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At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Amino acid sequence of the N-terminal domain of yam (Dioscorea japonica) aerial tuber acidic chitinase. Evidence for the presence of a wheat germ agglutinin domain in matured acidic chitinase from unstressed tuber.

The amino acid sequence of the N-terminal domain of acidic chitinase from unstressed aerial tuber was determined and proved the presence of an N-terminal domain in acidic chitinase. The amino acid sequence was determined on a pyroglutamylaminopeptidase-treated N-terminal fragment of V8 protease and on chymotryptic peptides of this fragment. The sequence determined revealed 8 residues deletion and 2 residues insertion as compared with the N-terminal domain of tobacco basic chitinase. The N-terminal domain determined showed a homology of 40% and 52% with the N-terminal domain of tobacco basic chitinase and wheat germ agglutinin, respectively.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Permanent increase of immunocytochemical reactivity for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid decarboxylase, mitochondrial enzymes, and glial fibrillary acidic protein in rat cerebral cortex damaged by early postnatal hypoxia-ischemia.

A former study indicated that hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in rat sustained during early postnatal life may result in permanent epileptic activity in the baseline electroencephalogram. We, therefore, investigated whether the presumed higher firing frequency and metabolic activity of neurons in such hypoxia-damaged cortical areas would be reflected by an enhanced light microscopic immunoreactivity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67 and GAD65), the mitochondrial enzymes cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase, and/or glial fibrillary acidic, protein (GFAP). To that end rat pups, 12-13 days of age, were unilaterally exposed to hypoxic-ischemic conditions and, after a survival period of 2 and 6 1/2 months, respectively, killed by perfusion fixation. After dissection of the brain, coronal vibratome sections of animals showing cortical damage were immunostained for the presence of the above-mentioned antigens. Subsequent qualitative analysis revealed that the surroundings of cortical infarctions were unambiguously characterized by a disordered neural network containing numerous nerve cells, fibers and/or endings showing an enhanced immunoreactivity for GABA, both isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase, and cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase, while the astrocytes showed an enhanced immunoreactivity for GFAP. The diverse patterns of enhanced immunoreactivity suggested, furthermore, a wider low-to-high range of metabolic activities in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Characterisation of bacterial cultures enriched on the chlorophenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) butyric acid and 4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy) butyric acid.

The aim of this study was to enrich and characterise bacterial consortia from soils around a herbicide production plant through their capability to degrade the herbicides 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) butyric acid (2,4-DB) and 4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy) butyric acid (MCPB). Partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed members of the genera Stenotrophomonas, Brevundimonas, Pseudomonas, and Ochrobactrum in the 2,4-DB- and MCPB-degrading communities. The degradation of 2,4-DB and MCPB was facilitated by the combined activities of the community members. Some of the members were able to utilise other herbicides from the family of chlorophenoxyalkanoic acids. During degradation of 2,4-DB and MCPB, phenol intermediates were detected, indicating ether cleavage of the side chain as the initial step responsible for the breakdown. This was also verified using an indicator medium. Repeated attempts to amplify putatively conserved tfd genes by PCR indicated the absence of tfd genes among the consortia members. First step cleavage of the chlorophenoxybutyric acid herbicides is by ether cleavage in bacteria and is encoded by divergent or different tfd gene types. The isolation of mixed cultures capable of degrading 2,4-DB and MCPB will aid future investigations to determine both the metabolic route for dissimilation and the fate of these herbicides in natural environments.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed2001

