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PubMed1991

Differential assortative mating found for academic and demographic variables as a function of time of assessment.

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in spousal similarity that occur as a function of time of assessment and to assess the extent to which assortment is a function of initial versus "realized" similarity. Similarity for academic achievement test scores obtained when adults were in elementary and high-school grades was examined in approximately 170 couples. Similarity for occupational and educational traits achieved in adulthood and during marriage was also assessed. The data suggest small but significant assortative mating for test data obtained while husbands and wives were in elementary school. This is in contrast to the larger and significant spousal correlations observed for high-school test scores. Further adjustment procedures indicated that most of the significant high-school test score correlations remained, even after elementary school academic abilities were controlled for. Moreover, spousal correlations for academic-related variables assessed after marriage, such as occupation and college education, were only slightly higher than high-school test score correlations and showed some shrinkage after controlling for school-aged academic performance. Some minor convergence was found for one of the variables assessed after marriage using a multiple regression procedure advocated by Price and Vandenburg (1980). The discontinuity in assortment found for elementary, high-school, and adult variables is related to the mate selection procedure and how it appears to be based on the phenotype best approximating that of an adult.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enhancing learning during a clinical clerkship: the value of a structured curriculum.

Third-year clerkships, organized around clinical experiences, may provide students with an uneven or narrowly focused fund of clinical knowledge. This paper describes the results of a comparative trial in which a structured curriculum, based on learning objectives, was introduced into an internal medicine clerkship at one of three teaching hospitals of a single medical school; the other two hospitals, providing similar patient care experiences, were used for comparison purposes. Students who did their clerkship at the hospital using the structured curriculum scored significantly higher on the Medicine section of the National Board Part II examination when scores were adjusted for past academic performance. The structured curriculum was very well received and, according to student perceptions, achieved the goal of expanding their basic clinical knowledge beyond that derived from reading only in connection with patient care. These results support the use of curricular guidelines and objectives as a means of enhancing students' cognitive experience during clinical clerkships.

Clinical Clerkship↗
PubMed2001

Approach to learning disability.

Learning disabilities (LD) is one of the important causes of poor academic performance in school going children. Learning disabilities are developmental disorders that usually manifest during the period of normal education. These disabilities create a significant gap between the true potential and day to day performance of an individual. Dyslexia, dysgraphia and dyscalculia denote the problem related to reading, writing and mathematics. Perinatal problems are certain neurological conditions, known to be associated with LD; however, genetic predisposition seems to be the most probable etiological factors. Evaluation of a child suspected to be having LD consists of medical examination, vision and hearing test analysis of school performance. The psycho-behaviour assessment and education testing are essential in the process of diagnosis. The experienced persons in the field of LD should interpret the results of such tests. With Individualized Remedial Education Plan (IEP) most children learn to cope up with disability and may get integrated in a regular steam.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Protein energy malnutrition (PEM), brain and various facets of child development.

Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) is a global problem. Nearly 150 million children under 5 years in the world and 70-80 million in India suffer from PEM, nearly 20 million in the world and 4 million in India suffer from severe forms of PEM, viz., marasmus, kwashiorkor and marasmic kwashiorkor. The studies in experimental animals in the west and children in developing countries have revealed the adverse effects of PEM on the biochemistry of developing brain which leads to tissue damage and tissue contents, growth arrest, developmental differentiation, myelination, reduction of synapses, synaptic transmitters and overall development of dendritic activity. Many of these adverse effects have been described in children in clinical data, biochemical studies, reduction in brain size, histology of the spinal cord, quantitative studies and electron microscopy of sural nerve, neuro -CT scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and morphological changes in the cerebellar cells. Longer the PEM, younger the child, poorer the maternal health and literacy, more adverse are the effects of PEM on the nervous system. Just like the importance of nutrients on the developing brain, so are the adverse effects on the child development of lack of environmental stimulation, emotional support and love and affection to the child. When both the adverse factors are combined, the impact is severe. Hence prevention of PEM in pregnant and lactating mothers, breast feeding, adequate home based supplements, family support and love will improve the physical growth, mental development, social competence and academic performance of the child. Hence nutritional rehabilitation, psychosocial and psychomotor development of the child should begin in infancy and continue throughout. It should be at all levels, most important being in family, school, community and various intervention programmes, local, regional and national. Moreover medical students, health personnel, all medical disciplines concerned with total health care and school teachers should learn and concentrate on the developmental stimulation and enrichment of the child.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2002

