was less than her long-term intake over months or years as suggested by doubly labeled water TEE estimates. The TEF response in patients was not significantly different from that observed in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Underreporting of energy intake from foods is a frequent finding in patients with disturbances in body weight regulation who are referred for obesity evaluation. Severe underreporting may be detectable by means of screening measures available to most dietitians. Low energy expenditure, due either to physical inactivity or to metabolic factors, is also observed. Modern evaluation methods provide new insights into patients with weight regulatory disturbances and at the same time stimulate important new research questions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Serum lipid concentrations correlate more strongly with total body fat than with body mass index in obese humans.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the associations of body mass index (BMI) and total body fat (TBF) vs. blood lipid concentrations, we measured six anthropometric parameters, body fat mass, and serum lipid profiles in 1529 apparently healthy adults. METHODS: TBF was assessed using a body fat analyzer. Serum concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low- or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C or HDL-C) were determined by standard enzymatic procedures. RESULTS: Serum lipid concentrations were more strongly correlated with TBF than with BMI or waist circumference in both men and women. The mean concentrations of total cholesterol in the subjects with high fatness (TBF>95th percentile) were significantly higher than those for the subjects with low fatness (TBF<5th percentile; p<0.01), but no significant differences were observed in serum lipid levels between overweights (BMI>95th percentile) and underweights (BMI<5th percentile). The incidence of hypercholesterolemia was significantly higher in the subjects with high fatness (TBF>95th percentile) than the corresponding overweight subjects (BMI>95th percentile; p<0.01). CONCLUSION: TBF is more strongly associated with serum lipid concentrations in adults, at least as compared to BMI.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2003

Women's body satisfaction at midlife and lifetime body size: a prospective study.

The relationship between past body size and current body dissatisfaction among 933 middle-aged women from a prospective birth cohort study was examined. Women provided self-report data on weight esteem at age 54. Height and weight data were collected at ages 7, 11, 15, 20, 26, 36, 43, and 54. Data on reproductive variables were also collected prospectively. Hierarchical linear modeling and multiple regression analyses were used. Women who were dissatisfied at midlife were heavier at age 7 and showed a more rapid increase in body mass index with age. A late menarche, being postmenopausal, and having started hormone replacement therapy before menopause were associated with less dissatisfaction. Attention to these factors across the life span is necessary to understand body dissatisfaction in women at midlife.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Relationship among habitual tea consumption, percent body fat, and body fat distribution.

OBJECTIVE: To disclose the possible relationship between habitual tea consumption and changes in total body fat and fat distribution in humans. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A cross-sectional survey of 1,210 epidemiologically sampled adults (569 men and 641 women) were enrolled in our study. Tea consumption and other lifestyle characteristics were obtained by structured questionnaires. Percent body fat (BF%) was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Body fat distribution was assessed using waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). RESULTS: Among the 1,103 analyzed subjects, 473 adults (42.9%) consumed tea once or more per week for at least 6 months. The habitual tea drinkers were male-dominant, more frequently current smokers, and alcohol or coffee drinkers than the nonhabitual tea drinkers. Habitual tea drinkers for more than 10 years showed a 19.6% reduction in BF% and a 2.1% reduction in WHR compared with nonhabitual tea drinkers. The multiple stepwise regression models revealed that men, older age, higher BMI, and current smokers were positive factors for BF% and WHR. In contrast, longer duration of habitual tea consumption and higher total physical activity were negative factors for BF%. Longer duration of habitual tea consumption, higher socioeconomic status, and premenopausal status were negative factors for WHR. DISCUSSION: An inverse relationship may exist among habitual tea consumption, BF%, and body fat distribution, especially for subjects who have maintained the habit of tea consumption for more than 10 years.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Body fatness: longitudinal relationship of body mass index and the sum of skinfolds with other risk factors for coronary heart disease.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the longitudinal relationships between body mass index (BMI)/sum of skinfolds (SSF) and biological and lifestyle risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD). DESIGN: An observational longitudinal study; that is, the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study. SUBJECTS: 181 males and females, initially aged 13 y. Over a period of 15 y, six repeated measurements were carried out. MEASUREMENTS: BMI and SSF, biological CHD risk factors; that is, total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL), TC:HDL ratio, systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP) and cardiopulmonary fitness (VO2-max) and lifestyle CHD risk factors (that is, daily physical activity, dietary parameters, smoking, and alcohol consumption). The longitudinal relationships were analysed by an autoregressive model, in which the value of the outcome variable at time-point t is not only related to the value of the predictor variable at t, but also to the value of the outcome variable at t-1. RESULTS: Both BMI and SSF were positively related to TC and the TC:HDL ratio. Only BMI was positively related to SBP and only SSF was negatively related to VO2-max. Physical activity was negatively related to SSF. None of the other lifestyle parameters were related to SSF and/or BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Both BMI and SSF were related to a high risk profile regarding CHD. Different relationships for SSF and BMI are found, because BMI not only reflects body fatness, but also lean body mass. Analyses with BMI as an indicator for body fatness should therefore be interpreted cautiously.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Mortality associated with body fat, fat-free mass and body mass index among 60-year-old swedish men-a 22-year follow-up. The study of men born in 1913.

