Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Administration, Intravaginal”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Lack of adverse effects on fertility of female CD-1 mice exposed to repetitive intravaginal gel-microemulsion formulation of a dual-function anti-HIV agent: aryl phosphate derivative of bromo-methoxy-zidovudine (compound WHI-07).

5-bromo-6-methoxy-5,6-dihydro-3(')-azidothymidine-5(')-(p-bromophenyl) methoxyalaninyl phosphate (WHI-07), a novel bromo-methoxy-substituted aryl phosphate derivative of zidovudine (ZDV), is a potent dual-function contraceptive agent with anti-HIV activity. Its potential for reproductive toxicity was assessed in a series of experiments using CD-1 mice under the conditions of its intended use as an intravaginal microbicide. Female CD-1 mice were exposed intravaginally to a gel-microemulsion formulation containing 0%, 0.5%, 1.0% or 2.0% WHI-07 for up to 13 weeks. On a molar basis, these concentrations represent 1400-5700 times its in vitro spermicidal IC(50) and 1.4-5.7(x10(6)) times its in vitro anti-HIV IC(50). We examined the effects of intravaginally administered WHI-07 on: ovulation efficiency; in vivo fertilization and early embryonic, fetal development; and reproductive outcome, including neonatal survival and pup development. Compound WHI-07 was administered intravaginally during superovulation, organogenesis and prior to mating for 5 and 10 consecutive days and for 13 weeks, respectively. Mice were evaluated for ovulation efficiency and fertilization rate and cleavage 14 and 40 h after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection, respectively. Pregnant mice were administered 2% WHI-07 intravaginally during gestation days (GD) 6-15 and measures of teratogenicity were evaluated on GD 17. For short-term toxicity study, mice were given intravaginal treatment of gel-microemulsion containing 0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% WHI-07 for 13 weeks and then mated with untreated males to evaluate potential reproductive and developmental effects. Repeated intravaginal exposure of mice to 2% WHI-07 had no adverse effects on ovulation response, mean number of eggs recovered or the percentage of eggs fertilized or cleaved. No evidence of reproductive toxicity, fetal toxicity or teratogenicity was found following repetitive intravaginal application of 2% WHI-07 during the period of organogenesis. Furthermore, repeated intravaginal exposure of mice to 0.5-2.0% WHI-07 for 13 weeks had no adverse effect on the subsequent reproductive capability, perinatal outcome or growth and development of the offspring. Compound WHI-07 shows unique clinical potential as a safe, dual-function vaginal contraceptive for curbing mucosal and perinatal HIV transmission.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed2006

Induction of labor with misoprostol in pregnancies with advanced maternal age.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to compare the efficacy and complications of intravaginal misoprostol application with oxytocin infusion for induction of labor in advanced aged pregnancies with a Bishop score of < 6. STUDY DESIGN: A hundred advanced aged (> or = 35 years) pregnant patients with a Bishop score of < 6 were randomized into two groups. The first group (50 patients) received 50 microg intravaginal misoprostol four times with 4 h intervals and the second group received oxytocin infusion for induction of labor starting from 2 mIU/min and was increased every 30 min with 2 mIU/min increments up to a maximum of 40 mIU/min. The time from induction to delivery, the route of delivery, fetal outcome, and maternal complications were recorded. Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney U, Chi-squared and t tests to determine differences between the two groups. A p value < or = 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Misoprostol was superior for induction of labor in advanced aged pregnancies with Bishop score of < 6, as the mean time from induction to delivery was 9.61 +/- 4.12 h and 11.46 +/- 4.86 h in the misoprostol and oxytocin groups respectively, with a significant difference between the groups (p = 0.04). The rate of vaginal delivery was higher in the misoprostol group (84.0%) than in the oxytocin group (80.0%), but the difference did not reach significance (p = 0.60). The rates of placental abruption and postpartum hemorrhage were similar in both groups and no cases of uterine rupture occurred. The 1- and 5-min mean Apgar scores were 6.98 +/- 1.17 to 9.08 +/- 0.99 and 6.88 +/- 1.81 to 9.00 +/- 1.35 in the misoprostol and oxytocin groups respectively, with no significant differences between the groups (p = 0.74, p = 0.83). No cases of asphyxia were present. The rate of admission to the neonatal intensive care unit was similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: Intravaginal misoprostol seems to be an alternative method to oxytocin in the induction of labor in advanced aged pregnant women with low Bishop scores, as it is efficacious, cheap, and easy to use. But large studies are necessary to clarify safety with regard to the rare complications such as uterine rupture.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1994

