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PubMedDate not supplied

[Value of prealbumin in the 1st and after the 12th day of life].

From a series of 129 neonates, well defined with regard to weight and gestational age, the authors established that serum concentration of prealbumin (PA) in an aseptic neonate depends on its gestational age on the first day of extrauterine life (p less than 0.001). Serum concentrations of PA are significantly different in appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and small for gestational age (SGA) neonates; this may be the consequence of insufficient materno-foetal transfers in the majority of SGA children. The study of the ratio maternal PA/neonatal PA at the time of delivery helps to establish the cause of SGA. On and after the 12th day of life, serum concentrations of PA are closely correlated with the usual data of anthropometry (weight, height, skull circumference) (p less than 0.001), when correlation is less close with gestational age at the time of sample taking: it may be used as a marker of the appropriateness of gestational age rather than of maturity. However, the ratio PA/weight varies from one child to another and from one week to another for a same child, giving PA a value different from ordinary anthropometry for the evaluation of the appropriateness of gestational size in neonates.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1995

Smoking and its effects on maternal body composition in late pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the possible impact of smoking on body composition at the 34-39 weeks of pregnancy, and its consequences on birth weight. SUBJECTS: 31 smokers and 31 non-smokers matched by age, gestational age and percentage of standard weight (PSW). Smoking mothers had 5 cigarettes or more per day during the whole period of pregnancy and non-smoking mothers never smoked. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in an urban Public Health Center. Anthropometry and the deuterium dilution technique were used to determine body composition. The statistical analysis used a t-test for matched pairs to assess significance of the means difference for each variable. RESULTS: Suprailiac and subscapular skinfolds were found to be larger in non-smokers; this difference was significant for the suprailiac skinfold (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found in total body fat, total body water and fat-free mass obtained with the deuterium dilution technique, or FFM determined by anthropometry. Infants' birth weight was similar in the two groups of mothers. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that pregnancy does not modify the pattern of body fat distribution already present in smokers before conception. Infants' birth weight was similar in both groups, probably due to no difference in fat-free mass and body fat. The physiological effect of nicotine (e.g. on prolactin, micronutrients), seems to be clearer during lactation and infant growth.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Body composition in a group of young women studied by bioelectrical impedance analysis].

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), based upon electrical conductivity of fat free mass, seems to be a rapid and useful method to predict body composition. The purpose of this study was to estimate the body composition of 32 young women using BIA and to compare its results with anthropometry (skinfolds measurements). No significant differences between fat-free mass or fat mass obtained by the two different methods were found. A high correlation between both methods for fat free mass (r = 0.826), fat mass (r = 0.861) and percentage of fat (r = 0.697) were found. On the other hand, correlation between resistance (r = -0.661), impedance (r = -0.663), height2/resistance (r = 0.803), height2/impedance (r = 0.804) and height2/reactance (r = 0.533) and fat free mass obtained by skinfolds measurements have been observed. These results suggest that BIA may be an adequate method besides anthropometry to assess body composition in homogeneous population with a stable body weight.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Usefulness of bioelectric impedance and skinfold measurements in predicting fat-free mass derived from total body potassium in children.

Despite the increasing use of tetrapolar whole-body bioelectric impedance (BI) analysis in the assessment of body composition, its usefulness in estimating fat-free mass (FFM) has not been evaluated in comparison with conventional skinfold anthropometry in children. We therefore compared 1) the intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of BI and skinfold measurements and the derived FFM estimates, and 2) the predictability of FFM as calculated from measurements of total body potassium (TBK) using 40K spectrometry by equations based on either BI or skinfold measurements in 112 healthy children, adolescents, and young adults aged 3.9 to 19.3 y. A best-fitting equation to predict TBK-derived FFM from BI and other potential independent predictors was developed and cross validated in two randomly selected subgroups of the study population by stepwise multiple regression analysis. Although the technical error associated with BI measurements was much smaller than that of skinfold measurements, the reproducibility of BI-derived FFM estimates (intraobserver coefficient of variation [CV], 0.39%; interobserver CV, 1.23%) was only slightly better than that of FFM estimates obtained by use of weight and two skinfold measurements (0.62% and 1.39%, respectively). The cross validation procedure yielded the following best-fitting prediction equation: FFM = 0.65 x (height2/impedance) + 0.68 x age + 0.15 (R2 = 0.975, root mean square error = 1.98 kg, CV = 5.8%, 95% limits of agreement = -11.1% to +12.4%). Conventional anthropometry, using published equations to estimate FFM from skinfolds, slightly over-estimated TBK-derived FFM, but predicted FFM with precision similar to the best-fitting equation involving BI. Previously published FFM equations incorporating BI predicted TBK-drived FFM with variable predictive precision and accuracy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The nutritional impact of seasonality in children and adults of rural Ethiopia.