The effect of conjugated linoleic acid isomers on fatty acid profiles of liver and adipose tissues and their conversion to isomers of 16:2 and 18:3 conjugated fatty acids in rats.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term that describes different isomers of linoleic acid with conjugated double bonds. Although the main dietary isomer is 9cis,11trans-18:2, which is present in dairy products and ruminant fat, the biological effects of CLA generally have been studied using mixtures in which the 9cis,11trans- and the 10trans,12cis-18:2 were present at similar levels. In the present work, we have studied the impact of each isomer (9cis,11 trans- and 10trans,12cis-18:2) given separately in the diet of rats for 6 wk. The 10trans,12cis-18:2 decreased the triacylglycerol content of the liver (-32%) and increased the 18:0 content at the expense of 18:1 n-9, suggesting an alteration of the delta9 desaturase activity, as was already demonstrated in vitro. This was not observed when the 9cis,11trans-18:2 was given in the diet. Moreover, the 10trans,12cis-18:2 induced an increase in the C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the liver lipids. The 10trans,12cis-18:2 was mainly metabolized into conjugated 16:2 and 18:3, which have been identified. The 9cis,11trans isomer was preferentially metabolized into a conjugated 20:3 isomer. Thus, the 9cis,11trans- and the 10trans,12cis-CLA isomers are metabolized differently and have distinct effects on the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids in rat liver while altering liver triglyceride levels differentially.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Modulation of arachidonic acid distribution by conjugated linoleic acid isomers and linoleic acid in MCF-7 and SW480 cancer cells.

The relationship between growth and alterations in arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism in human breast (MCF-7) and colon (SW480) cancer cells was studied. Four different fatty acid preparations were evaluated: a mixture of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers (c9,t11, t10,c12, c11,t13, and minor amounts of other isomers), the pure c9,t11-CLA isomer, the pure t10,c12-CLA isomer, and linoleic acid (LA) (all at a lipid concentration of 16 microg/mL). 14C-AA uptake into the monoglyceride fraction of MCF-7 cells was significantly increased following 24 h incubation with the CLA mixture (P < 0.05) and c9,t11-CLA (P < 0.02). In contrast to the MCF-7 cells, 14C-AA uptake into the triglyceride fraction of the SW480 cells was increased while uptake into the phospholipids was reduced following treatment with the CLA mixture (P < 0.02) and c9,t11-CLA (P < 0.05). Distribution of 14C-AA among phospholipid classes was altered by CLA treatments in both cell lines. The c9,t11-CLA isomer decreased (P < 0.05) uptake of 14C-AA into phosphatidylcholine while increasing (P < 0.05) uptake into phosphatidylethanolamine in both cell lines. Both the CLA mixture and the t10,c12-CLA isomer increased (P < 0.01) uptake of 14C-AA into phosphatidylserine in the SW480 cells but had no effect on this phospholipid in the MCF-7 cells. Release of 14C-AA derivatives was not altered by CLA treatments but was increased (P < 0.05) by LA in the SW480 cell line. The CLA mixture of isomers and c9,t11-CLA isomer inhibited 14C-AA conversion to 14C-prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by 20-30% (P < 0.05) while increasing 14C-PGF2alpha by 17-44% relative to controls in both cell lines. LA significantly (P < 0.05) increased 14C-PGD2 by 13-19% in both cell lines and increased 14C-PGE2 by 20% in the SW480 cell line only. LA significantly (P < 0.05) increased 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoate by 27% in the MCF-7 cell line. Lipid peroxidation, as determined by increased levels of 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha (8-epi-PGF2alpha), was observed following treatment with c9,t11-CLA isomer in both cell lines (P < 0.02) and with t10,c12-CLA isomer in the MCF-7 cell line only (P < 0.05). These data indicate that the growth-promoting effects of LA in the SW480 cell line may be associated with enhanced conversion of AA to PGE2 but that the growth-suppressing effects of CLA isomers in both cell lines may be due to changes in AA distribution among cellular lipids and an altered prostaglandin profile.

Arachidonic Acid↗
PubMed1989

Indolpyruvic acid administration increases the brain content of kynurenic acid. Is this a new avenue to modulate excitatory amino acid receptors in vivo?