Immune response of heifers to vaginal submucosal or subcutaneous vaccination and intravaginal challenge with Ureaplasma diversum.

Twenty beef heifers were randomly assigned to five equal groups and vaccinated: Group 1--in vaginal submucosa (VM) with Ureaplasma diversum ultrasonicated whole cells (WC) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA); Group 2--in VM with U. diversum cell membranes (CM) in CFA; Group 3--subcutaneously (SC) with CM in CFA; Group 4--in VM with CM alone; and Group 5--in VM with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) in CFA. A second vaccination with the same antigens in incomplete Freund's adjuvant was given after four weeks, and three weeks later, all heifers were challenged intravaginally with 3.6 x 10(7) colony-forming units (CFU) of U. diversum strain 2312. Immunoglobulins that reacted with U. diversum were measured in serum and cervicovaginal mucus (CVM) by an enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay. In groups 1 and 2, vaccination by the VM route with WC or CM antigens, stimulated high levels of U. diversum-reactive IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies in serum as well as CVM, but a low IgA response only in CVM. In group 4, VM vaccination with CM (no adjuvant) elicited a minimal IgG1 and IgG2 response in serum and CVM. In group 3, SC vaccination with CM antigen stimulated high IgG1 and IgG2 reactivity in both serum and CVM, but no IgA reactivity. Very little IgM reactivity was detected in the four vaccinated groups. Intravaginal challenge resulted in characteristic granular vulvitis in all vaccinated and control heifers, with all animals remaining culture-positive for the 35 day observation period. The infection stimulated a marked increase in the specific IgA response in CVM of the three groups vaccinated with either, adjuvanted antigen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of live-attenuated and whole-inactivated simian immunodeficiency virus vaccines against vaginal challenge with virulent SIV.

The ability of two vaccine preparations (UV-psoralen inactivated SIV administered intramuscularly and live-attenuated SIV inoculated intravaginally) to prevent genital transmission of virulent SIV in rhesus macaques was tested. Two of six whole-inactivated SIV vaccinated macaques, three of five live-attenuated SIV vaccinated macaques, and four of six controls became persistently infected after two separate intravaginal inoculations with a 50% animal infectious dose of virulent SIV. No association was observed between levels of SIV-specific antibodies in serum or vaginal secretions prior to challenge and subsequent infection with virulent SIV.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1994

[Experience with prostaglandins E2 in intracervical gel and intravaginal tablets in fetal deaths].

Our clinical experience with E2 prostaglandins in intracervical gel and vaginal tablets to induce deliveries or abortions with dead fetuses is presented. The overall success rate of 50 patients was 70%, excluding 9 cases of anencephalos fetuses; the rate is increased to 77.7% in the cases of retained abortions and to 78.3% in the cases of dead fetuses in uterus after 20 weeks of gestation.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2005

[Comparative study of the effect of intravaginal misoprostol at 50 and 100 micrograms in cervical ripening and labor induction].