A survey of the nutritional status of subsistence farmers was conducted over 13 months in a rural area of Ethiopia characterized by moderate climatic seasonality and intensive land exploitation. Bi-monthly questionnaires on food consumption, time allocation, agricultural production and cash flow were administered to 203 households and anthropometry performed on 1407 individuals. Comparison of post-harvest and pre-harvest anthropometry was made on 672 individuals (48% of the sample). In children, seasonal changes in the Z-score of weight-for-height were small and not significant. Height growth velocity showed instead a marked seasonal pattern, with values close to normal (-0.2 SD units) in July to December, a period characterized by better food availability, and lower values (-3.0 SD units) in January to June, a period characterized by intensive farm labour and heavy rains. Among the adults, body weight was highest in the post-harvest season (December) and decreased by 1.5 +/- 2.3 kg in men and 1.3 +/- 2.6 kg in women to the yearly minimum in the pre-harvest season (June). The paper shows that in this area children and adults both suffer from exposure to seasonal energy stress. The change in weight-for-height Z-score observed in children and the body weight loss observed in adults was greater in individuals of low socio-economic status and, within the same socio-economic level, in individuals with better nutritional status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The relationship between components of infant energy expenditure and childhood body fatness.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether any component of infant energy expenditure is related to fatness in early childhood, and whether infant fatness is related to childhood variables. DESIGN: Longitudinal investigation of infants studied at 12 weeks and followed up at 2.5 to 3.5 years of age. SUBJECTS: 30 healthy full-term infants selected from the general population. MEASUREMENTS: Sleeping metabolic rate, total energy expenditure, anthropometry and behaviour at 12 weeks; anthropometry, body composition and behaviour in follow-up. RESULTS: Energy expenditure at 12 weeks (minimal metabolism, total energy expenditure, energy expended on physical activity, behaviour) showed no relationship with later fatness. Infant fatness (skinfold thicknesses and percentage fat) showed in contrast a strong relationship with childhood fatness. Infant fatness also predicted childhood behaviour. CONCLUSIONS: These data do not support the theory that reduced energy expenditure in early infancy is related to later fatness. However, infant fatness influences both later fatness and activity patterns.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

The relations between physical ability and bone mass in women aged over 65 years.

In this cross-sectional study of 55 women (mean age 73.54 +/- 5.87), the magnitude of the relation between different indices of physical ability and confounding factors to bone density were determined. Physical fitness was assessed by direct measurement of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max), isokinetic muscle strength, and quadriceps and psoas muscle surfaces and densities using computed tomography. Anthropometry, chronological and gynecological ages, and dietary calcium intake were also recorded. The bone mineral density (BMD) was evaluated at the axial level (lumbar spine and proximal femur) and at the peripheral level (radius and tibia, cancellous and cortical compartments). Parameters related to physical ability proved to be the best predictors of BMD in radial and tibial cancellous compartments, spine, femoral neck, and trochanter, accounting for 15-27.5% of the total variance. The VO2 max was a major determinant of the femoral mineral density and one of the predictors of radial and tibial cancellous compartments. Psoas parameters were strongly related to spine mineral density and also constituted a predictor of radius (cancellous) and tibia mineral densities. The arm muscle strength could predict, though weakly, the BMD of axial skeleton, whereas thigh muscle strength only predicted the BMD of inferior limbs. No correlation was observed between current dietary calcium intake and BMD. Age-postmenopause and fertile life remained predictive of BMD at mostly cancellous sites, whereas anthropometry exerted important effects on radial and tibial cortices. The study suggests distinct sets of relations between physical ability and the BMD variables. Subjects with greater and denser psoas muscles had greater spine BMD, and those with higher VO2 max had greater proximal femur BMD.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2003

Effects of dietary nutrients and food groups on bone loss from the proximal femur in men and women in the 7th and 8th decades of age.