The possibility of changing the tissue content of kynurenic acid (KYNA), a tryptophan metabolite which acts as an antagonist of the excitatory amino acid receptors, was investigated by measuring its concentration in the brain, blood, liver and kidney of rats using a specific method based on ion exchange chromatography and HPLC. The administration of tryptophan (TRP) or of its keto analogue, indolpyruvic acid (IPA) (50-500 mg/kg i.p.), significantly increased, in a dose-dependent manner, the content of KYNA in various organs, including the brain. The increased brain content of KYNA after IPA administration could not be completely explained by considering that IPA may be transaminated to TRP and that the enzymes leading from TRP to KYNA are known. An alternative pathway of KYNA synthesis from IPA was therefore proposed. These findings indicate that it is possible to change the brain content of an endogenous glutamate antagonist. This could be a new avenue to modulate in vivo excitatory amino acid receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Levels of the n-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid in addition to those of alpha linolenic acid are significantly raised in blood lipids by the intake of four walnuts a day in humans.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Ingestion of alpha linolenic acid (ALA), with the richest source among dry fruits such as walnuts, is associated with cardiovascular prevention. The aim of this study was to selectively evaluate the effects of moderate walnut consumption on the levels of ALA and its metabolic derivatives in human blood. METHODS AND RESULTS: After a 2-week run-in period, 10 volunteers consumed 4 walnuts per day (in addition to their habitual diet) for 3 weeks. Fatty acid profiles, with special attention to levels of ALA and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), were assessed in blood drops collected from fingertips. The data indicate that the administration of a few walnuts a day for 3 weeks significantly increases blood levels, not only of ALA (from 0.23+/-0.07 SD to 0.47+/-0.13 SD), but also of its longer chain derivative eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA) (from 0.23+/-0.37 to 0.82+/-0.41) with levels remaining elevated over basal values after washout. CONCLUSION: The findings of this pilot study indicate that plant ALA in appropriate food items favourably affects the n-3 LC-PUFA status.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

15-Hydroperoxyeicosapentaenoic acid, but not eicosapentaenoic acid, shifts arachidonic acid away from cyclooxygenase pathway into acyl-CoA synthetase pathway in rabbit kidney medulla microsomes.

Under physiological conditions, small amounts of free arachidonic acid (AA) are released from membrane phospholipids, and cyclooxygenase (COX) and acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) competitively act on this fatty acid to form prostaglandins (PGs) and arachidonoyl-CoA (AA-CoA). In the present study, we investigated the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 15-hydroperoxyeicosapentaenoic acid (15-HPEPE) on the PG and AA-CoA formations from high and low concentrations of AA (60 and 5 microM) in rabbit kidney medulla microsomes. The kidney medulla microsomes were incubated with 60 or 5 microM [(14)C]-AA in 0.1M Tris/HCl buffer (pH 8.0) containing cofactors of COX (reduced glutathione and hydroquinone) and cofactors of ACS (ATP, MgCl(2) and CoA). After incubation, PG (as total PGs), AA-CoA and residual AA were separated by selective extraction using petroleum ether and ethyl acetate. EPA reduced the PG and AA-CoA formations from both 60 and 5 microM AA. In contrast, 15-HPEPE decreased the PG formation without affecting the AA-CoA formation from 60 microM AA, and increased the AA-CoA formation at the expense of PG formation when 5 microM AA was used as substrate concentration. The experiments utilizing Fe(2+) and an electron spin resonance (ESR) revealed that 15-HPEPE elicits these effects in the form of hydroperoxy adduct. These results suggest that 15-HPEPE, but not EPA, has the potential to shift AA away from COX pathway into ACS pathway at low substrate concentration (close to the physiological concentration of AA).

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Study on the interaction between nucleic acid and Eu3+-oxolinic acid and the determination of nucleic acid using the resonance light scattering technique.