The objective of this work was to compare the efficacy of 50 and 100 microg of misoprostol administered intravaginally for cervical ripening and labor induction. Ninety-five patients were randomly assigned to receive 50 microg (n=48) or 100 microg (n=47) of misoprostol. The primary measures in this study were cesarean section rate, time from induction to delivery, need for oxytocin use, rate of uterine hyperstimulation and tachysystoles, proportion of fetal distress and neonatal Apgar score. The interval from first dose of prostaglandin to delivery was significantly shorter in the 100 ,g-group (p < 0.05). The use of oxytocin augmentation was significantly higher in the 50 microg-group (64.6% vs. 31.9%). There were 9 cases (18.8%) of tachysystole in the 50-microg group and 12 cases (25.5%) in the 100 microg-group (p NS). The cesarean section rate was double in the 100 microg-group and the difference was statically significant (p < 0.05). There was no report of uterine rupture. It can be concluded that 50 microg of misoprostol applied in the posterior vaginal fornix every 4 hours is an effective dosage for labor induction and has less adverse effects and complications than the 100 microg dose.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of subchronic (13-week) and reproductive toxicity potential of intravaginal gel-microemulsion formulation of a dual-function phenyl phosphate derivative of bromo-methoxy zidovudine (compound whi-07) in B(6)C(3)F(1) mice.

Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) accounts for 90% of all new infections worldwide and significantly contributes to new acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases in the USA. In a systematic effort to develop a microbicidal contraceptive capable of preventing HIV transmission as well as providing fertility control, we previously identified novel phenyl phosphate derivatives of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (zidovudine) that exhibit potent anti-HIV and spermicidal activities. This study reports the preclinical studies of our lead compound WHI-07, 5-bromo-6-methoxy-5,6-dihydro-3'-azidothymidine-5'-(p-bromophenyl) methoxyalaninyl phosphate, for use as a dual-function topical microbicide. In vivo toxicity studies in non-human primates and rodents given WHI-07 (20 mg kg(-1)) intravenously and intraperitonealy, respectively, had no detectable adverse effects on hematological and clinical chemistry profiles. The 13-week subchronic and reproductive toxicity potential of an intravaginal gel-microemulsion formulation of WHI-07 was studied in mice to support its further development as a dual-function microbicide. Groups of ten female B(6)C(3)F(1) mice were exposed intravaginally to a gel-microemulsion formulation containing 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0% WHI-07, 5 days a week, for 13 consecutive weeks. On a molar basis, these concentrations represent 1400-5700 times their in vitro spermicidal potency EC(50)) and 1.4 x 10(6)-5.7 x 10(6) times their in vitro anti-HIV activity(50)). After 13 weeks of intravaginal treatment, half of the treated mice were evaluated for toxicity and the other half were mated with untreated males to evaluate potential reproductive and developmental effects. The endpoints that were evaluated included survival, body weight gain, hematological and clinical chemistries, absolute and relative organ weights and histopathology. The WHI-07 applications did not cause weight loss, morbidity, mortality or specific tissue lesions detectable by histopathology. Repeated intravaginal exposure of mice to WHI-05 for 13 weeks had no adverse effects on subsequent reproductive performance (100% fertile), neonatal survival (>95%) or pup development. These findings collectively show that the experimental dual-function anti-HIV and contraceptive agent WHI-07 did not cause significant acute or subchronic toxicity.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1989

[Expulsion of arrested pregnancy product in the 2d trimester using a prostaglandin E1 analog administered intravaginally. Apropos of 12 cases].

In this paper the authors report on the use of a prostaglandin E1 analog to expel fetuses stillborn in utero in the second trimester of pregnancy. Results of this clinical series make it possible to conclude on the efficacy of this agent and its simple utilization. Minor inconsequential side-effect observed coincide with the total absence of any complications.

Abortifacient Agents↗
PubMed1992

Effect of progesterone on the expression of estrus at the first postpartum ovulation in dairy cattle.