Suicide ideation in Chinese adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The suicide rate in China is estimated to be around three times the global average, with women in the 15- to 24-year-old age group particularly vulnerable. Despite this, there is a dearth of information on the prevalence and predictors of depression and suicide ideation in Chinese adolescents. The specific aims of the study were, therefore, to quantify the rates and severity of self-reported depression and suicide ideation in middle-school students, to examine the relationship between depression and attempted suicide, and to identify socio-demographic associations. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey using self-completion questionnaires was carried out in six middle schools (predominant age range 13-17 years) in an urban and a rural setting in Zhejiang Province in eastern China. RESULTS: There were 1,576 completed questionnaires. One-third of the students had suffered symptoms of severe depression, with 16 % admitting to suicide ideation and 9 % to actually having attempted suicide. Factors independently associated with severe depression were female gender, poor self-reported academic performance and rural residence. Similar factors were associated with suicide ideation and attempted suicide. Depression was less common in those without siblings. Patterns of help-seeking showed reliance on friends and parents, with very low levels of professional help-seeking (around 1 %) and 30 % having sought no help from any source for psychological problems. CONCLUSION: The results of the study contributed to service developments and the addition of psychological issues to the school health education curriculum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Feelings of hopelessness in a Spanish university population - descriptive analysis and its relationship to adapting to university, depressive symptomatology and suicidal ideation.

BACKGROUND: The feeling of hopelessness is one of the main risk factors in suicidal behaviour, a clinical symptom of depression and a factor of great etiological relevance in hopelessness depression. With the aim of contributing data relative to the levels of hopelessness in the general population, this study has been made with three objectives in mind: to determine the levels of hopelessness in a university population, to analyse the relationship of hopelessness with the process of adapting to university and, finally, to analyse the relationships between hopelessness, depression, psychopathology and suicidal ideation. METHOD: A total of 1277 first- and second-year students, from different faculties and degree courses, participated voluntarily in this investigation. RESULTS: The results obtained indicate that 13.9% of the students present moderate or severe levels of hopelessness. The students with greater levels of hopelessness are dissatisfied with different aspects of university life, spend less time on extracurricular educational activities and are less likely to go to examinations. Also, the relationship between hopelessness, depression and suicidal ideation is once again clearly seen. CONCLUSION: The results suggest the need to develop some type of programme or service for the university community which could influence the mood of students and modify their expectations with the aim of preventing suicidal behaviour and improving their adaptation to university life and, consequently, their academic performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Behavioural problems in Sri Lankan schoolchildren: associations with socio-economic status, age, gender, academic progress, ethnicity and religion.

Little is known about behavioural and emotional adjustment in children in Sri Lanka, and this study is the first attempt to assess mental health problems in this population. Using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman R (1994) A modified version of the Rutter parent questionnaire including items on children's strengths: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 35:1483-1494) with parent, teacher and child informants, in a large sample of 10- to 13-year-old school children from Colombo, we found rates and types of problems consistent with other international studies of child mental health. Problem rates were higher in boys and were associated with lower SES and poorer academic performance. Relationships between behavioural adjustment and Tamil ethnicity and Hindu religion emerged in this sample and could possibly be associated with the experience of longstanding ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka. The study confirms the need for development of child and adolescent health services in Sri Lanka.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Late neuropsychological and behavioural outcome of children surgically treated for craniopharyngioma.