At pH 9.75, the resonance light scattering (RLS) intensity of OA-Eu3+ system is greatly enhanced by nucleic acid. Based on this phenomenon, a new quantitative method for nucleic acid in aqueous solution has been developed. Under the optimum condition, the enhanced RLS is proportional to the concentration of nucleic acid in the range of 1.0x10(-9) to 1.0x10(-6)g/ml for herring sperm DNA, 8.0x10(-10) to 1.0x10(-6) g/ml for calf thymus DNA and 1.0x10(-9) to 1.0x10(-6) g/ml for yeast RNA, and their detection limits are 0.020, 0.011 and 0.010 ng/ml, respectively. Synthetic samples and actual samples were satisfactorily determined. In addition, the interaction mechanism between nucleic acid and OA-Eu3+ is also investigated.

DNA↗
PubMed2005

Determination of dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid in drinking water by acidic methanol esterification and headspace gas chromatography.

A simple and rapid headspace method for gas chromatographic determination of dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) in drinking water was developed. Acidic methanol esterification followed by a headspace technique using a capillary column gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with an electron capture detector (ECD) was applied to determine the levels of DCAA and TCAA in drinking water. The major advantages of this method are the use of acidic methanol as the derivatization agent instead of the hazardous diazomethane, and esterification is carried out in water instead of organic solvent. DCAA and TCAA methyl esters produced in the reaction were determined directly by a headspace GC/ECD method. The linear correlation coefficients at concentrations ranging from 0 to 60 microg/L were 0.992 and 0.996 for DCAA and TCAA, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSD, %) for the determination of DCAA and TCAA in drinking water were 15 and 21.3%, respectively (n=3). The detection limits of this method were 3 and 0.5 microg/L for DCAA and TCAA, respectively, and the recovery was 68-103.2% for DCAA and TCAA.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1977

Sterol and bile acid metabolism during development: 2. Identification of 3beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid (an intermediate in alternate pathway of bile acid synthesis) in newborn and fetal guinea pig.

3beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid was found in the bile and feces of newborn and fetal guinea pigs. The identity of this compound was confirmed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. This finding suggests that the formation of chenodeoxycholic acid through 3beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid is intermediate in the early life of guinea pigs. Thus, it provides a useful model for studying the details of regulatory factors and significance of this pathway. This study also revealed that, unlike the adult guinea pig, the newborn guinea pig has significant amounts of glycine conjugates of bile acid.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Intracellular degradation of two structurally different polyhydroxyalkanoic acids accumulated in Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas citronellolis from mixtures of octanoic acid and 5-phenylvaleric acid.

From a set of mixed carbon sources, 5-phenylvaleric acid (PV) and octanoic acid (OA), polyhydroxyalkanoic acid (PHA) was separately accumulated in the two pseudomonads Pseudomonas putida BM01 and Pseudomonas citronellolis (ATCC 13674) to investigate any structural difference between the two PHA accumulated under a similar culture condition using one-step culture technique. The resulting polymers were isolated by chloroform solvent extraction and characterized by fractional precipitation and differential scanning calorimetry. The solvent fractionation analysis showed that the PHA synthesized by P. putida was separated into two fractions, 3-hydroxy-5-phenylvalerate (3HPV))-rich PHA fraction in the precipitate phase and 3-hydroxyoctanoate (3HO)-rich PHA fraction in the solution phase whereas the PHA produced by P. citronellolis exhibited a rather little compositional separation into the two phases. According to the thermal analysis, the P. putida PHA exhibited two glass transitions indicative of the PHA not being homogeneous whereas the P. citronellolis PHA exhibited only one glass transition. It was found that the structural heterogeneity of the P. putida PHA was caused by a significant difference in the assimilation rate between PV and OA. The structural heterogeneity present in the P. putida PHA was also confirmed by a first order degradation kinetics analysis of the PHA in the cells. The two different first-order degradation rate constants (k(1)), 0.087 and 0.015/h for 3HO- and 3HPV-unit, respectively, were observed in a polymer system over the first 20 h of degradation. In the later degradation period, the disappearance rate of 3HO-unit was calculated to be 0.020 h. The k(1) value of 0.083/h, almost the same as for the 3HO-unit in the P. putida PHA, was obtained for the P(3HO) accumulated in P. putida BM01 grown on OA as the only carbon source. In addition, the k(1) value of 0.015/h for the 3HPV-unit in the P. putida PHA, was also close to 0.019/h for the P(3HPV) homopolymer accumulated in P. putida BM01 grown on PV plus butyric acid. On the contrary, the k(1) values for the P. citronellolis PHA were determined to be 0.035 and 0.029/h for 3HO- and 3HPV-unit, respectively, thus these two relatively close values implying a random copolymer nature of the P. citronellolis PHA. In addition, the faster degradation of P(3HO) than P(3HPV) by the intracellular P. putida PHA depolymerase indicates that the enzyme is more specific against the aliphatic PHA than the aromatic PHA.