We measured the impact of diet, anthropometry, physical activity and lifestyle variables on rates of hip bone mineral density (BMD) loss in 470 white men and 474 white women aged 67-79 years at recruitment dwelling in the community. The subjects were recruited from a prospective population-based diet and cancer study (EPIC-Norfolk) in Eastern England. Dietary intake was measured at baseline using 7-day food diaries and used to calculate intakes of some 31 nutrients and 22 food groups. Standardised questionnaires were used to collect data on anthropometry, physical activity and lifestyle variables. BMD loss (percent per annum; % p.a.) was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry performed on two occasions an average of 3 years apart (range 2-5 years). The mean rate of BMD change at the total hip region was -0.17% p.a. (SD 1.3% p.a.) in men and -0.41% p.a. (SD 1.2% p.a.) in women. In both men and women, weight gain protected against (and weight loss promoted) BMD loss ( P<0.0001). Markers of current physical activity were protective. In men, an increase of 1 l/s in FEV(1) was associated with an increase in BMD at an average rate of 0.25% p.a. ( P=0.013). In women, for every ten trips made per day climbing a flight of stairs, BMD increased at a rate of 0.22% p.a. ( P=0.005) and additionally a 10% increase in activities of daily living score was associated with BMD increasing at a rate of 0.12% p.a. ( P=0.011) in women. Nutritional variation appeared to have less impact on BMD loss. In men there was no evidence of an effect of any of the nutrients evaluated. However, in women, low intake of vitamin C was associated with faster rate of BMD loss. Women in the lowest tertile (7-57 mg/day) of vitamin C intake lost BMD at an average rate of -0.65% p.a., which was significantly faster compared to loss rates in the middle (58-98 mg/day) and upper (99-363 mg/day) tertiles of intake, which were -0.31% p.a. and -0.30% p.a., respectively ( P=0.016). There was no effect of fruits and vegetables, combined or separately, on rate of BMD loss. The results confirm that weight maintenance (or gain) and commonly practiced forms of physical activity appear to protect against BMD loss in this age group. Measures such as ensuring good general nutrition to guard against weight loss in the non-overweight elderly and maintenance of physical fitness could be valuable in protecting against BMD loss. The protective effect of vitamin C in women needs to be further investigated in other prospective cohort or intervention studies.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Apparent bone mineral density estimated from DXA in healthy men and women.

The aim of this study was to measure bone mineral density (BMD) in healthy people and examine the influence of age, anthropometry, and postmenopause on calculated bone mineral apparent density (BMAD). The study included 541 healthy subjects (249 men and 292 women), aged 20 to 79 years. Anthropometric measurements included height, weight, and body mass index (BMI). Bone mineral content (BMC) and areal BMD were measured at the lumbar spine and proximal femur, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The calculation of volumetric density relied on the formula BMAD=BMD/ square root BA (where BA = bone area). Association between densitometric parameters and age, height, weight, and postmenopause was analyzed with multiple regression. BMC and BMD decreased with age, especially in postmenopausal women. The average annual bone loss in spine was 0.2% in both sexes, whereas femur loss was 0.5% in men and 0.3% in women. Bone area slightly increased with age in both sexes, and BMD loss after the age of 50 could be attributed to bone area increase. To minimize the effect of bone size on bone density, volumetric density and areal density were regressed to age, anthropometry, and postmenopause. Age and postmenopause were significantly associated with BMD and BMAD in the spine and femur. Furthermore, BMD showed a stronger association with height and weight than BMAD, in both regions. Weaker association of body height and weight with BMAD than with BMD suggests that BMD depends on the bone size and body size and that the different BMDs could be the consequence of the difference in those parameters.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2005

Differences in bone size and bone mass between black and white 10-year-old South African children.

INTRODUCTION: Black and white South Africans hail from vastly disparate cultural and socio-economic backgrounds the result of which exposes black children to numerous factors known to impact negatively on bone mass. Thus, we studied ethnic differences in bone size and bone mass between 476 10-year-old black and white South African girls and boys (black boys n=182, white boys n=72, black girls n=158, white girls n=64) who formed part of a longitudinal cohort of children born in Johannesburg, South Africa, during 1990. METHODS: Bone area (BA) and bone mineral content (BMC) were measured at the whole body, total hip, femoral neck, lumbar spine (L1-L4) and mid- and distal radii by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Vertebral heights and metacarpal indices were measured. Anthropometry, skeletal maturity and pubertal development were also assessed. RESULTS: After correction for height, weight, gender and puberty, black children had greater BMC at the femoral neck (P<0.0001), total hip (P<0.05) and mid-radius (P<0.001) than white children.. At the whole body, lumbar spine, and distal one-third of the radius, there were no differences in BMC between black and white children after correction for differences in body size. After correction for height and puberty, vertebral heights were less in black children than white children, and cortical areas at the second metacarpal were greater in black children. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that, at the femoral neck, total hip and mid-radius, these differences are not a result of differences in anthropometry, bone age or pubertal stage, or environmental factors but are most likely to result from genetic differences.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2004

Finger skin cooling on contact with cold materials: an investigation of male and female responses during short-term exposures with a view on hand and finger size.