Fifty-two lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned to receive either a progesterone-releasing (2 g of progesterone) or a control-releasing intravaginal device (0 g of progesterone). Intravaginal devices were inserted on d 10 and removed on d 15 postpartum. Daily blood samples were collected from d 10 to 90 postpartum for subsequent determination of progesterone concentrations. Observations for estrus were conducted three times daily in a dirt paddock containing a testosterone-treated cow. Serum concentrations of progesterone in the progesterone-releasing intravaginal device group were elevated on d 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 compared with those of the control group. The days to first post-partum ovulation were similar between the treated and control groups, respectively (30.6 vs. 30.5 d). Also similar was the proportion of cows expressing estrus at first, second, and third postpartum ovulations (9/27 vs. 3/24, 14/23 vs. 15/21, and 14/21 vs. 9/15, respectively), length of the first postpartum estrous cycle (17.9 vs. 18.3 d), and peak serum concentrations of progesterone during the first estrous cycle (3.5 vs. 2.9 ng/ml). These data indicate that administration of progesterone early postpartum did not increase the proportion of cows expressing estrus at the first ovulation.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of intravaginal microbicides to prevent acquisition of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in Lactobacillus-pretreated, estrogenized young mice.

D2A21, a novel peptide antibiotic has in vitro activity against a wide spectrum of sexually transmitted diseases (STD). In this study we tested the hypothesis that intravaginal D2A21 would interfere with acquisition of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in a modified mouse model. T. vaginalis infections of estrogenized young mice pretreated with Lactobacillus vaginalis or Lactobacillus rhamnosus were more frequent and persistent than those in mice pre-treated with Lactobacillus gasseri or Lactobacillus acidophilus. One hundred percent T. vaginalis infection was achieved for 2-4 days post-challenge when intravaginal L. rhamnosus pre-treatments were given to estrogenized mice 48 hr prior to a single T. vaginalis challenge. Estrogenized mice pre-treated with L. rhamnosus were pre-medicated with intravaginal placebo gel, 0.5% or 2% D2A21 gel, or 500 microg/mL metronidazole gel prior to T. vaginalis challenge. Both 2% D2A21 and metronidazole gels were significantly more efficacious (10% or none infected) than placebo gel (53% infected) in preventing vaginal T. vaginalis infections in mice.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1990

Bacterial vaginosis: treatment with topical intravaginal clindamycin phosphate.

We tested topical intravaginal clindamycin phosphate at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, and 2.0% in the treatment of 62 women with symptomatic bacterial vaginosis in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, and offered open-label treatment with 1.0% clindamycin to patients with persistent disease after blinded treatment. Blinded intravaginal clindamycin phosphate treatment cured bacterial vaginosis in 93.5% (43 of 46) of patients 4-7 days after therapy, compared with 25.0% (four of 16) of patients receiving placebo (P less than .001). One month later, 89.7% (35 of 39) of those who initially responded to clindamycin treatment showed persistent cure. There were no significant side effects.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1987

Uterine hyperstimulation resulting from intravaginal prostaglandin E2. A case report.

Prostaglandin E2 administered intravaginally is an effective method of improving Bishop scores in patients requiring elective induction of labor. We treated a woman for hypertonic uterine contractions that occurred over a five-hour period after application of 5 mg of prostaglandin E2. Sedation and magnesium sulfate were not effective in decreasing the intensity of the contractions, but terbutaline, 0.25 mg subcutaneously, was.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1991

Intravaginal prostaglandin E2 gel and cardiovascular changes in hypertensive pregnancies.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and its analogues may be potent vasodilators, and intravaginal PGE2 is known to be absorbed rapidly into the maternal circulation. This study investigated any cardiovascular effects from intravaginal PGE2 on 42 hypertensive pregnant women requiring preinduction cervical ripening. Declines in maternal diastolic, systolic, and mean arterial pressures were apparent during the first half hour. This trend was mild, was reversible without treatment, and did not influence the fetal heart rate baseline or patterns. Fear of clinically significant changes should not be a concern, but monitoring during the first hour is recommended.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1994