Calorimetry, Differential Scanning↗
PubMed2002

Linoleic acid, cis-epoxyoctadecenoic acids, and dihydroxyoctadecadienoic acids are toxic to Sf-21 cells in the absence of albumin.

Conversion of 12,13-cis-epoxyoctadecenoic acid (12,13-EOA) to 12,13-dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid (12,13-DHOA) by soluble epoxide hydrolase has been suggested to be a critical step in mediating the toxicity of epoxidized linoleic acid. The current study tests the hypothesis that low levels of albumin in the normal culturing media of Sf-21 cells can protect these cells from exposures to 12,13-EOA, but not 12,13-DHOA. In albumin-free media, Sf-21 cells exposed to 100 microM 12,13-EOA, and 12,13-DHOA for 1 min showed significant signs of mitochondrial dysfunction which led to cytotoxicity. The addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) at a concentration (3 microM) found in normal serum-supplemented media protected Sf-21 cells exposed to 12,13-EOA, but not 12,13-DHOA while BSA (500 microM) fully protected Sf-21 cells exposed to these fatty acids. These data resolve previous discrepancies observed among in vitro models and help clarify our understanding of how these metabolites affect human health.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dietary trans-vaccenic acid (trans11-18:1) increases concentration of cis9,transll-conjugated linoleic acid (rumenic acid) in tissues of lactating mice and suckling pups.

Lactating mice were fed trans-vaccenic acid (trans 11-18:1, TVA) to assess desaturation of TVA to cis9,trans11-conjugated linoleic acid (9/11CLA). Diets contained 30 g x kg(-1) 18:2n-6 (LA) or 20 g LA plus 10 g 18:0 (SA), TVA, or a CLA mixture (MCLA). Compared with SA, feeding TVA increased 9/11CLA concentrations in blood plasma phospholipid, triglyceride, and free fatty acid fractions. However, concentrations of 9/11CLA in plasma fractions were greater when MCLA was fed compared with SA or TVA. No 9/11CLA was detected in liver of mice fed SA, and it was only 1 mg x g(-1) of total fatty acids in the carcass. In contrast, 9/11CLA content of liver (5 mg x g(-1)) and carcass (6 mg x g(-1)) of mice fed TVA was similar to liver (5 mg x g(-1)) and carcass (7 mg x g(-1)) of mice fed MCLA. Mammary tissue of SA-fed mice had no detectable 9/11 CLA, compared with 5 or 14 mg x g(-1) for TVA or MCLA-fed mice. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity in mammary tissue from TVA-fed dams was 14% greater compared with SA. Activity of this enzyme in liver tissue was similar among treatments. In pups nursing TVA-fed dams, 9/1 ICLA accounted for 3 mg x g(-1) in liver but no 9/11CLA was detected in the carcass. In pups nursing MCLA-fed dams, however, 9/11CLA accounted for 8 and 6 mg x g(-1) in liver and carcass. Results indicated TVA desaturation enhanced 9/11CLA in tissues and milk fat.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Regulation of intracellular calcium levels by polyunsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, in astrocytes: possible involvement of phospholipase A2.