This study investigated the independent effects of hand anthropometry and gender upon contact cooling responses. Subjects were selected for matching hand/finger size between genders, with equal variation between individuals of each group. Fourteen volunteers (7 male, 7 female) participated, touching blocks of aluminium and stainless steel using the first phalanx of the index finger with a contact force of 1.0 N and 9.8 N, at surface temperatures of -2 degrees C and -10 degrees C. Conditions were selected in order to elicit varying rates of skin cooling upon contact. Contact temperature ( T(C)) of the finger-pad was measured over time using a T-type thermocouple. Overall, no significant difference was found between the cooling responses of males and females. In order to investigate whether differences in hand anthropometry correlated with contact cooling response, a multiple regression approach was used. Analyses of the residual variance in contact cooling data, after the effects of material type, surface temperature and finger contact force had been accounted for, showed that, under slow cooling conditions (>45 s to reach T(C)=1 degrees C), hand size correlated significantly with contact cooling response only when represented by index finger volume ( P<0.05), but gender did not. Whilst under fast cooling conditions (<25 s to reach T(C)=1 degrees C), hand size did not correlate significantly with contact cooling response at all, but gender had a significant effect ( P<0.001). Under slow cooling conditions, a larger finger (and in most cases hands) provides a higher heat content, thus giving a slower skin cooling speed. Under fast cooling conditions, the significantly longer time required for males to reach a T(C) of 1 degrees C, despite matching hand and finger size, is attributed to higher epidermal insulation provided by the thicker stratum corneum, combined with the higher starting skin temperature observed in the "slightly cool" environment.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of three methods of nutritional assessment in liver cirrhosis: subjective global assessment, traditional nutritional parameters, and body composition analysis.

BACKGROUND: Liver cirrhosis affects the results of many of the traditional techniques currently used to evaluate nutritional status. Our aim was to compare the traditional two-compartment model (subjective global assessment and anthropometry and blood tests) of nutritional assessment with a multicompartmental model (body composition analysis) in patients with cirrhosis. METHODS: Seventy-nine patients and 17 control subjects were studied. Subjective global assessment, anthropometry and blood tests, and body composition analysis were performed for each. The two most important compartments were body cell mass and total body fat. The subjects were classified by each method as well nourished or moderately or severely malnourished. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients (31.6%) were malnourished according to the subjective global assessment, 2 (6.3%) with Child's class A cirrhosis, 10 (34.5%) with class B, and 13 (72.2%) with class C, whereas 24 (30.4%) were malnourished according to the traditional model, 5 (15.6%) in the Child's A group, 8 (27.6%) in B, and 11 (61.1%) in C. According to the multicompartmental model, 48 patients (60.1%) were malnourished, 11 (34.4%) in Child's A, 20 (69%) in B, and 17 (94.4%) in C. The use of the multicompartmental model increased the prevalence of malnutrition by more than 60% in Child's classes A and B patients and by more than 20% in Child's class C patients. CONCLUSIONS: Traditional nutritional assessment, although easier, underestimated the prevalence and severity of malnutrition in patients with cirrhosis. The underestimation was more pronounced in Child's class A and B patients.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1984

Model for static lifting: relationship of loads on the spine and the knee.

An experimental study based on a trigonometric, anthropometric model, was conducted on thirty-five healthy subjects to determine the relationship between knee and back forces during symmetric sagittal plane lifting. Total joint reaction forces for the knee and the back, along with their compressive and shear components, were calculated for each subject, as a function of the knee, back and ankle angles. The shear component was significantly higher in females than in males; the compressive component was significantly higher in males. Strong inverse correlations were found between the back and the knee forces on all subjects. Strong correlations were also found between subject anthropometry and minimum and maximum joint reaction forces. The magnitudes of both back and knee joint reaction forces should be considered in recommending the lift type and position, based upon individual worker anthropometry, and size and weight of the load to be lifted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The correlation between anergy, malnutrition and clinical outcome in an elderly hospital population.

The nutritional state of 482 out of 501 newly admitted elderly patients was assessed by anthropometry, serum protein analyses and the delayed hypersensitivity skin test (DH) on admission and after 8 and 26 weeks. The mean age of the women was 81.3 +/- 7.7 and of the men 77.9 +/- 9.3. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) was initially defined as three or more subnormal criteria, one in each of the three categories of measurement. The data was then reanalysed excluding anergy and using the two other criteria only. The prevalence of PEM on the first assessment was 28.5% and was 10% higher when anergy was excluded as a criterion. PEM was more common in women and increased with age. The anergic patients had lower mean values in serum protein and anthropometry than those with normal reactivity. Anergic patients had a higher mortality rate and more pressure sores than the reactive group. Nutritional supplementation was associated with an increase in skin reactivity.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

The potential use of dual frequency bioimpedance in predicting the distribution of total body water in health and disease.