Late outcome in 12 children treated by radical surgery for craniopharyngioma is presented. None of the patients presented underwent fractionated traditional or stereotactic radiotherapy. The results show no neurological (except visual dysfunction in 6 subjects), cognitive or short-term memory deficits. Three children were found to have a minor attention deficit. In 5 cases "frontal lobe" malfunctioning was disclosed, and in 5 there were bursts of unpredictable anger. Three children showed worsening of functioning at school: a combination of various causes is suggested to explain the worsening of academic performances. The size of the sample calls for a careful evaluation of results, with due consideration for the influence of various factors on outcome. Multicentre studies are required to increase the sample size and achieve more general conclusions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Sleep problems in adolescence. A study of senior high school students in Greece.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate sleep habits and sleep-related problems in high school adolescent students in Greece through the Athens Insomnia Scale and to assess the relation of these problems to demographic and other variables. METHODS: The Athens Insomnia Scale 5-item version (AIS-5) was administered to 713 adolescent senior high school students in the Greater Athens Area. Data such as age, sex, school records, and time spent per week in school-related and extracurricular activities were collected. RESULTS: The sample's mean sleep duration was 7.5 h, mean bedtime 00.20 a.m. and wake-up time 7.15 a.m. Total sleep time was not affected by gender, but was influenced by time spent in various activities. Sleep complaints were related to delayed sleep, onset latency and insufficient total duration of sleep. Of the respondents, 30% estimated that their sleep onset latency was markedly delayed and 30% reported that their total sleep time was markedly insufficient. Girls complained more than boys, while correlations showed that students with lower academic performance and those in second grade were more likely to have higher AIS-5 scores. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the sleep time of high school students is dependent on practical matters such as school schedule and other activities, while sleep complaints are related to female gender, bad school performance as well as to the second grade. The difference between actual sleep time and sleep complaints should be considered when studying the sleep of adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Factors related to health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among children with ADHD in Europe at entry into treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the associations between a range of baseline factors (demographic, family and clinical) and parent-reported health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of children with ADHD taking part in the ADORE study. METHODS: HRQoL was rated using the Parent Report Form of the Child Health and Illness Profile-Child Edition (CHIP-CE). Forward-stepwise linear regression models were used to investigate associations with 26 independent variables. Separate models were fitted for each of the five CHIP-CE domains (Satisfaction, Comfort, Resilience, Risk Avoidance and Achievement) and two subdomains of Achievement (Academic Performance and Peer Relations). RESULTS: CHIP-CE domain mean scores were lower than community norms, especially for Risk Avoidance and Achievement, indicating a low level of HRQoL. Clinical factors significantly associated with a poorer HRQoL included ADHD symptoms (inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity), conduct problems, peer relationship problems, having asthma, multiple other somatic symptoms and co-ordination problems. Family factors, such as having a parent with a health or mental health problem possibly caused by the child's illness, child not living with both parents and maternal smoking during pregnancy were also associated with a worse HRQoL in some CHIP-CE domains/subdomains. CONCLUSIONS: Numerous factors independently impact on the HRQoL of children with ADHD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Validity of the health-related quality of life assessment in the ADORE study: Parent Report Form of the CHIP-Child Edition.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the cross-sectional reliability and validity of the Parent Report Form of the Child Health and Illness Profile-Child Edition (CHIP-CE), a generic measure of health-related quality of life (HRQoL), in children with ADHD in the pan-European ADHD Observational Research in Europe (ADORE) study. METHODS: Parents of children with ADHD (aged 6-18 years) in 10 European countries completed the CHIP-CE at the baseline visit (n=1,477; data missing for one patient). Analyses included determination of internal consistency reliability, ceiling and floor effects, factor analysis, and Pearson's correlations between CHIP-CE and other scales used to measure ADHD severity, problems and family strain. RESULTS: Internal consistency reliability was good-to-excellent (Chronbach's alpha>0.70) for all CHIP-CE domains and subdomains, and almost no ceiling and floor effects were observed. Factor analysis of the subdomains yielded a 12-factor solution. The domainlevel factor analysis identified six factors, the four domains of Satisfaction, Comfort, Resilience and Risk Avoidance. The two subdomains of Achievement domain, Peer Relations and Academic Performance, were separate factors in this sample. There were moderate-to-high correlations between the CHIP-CE scales and measures of ADHD and family factors. The HRQoL of children in ADORE was dramatically lower than that of community youth,with mean CHIP-CE scores almost 2 standard deviations below community norms. CONCLUSIONS: The validity and reliability of CHIP-CE to measure HRQoL in children with ADHD across Europe was confirmed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

School-based mental health services for children living in high poverty urban communities.

Studied the effectiveness of a school-based mental health service model, PALS (Positive Attitudes toward Learning in School), focused on increasing initial and ongoing access to services, and promoting improved classroom and home behavior for children referred for Disruptive Behavior Disorder (DBD) from three high poverty urban elementary schools. Classrooms were randomly assigned to PALS or referral to a neighborhood mental health clinic, with children identified by teacher referral and follow-up parent andeher ratings. Results indicated significant service engagement and retention for PALS (n=60) versus families referred to clinic (n=30), with over 80% of PALS families retained in services for 12 months. PALS services were correlated with positive changes in children's behavior as rated by parents, and with improvements in children's academic performance as rated by teachers. Implications for the design and delivery of mental health services for children and families living in high-poverty urban communities are discussed.

Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorder↗
PubMed2005

YouthFriends: outcomes from a school-based mentoring program.