OBJECTIVE: To describe differences in the 22 y mortality risk associated with body mass index (BMI), body fat or fat-free mass, in order to examine if the differential health consequences of fat and fat-free mass may be responsible for elevated mortality rates at both high and low BMI. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study, a 22 y follow-up. SETTING: General community. The study of men born in 1913, Gothenburg. SUBJECTS: 787 men aged 60 y. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number and time of total deaths from 1973 to 1995. RESULTS: The risk of dying was a linear function of percentage fat and fat-free mass, and increased from a relative risk of 1.00 in men belonging to the lowest fifth to 1.4 (95% confidence interval 1.11-1.99) in men in the highest fifth of percentage fat mass. For BMI the lowest risk was observed for men belonging to the middle fifth of BMI. When the relative risk was set at 1.00 for subjects belonging to the middle fifth of BMI the risk associated with the low BMI fifth was 1.3 (95% confidence interval 0.94-1.68) and that with the highest fifth was 1. 5 (95% confidence interval 1.09-1.96). Analyses including both body fat and fat-free mass showed that total mortality was a linear increasing function of high fat and low fat-free mass. CONCLUSION: The apparent U-shaped association between BMI and total mortality may be the result of compound risk functions from body fat and fat-free mass. International Journal of Obesity (2000)24, 33-37

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

The effect of sex, age and race on estimating percentage body fat from body mass index: The Heritage Family Study.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of sex, age and race on the relation between body mass index (BMI) and measured percent body fat (%fat). DESIGN: Cross-sectional validation study of sedentary individuals. SUBJECTS: The Heritage Family Study cohort of 665 black and white men and women who ranged in age from 17 to 65 y. MEASUREMENTS: Body density determined from hydrostatic weighing. Percentage body fat determined with gender and race-specific, two-compartment models. BMI determined from height and weight, and sex and race in dummy coded form. RESULTS: Polynomial regression showed that the relationship between %fat and BMI was quadratic for both men and women. A natural log transformation of BMI adjusted for the non-linearity. Test for homogeneity of log transformed BMI and gender showed that the male-female slopes were within random variance, but the intercepts differed. For the same BMI, the %fat of females was 10.4% higher than that of males. General linear models analysis of the women's data showed that age, race and race-by-BMI interaction were independently related to %fat. The same analysis applied to the men's data showed that %fat was not just a function of BMI, but also age and age-by-BMI interaction. Multiple regression analyses provided models that defined the bias. CONCLUSIONS: These data and results published in the literature show that BMI and %fat relationship are not independent of age and gender. These data showed a race effect for women, but not men. The failure to adjust for these sources of bias resulted in substantial differences in the proportion of subjects defined as obese by measured %fat.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

Body surface area and body weight predict total liver volume in Western adults.