The distribution of water between extracellular fluid (ECF; measured by the inulin dilution technique) and intracellular fluid (ICF; calculated as the difference between total body water, which was measured by the deuterium dilution technique, and ECF) was measured in 12 healthy subjects. The results were compared with predictions made by anthropometry and whole body impedance obtained at 1kHz (Z(1)) and 50 kHz (Z(50)). Z(1) and Z(50) were also measured in 82 health subjects and 27 patients without clinically detectable oedema, and in 10 patients with oedema. Anthropometry and height(2)/Z(1) showed similar correlations with inulin space (r = 0.64, SEE = 1.74 L and r = 0.65, SEE = 1.75 L respectively). The ratios of Z (1)Z (50) in oedematous patients (1.03 +/- 0.02), which were universally lower than those obtained in normal subjects (1.18 +/- 0.04), overlapped with those obtained in patients without oedema (1.11 +/- 0.05). The study suggests that in this group of normal subjects low frequency bioimpedance measurements are not superior to anthropometric estimates of ECF. They also suggest a limitation in the use of the dual frequency bioimpedance meter to distiguish between patients with and without oedema.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Image processing for craniofacial landmark identification and measurement: a review of photogrammetry and cephalometry.

Facial surface anthropometry and cephalometry have been used for many years for the diagnosis of malformations, surgical planning and evaluation, and growth studies. These disciplines rely on the identification of craniofacial landmarks. Methods for 3D reconstruction of landmarks have been introduced, as have image processing algorithms for the automation of landmark extraction. This paper reviews facial surface anthropometry and cephalometry with reference to the image processing algorithms that have been applied and their effectiveness.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

Effect of community-based promotion of exclusive breastfeeding on diarrhoeal illness and growth: a cluster randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended until age 6 months. We assessed the feasibility, effectiveness, and safety of an educational intervention to promote exclusive breastfeeding for this length of time in India. METHODS: We developed the intervention through formative research, pair-matched eight communities on their baseline characteristics, and randomised one of each pair to receive the intervention and the other to no specific intervention. We trained health and nutrition workers in the intervention communities to counsel mothers for exclusive breastfeeding at multiple opportunities. We enrolled 1115 infants born in the 9 months after training-552 in the intervention and 473 in the control communities. Feeding at age 3 months, and anthropometry and of diarrhoea prevalence at age 3 months and 6 months were assessed. All analyses were by intention to treat. FINDINGS: We assessed 483 and 412 individuals at 3 months in the intervention and control groups, respectively, and 468 and 412 at 6 months. At 3 months, exclusive breastfeeding rates were 79% (381) in the intervention and 48% (197) in the control communities (odds ratio 4.02, 95% CI 3.01-5.38, p<0.0001). The 7-day diarrhoea prevalence was lower in the intervention than in the control communities at 3 months (0.64, 0.44-0.95, p=0.028) and 6 months (0.85, 0.72-0.99, p=0.04). The mean weights and lengths, and the proportion with weight-for-height or height-for-age Z scores of 2 or less, at age 3 months and 6 months did not differ much between groups. Intervention effect on exclusive breastfeeding, diarrhoeal morbidity, and anthropometry at age 6 months in the low-birthweight subgroup was similar to that for all births. INTERPRETATION: Promotion of exclusive breastfeeding until age 6 months in a developing country through existing primary health-care services is feasible, reduces the risk of diarrhoea, and does not lead to growth faltering.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Multiple frequency bioelectrical impedance for the prediction of total body potassium in cystic fibrosis.

The use of multiple frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MFBIA) was compared with single frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (SFBIA) and anthropometry to estimate the size of the body cell mass (BCM) in a paediatric cystic fibrosis population. BCM was independently determined from the accepted gold standard reference of total body potassium (TBK). MFBIA was used to measure the impedance of the body at 248 frequencies from 4 kHz to 1 MHz. Data were analysed using Cole-Cole plots of reactance versus resistance. The limits of agreement procedure was used to determine the reliability and precision of the different techniques to predict values for TBK, in an individual subject. The results indicate that MFBIA with a precision of 12% offers little improvement over single frequency BIA but is better and more accurate than anthropometry for the prediction of TBK in an individual patient.

Journal Article↗