Pathological conditions in the brain, such as ischemia, trauma and seizure are accompanied by increased levels of free n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), mainly arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). A neuroprotective role has been suggested for PUFA. For investigation of the potential molecular mechanisms involved in neuroprotection by PUFA, we studied the regulation of the concentration of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in rat brain astrocytes. We evaluated the presence of extracellular PUFA and the release of intracellular PUFA. Interestingly, only the constitutive brain PUFA AA and DHA, but not eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) had prominent effects on intracellular Ca2+. AA and DHA suppressed [Ca2+]i oscillation, inhibited store-operated Ca2+ entry, and reduced the amplitudes of Ca2+ responses evoked by agonists of G protein-coupled receptors. Moreover, prolonged exposure of astrocytes to AA and DHA brought the cells to a new steady state of a moderately elevated [Ca2+]i level, where the cells became virtually insensitive to external stimuli. This new steady state can be considered as a mechanism of self-protection. It isolates disturbed parts of the brain, because AA and DHA reduce pathological overstimulation in the tissue surrounding the damaged area. In inflammation-related events, frequently AA and DHA exhibit opposite effects. However, in astrocytes AA and DHA exerted comparable effects on [Ca2+]i. Extracellularly added AA and DHA, but not EPA, were also able to induce the release of [3H]AA from prelabeled astrocytes. Therefore, we also suggest the involvement of phospholipase A2 activation and lysophospholipid generation in the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ in astrocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Degradation of phthalic acids and benzoic acid from terephthalic acid wastewater by advanced oxidation processes.

Terephthalic acid (TPA) wastewater is traditionally being treated by biological method. This study investigates the degradation of three major toxic target organic species, namely terephthalic acid (TPA), isophthalic acid (IPA), benzoic acid (BA), present in the TPA wastewater, by several advanced oxidation processes. The performance of three main oxidation processes such as photofenton oxidation (UV-H(2)O(2)-Fe), photocatalytic ozonation (UV-O(3)-Fe) and photofenton ozonation (UV-O(3)-H(2)O(2)-Fe) were studied. Studies were conducted with and without dilution of TPA wastewater. Photofenton ozonation was found to be most efficient by achieving almost complete destruction of all the three target organics in less than 30 minutes of reaction. In combining several oxidation processes, a comparative study was also carried out between one step addition of oxidants and stepwise addition.

Benzoic Acid↗
PubMed1998

Lower arachidonic acid content and preferential beta-oxidation of arachidonic acid over palmitic acid in tumour cell lines as compared to normal lymphoid cells.

In several studies certain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been shown to be selectively tumouricidal or suppressive of tumour cell proliferation. The mechanism behind this phenomenon likely involves peroxidation of the PUFA and generation of free radicals to which tumour cells seem to be more sensitive than normal cells. In this report we have measured the total lipid content in separated lymphoid cells and several tumour cell lines, among which, T-cell leukaemia, monocytic leukaemia, melanoma, fibrosarcoma, lung carcinoma and colon adenocarcinoma are included. Generally these tumour cell lines contain only one half to one third of the relative amount of arachidonic acid (AA) as compared to freshly prepared lymphocytes and monocytes or lymphocytes kept in culture. Furthermore, when we measured the beta-oxidation in long term incubation of [1-14C] AA and compared it with that of [1-14C] palmitic acid we found that several of the tumour cell lines showed a preference for AA over palmitic acid in the tumour cell lines whereas the opposite was observed for normal lymphoid cells.

Arachidonic Acid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biotransformation of ioglycamic acid, iodoxamic acid and iotroxic acid in man.

The biotransformation of the 131I-labeled cholegraphic media ioglycamic acid, iodoxamic acid and iotroxic acid in man is investigated. Plasma, urine and fistular bile were analyzed for unchanged and metabolized constituents of the administered substances using thin layer chromatography. No metabolites were found in plasma, but up to two were found in urine in addition to unchanged contrast media (a total of 50% of the total elimination in 24 hr. urine). A metabolite was only found in the fistular bile after the injection of iotroxic acid.

Biotransformation↗