This evaluation explores the effectiveness of school-based mentoring as a universal prevention strategy. The impact of mentoring on students displaying risk factors is also addressed. The evaluation of YouthFriends, a school-based mentoring program, employed a pretest-posttest control group design. Students (n = 170) across five school districts provided data on eight dependent variables. At posttest, there was a statistically significant difference favoring YouthFriends over controls on sense of school membership. In addition, for students who had low scores at baseline, results indicated a statistically significant improvement unique to YouthFriends on community connectedness and goal-setting. Analyses of students' academic performance also indicated a positive effect for those YouthFriends who had low grades at baseline. Editors' Strategic Implications: Important lessons are provided for school administrators and mentoring program staff and evaluators. As a universal prevention program, school-based mentoring may produce few (and small) short-term effects. A greater understanding of the effects of dosage and quality of the mentoring is needed as we seek to evaluate the efficacy of school-based mentoring across a variety of student risk levels.

Female↗
PubMed2006

Predictors of aggressive behaviors among rural middle school youth.

This study determined multivariate sets of predictors for verbal and physical aggression among rural middle school youth. Surveys were obtained from 1,440 7th and 8th grade youth from six middle schools in five geographically dispersed states. Multivariate logistic regression identified final predictive models. Similar, but varying sets of predictors were identified across types of aggression. The most consistent set of predictors was gender, family actions against violence, peer violence, anger, academic performance, and alcohol use. These results suggest that in comparison with past studies of non-rural youth, similar factors predict aggressive behavior among urban and non-urban youth. Editors' Strategic Implications: This paper makes two contributions to our understanding of the contextual factors influencing youth violence. First, it indicates that the predictive factors for rural and non-rural youth violence are similar. Second, it confirms the role of both family and peers in influencing such violence. Those who design and implement programs and polices addressing youth violence must look beyond individual variables in order to create comprehensive strategies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The multilevel structure of four adolescent problems.

This paper examines variability in adolescent self-reported behavior at the individual, cohort, and school levels for 8th and 11th graders. We examine four adolescent behaviors: substance use, antisocial behavior, depression, and academic performance. Research staff collected the data as part of the Oregon Healthy Teens survey of a population-based sample of 60,837 adolescents over three years in 92 communities. The results indicate that schools vary over time, but not necessarily systematically, and grade-level cohorts account for important variance within schools. The school and cohort combined, however, accounted for at most 4% of the overall variance. The results have implications for research and practice in schools and communities. For example, selection of communities for interventions based on high levels of adolescent problems may be unproductive if individuals account for at least 96% of the variance. Furthermore, in non-experimental designs, cohort variability, not an intervention, may account for apparent improvement across

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Current concepts and controversies in the diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Concerns about possible over-diagnosis and over-treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been prominent in media reports, as have various competing claims about the safety and efficacy of the various treatments for ADHD. Drawing upon the results of the recent National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference, this paper reviews the evidence concerning these controversial areas. Although there do appear to be pockets of over-prescribing in selected communities, the best available evidence suggests that across the United States substantial underdiagnosis continues to occur, and only 50% of all children with ADHD are being treated with stimulant medications. Among those who are treated with stimulant medications, inadequate treatment is quite common. Substantial evidence suggests that for ADHD symptoms, stimulants are more effective than behavioral therapies in head-to-head comparisons. Combined medication and behavioral treatments do not offer any meaningful advantages over medication treatments alone for ADHD symptoms. For other areas of functioning, however (social skills, academic performance, etc.), combined treatments appear to offer some modest advantages over single treatment approaches. Although research findings show that ADHD can indeed be rigorously and reliably diagnosed under optimal conditions, and that carefully delivered treatments can yield substantial benefits, such best practices do not appear to be taking place in the real world. Thus, although the above controversies are facing some resolution in principal, in practice much remains to be done.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Developmental precursors of psychosis.

Subtle developmental (motor, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral) abnormalities are often present in apparently healthy individuals who later develop psychosis, suggesting that some aspects of causation are established before overt psychosis. These impairments may restrict information processing and social achievements years before manifesting psychosis. The main known risk factors in the development of schizophrenic psychosis are genetic factors, pregnancy and delivery complications, slow neuromotor development, and deviant cognitive and academic performance. However, their effect size and predictive power are small. Developmental precursors are not necessarily specific to schizophrenia, but also common to other psychotic disorders. No powerful risk factor, premorbid sign, or risk indicator has been identified that is useful for prediction of psychoses in the general population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Treatment of mania in children and adolescents.

Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a severe and complex illness that seriously disrupts the lives of those afflicted. Increased rates of suicide attempts and completions, poorer academic performances, disturbed interpersonal relationships, increased rates of substance abuse, legal difficulties, and multiple hospitalizations all have been associated with BPD. At least 1% of children and adolescents have this disorder. This commentary is designed to review and summarize the recent literature on the treatment of manic and/or hypomanic phases of BPD in children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