Computed tomography (CT) is used increasingly to measure liver volume in patients undergoing evaluation for transplantation or resection. This study is designed to determine a formula predicting total liver volume (TLV) based on body surface area (BSA) or body weight in Western adults. TLV was measured in 292 patients from four Western centers. Liver volumes were calculated from helical computed tomographic scans obtained for conditions unrelated to the hepatobiliary system. BSA was calculated based on height and weight. Each center used a different established method of three-dimensional volume reconstruction. Using regression analysis, measurements were compared, and formulas correlating BSA or body weight to TLV were established. A linear regression formula to estimate TLV based on BSA was obtained: TLV = -794.41 + 1,267.28 x BSA (square meters; r(2) = 0.46; P <.0001). A formula based on patient weight also was derived: TLV = 191.80 + 18.51 x weight (kilograms; r(2) = 0.49; P <.0001). The newly derived TLV formula based on BSA was compared with previously reported formulas. The application of a formula obtained from healthy Japanese individuals underestimated TLV. Two formulas derived from autopsy data for Western populations were similar to the newly derived BSA formula, with a slight overestimation of TLV. In conclusion, hepatic three-dimensional volume reconstruction based on helical CT predicts TLV based on BSA or body weight. The new formulas derived from this correlation should contribute to the estimation of TLV before liver transplantation or major hepatic resection.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Body mass index as a measure of body fatness: age- and sex-specific prediction formulas.

In 1229 subjects, 521 males and 708 females, with a wide range in body mass index (BMI; 13.9-40.9 kg/m2), and an age range of 7-83 years, body composition was determined by densitometry and anthropometry. The relationship between densitometrically-determined body fat percentage (BF%) and BMI, taking age and sex (males = 1, females = 0) into account, was analysed. For children aged 15 years and younger, the relationship differed from that in adults, due to the height-related increase in BMI in children. In children the BF% could be predicted by the formula BF% = 1.51 x BMI-0.70 x age - 3.6 x sex + 1.4 (R2 0.38, SE of estimate (SEE) 4.4% BF%). In adults the prediction formula was: BF% = 1.20 x BMI + 0.23 x age - 10.8 x sex - 5.4 (R2 0.79, SEE = 4.1% BF%). Internal and external cross-validation of the prediction formulas showed that they gave valid estimates of body fat in males and females at all ages. In obese subjects however, the prediction formulas slightly overestimated the BF%. The prediction error is comparable to the prediction error obtained with other methods of estimating BF%, such as skinfold thickness measurements or bioelectrical impedance.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1991

The Drinkwater-Ross anthropometric fractionation of body mass: comparison with measured body mass and densitometrically estimated fat and fat-free masses.

The Drinkwater-Ross anthropometric fractionation of body mass (mass = sigma skeletal, residual, fat and muscle masses), lean body mass (LBM = sigma skeletal, residual and muscle masses) and fat mass (FM) were compared with the measured body mass, together with the densitometrically estimated fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM), of 205 male (mean +/- S.D.: 74.66 +/- 10.55 kg; 10.1 +/- 3.7% BF by densitometry) and 177 female (mean +/- S.D.: 59.14 +/- 8.85 kg; 18.5 +/- 5.1% BF by densitometry) South Australian State representatives in a variety of sports. Most absolute differences (d) between the measured body masses and those resultant from the sum of the four fractionated masses (male: d = 2.15 kg or 2.9%; female: d = 1.27 kg or 2.2%) were within what one would expect from random day-to-day variation. However, this was not so for the comparisons between the fractionated LBM (male: d = 2.54 kg or 3.8%; female: d = 2.45 kg or 5.2%) and FM scores (male: d = 1.67 kg or 30.0%; female: d = 2.40 kg or 20.0%) and their densitometric counterparts. These differences are probably related to a combination of the densitometric and fractionation assumptions.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1981

Comparisons of body fat estimated from total body water and skinfold thicknesses of undernourished men.

In 49 chronically undernourished adult males, classified as having mild, intermediate, or severe nutritional compromise, comparisons were made of body fat calculated from total body water with values obtained from triceps and scapular skinfolds. These same comparisons were followed in 19 of the severely undernourished subjects during a 2 1/2-month period of dietary repletion. Results indicate that the correlations between fat estimates obtained from body water and skinfolds are good (r greater than 0.8) in mildly undernourished subjects, but that they are progressively reduced as the nutritional compromise becomes more severe until statistical significance disappears. Dietary repletion of 2 1/2-month duration did not restore a statistically significant relationship between fat and triceps and scapular skinfolds. These data imply that the triceps and scapular skinfolds do not adequately represent body fat in chronically undernourished adult males and that new empirical equations are required which take into account nutritional status and possible shifts in fat deposit sites in chronic undernutrition.

Adult↗