Patient-administered outpatient intravaginal prostaglandin E2 suppositories in post-date pregnancies: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: To shorten post-date pregnancies in a safe, effective manner by outpatient acceleration of cervical ripening. METHODS: Eighty patients with uncomplicated pregnancies at or beyond 41 weeks' gestation and a cervical Bishop score less than 9 were randomized to daily self-administered, 2-mg intravaginal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or placebo suppositories. Each followed a standard post-date antepartum surveillance protocol. Patients were admitted for spontaneous labor or for induction if the Bishop score reached 9, antepartum testing was nonreassuring, exclusion criteria were fulfilled, or if the gestational age reached 44 weeks. RESULTS: Fewer suppositories were used in the PGE2 group (four versus seven; P = .006), resulting in earlier gestational age on admission (295 versus 297 days; P = .021) and lower antepartum testing charges ($476.97 versus $647.29; P = .001). Labor and delivery time was significantly decreased in nulliparas (10.7 +/- 5.1 versus 15.3 +/- 7.6 hours; P = .035). CONCLUSIONS: Daily low-dose, patient-administered PGE2 vaginal suppositories can decrease the gestational length and cost of uncomplicated post-date pregnancies by reducing the time to achieve a favorable cervix, the need for antepartum testing, and, potentially, post-date-related complications.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed2004

HIV topical microbicides: steer the ship or run aground.

Six HIV candidate microbicides are scheduled to enter 6 large-scale effectiveness trials in the next year. The selection of products for testing and the design of this group of trials should be reconsidered to provide an answer to a key question now before the field: Does a sulfonated polyanion, delivered intravaginally as a gel, block HIV attachment to target cells with sufficient potency to protect women from sexually acquired HIV infection?Paradoxically, entering more candidates into more trials may confuse or compromise efforts to identify an effective product. Instead, a single trial of the most promising product(s) best serves the current candidates while also preserving resources needed to promptly advance innovative new protective concepts into future large-scale trials.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed2002

Biochemical and functional characterization of alpha-adrenergic receptors in the rabbit vagina.

Vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle within the vagina mediate important physiological changes during sexual arousal in women. In this study, we have characterized alpha-adrenergic receptors (AR) in rabbit vagina by assessment of radioligand binding, contractility of isolated tissue strips and genital hemodynamics. [3H]Prazosin and [3H]RX821002 (alpha-1 and alpha-2 AR selective antagonists) bound to rabbit vaginal membrane preparations with high affinity and limited capacity. Competition binding assays using both non-selective and subtype selective ligands for AR (phentolamine, prazosin, delequamine, rauwolscine and UK14304) further confirmed the presence of alpha-1 and alpha-2 AR in vaginal tissue. In organ bath preparations of vaginal tissue strips, norepinephrine-induced contraction was attenuated by alpha-1 and alpha-2 AR antagonists (prazosin, tamsulosin, delequamine and phentolamine). In anesthetized rabbits, intravaginal injection of the alpha-1 AR selective antagonist REC 15/2615 (50 and 100 microg/kg) caused a 2 to 3-fold increase in genital tissue oxyhemoglobin (OHb) concentration. Similar increases in tissue OHb were observed with intravaginal injection of phentolamine (500 microg/kg) or a tri-mixture of vasodilators (PGE1, papaverine, phentolamine). REC 15/2615, phentolamine or the tri-mixture also enhanced the amplitude and/or duration of change in genital tissue OHb after pelvic nerve stimulation. Thus, vaginal tissue expresses functional alpha-1 and alpha-2 AR, which modulate vaginal smooth muscle contractility and genital engorgement.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1991

Antigen recognition in the female reproductive tract. II. Endocytosis of horseradish peroxidase by Langerhans cells in murine vaginal epithelium.

Previous studies have shown that dendritic cells in the murine vaginal epithelium at diestrus and metestrus can endocytose intravaginally administered soluble protein tracers, but the identity of the dendritic cells was not established. In the investigation reported here, we used a combination of histochemistry and transmission electron microscopy to study the endocytosis of exogenous horseradish peroxidase by vaginal dendritic cells and to identify these cells as Langerhans' cells on the basis of their cellular associations, ultrastructural morphology, and the presence of Langerhans' cell granules.

Administration, Intravaginal↗