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PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of oxygen level on ascites incidence and performance in broiler chicks.

An experiment was conducted using male Cobb x Cobb broiler chicks to evaluate the effect of two oxygen levels on the incidence of ascites, performance, and blood chemistry. Ascites occurred in the 13.6% oxygen groups on the fifth day of the experiment. Body weights and survivability were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in chicks maintained at the low oxygen level than in controls (20.6% oxygen). Hematocrits were significantly higher only in chicks with ascites at the 13.6% oxygen level. Hemoglobin was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in chicks with ascites at 13.6% oxygen than in chickens at 20.6% oxygen. Lactate dehydrogenase values were significantly higher in non-ascitic chicks maintained at 13.6% oxygen and in chicks with ascites at 20.6% oxygen than in non-ascitic chicks 20.6% oxygen.

Altitude↗
PubMed1995

Cirrhotic ascites: pathogenesis and management.

The pathogenesis of ascites can be divided into (1) factors that favor efflux of fluid from the vascular into the peritoneal space (sinusoidal hypertension, hypoalbuminemia), (2) factors that favor accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (thoracic duct insufficiency), and (3) factors responsible for repletion of the intravascular volume, and thereby continuous formation of ascites (sodium and water retention). Ascites is perhaps the one complication of cirrhosis with the lowest therapeutic priority. Current therapy of ascites is mainly directed at attaining a negative sodium balance (sodium restriction, diuretics) or at removing intraperitoneal fluid and returning it or its components back to the systemic circulation (large volume paracentesis accompanied by plasma volume expanders, peritoneovenous shunt, ascites "recycling" procedures). Future studies of ascites should investigate the usefulness of peripheral vasoconstrictors and nonsurgical side-to-side portosystemic shunting to relieve sinusoidal hypertension (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt). More than 90% of patients respond to diuretics and salt restriction. Other therapeutic measures should be directed at the 10% of patients with ascites refractory to diuretics. Prognosis in these patients is poor, and liver transplantation should be contemplated.

Ascites↗
PubMed1994

Significance of ascitic fluid white blood cells, pH, lactate, and other chemistry in immediate diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.

From 1989 to 1991, 68 cirrhotic patients, 47 with uninfected ascites and 21 with SBP were studied for the significance of ascitic fluid pH, lactate, PMN count and other chemistry for immediate diagnosis of SBP. It was revealed that ascitic fluid PMN count if over 500 per mm3, the increased lactate, or decreased glucose level, strongly supported the diagnosis of SBP. In cases of suspecting SBP but with low PMN count the ascitic values of lactate, glucose and pH will guide the diagnosis. If the ascitic lactate plus glucose, or lactate plus pH are above the cut off levels (lactate > 25 mg/dl; glucose < 60 mg/dl and pH < 7.35) the diagnosis is strongly suggestive. The ascitic fluid pH and A-AF pH gradient were not of diagnostic value due to instability of pH after tapping. For other chemistry in the ascitic fluid, there was a slight increase in ADA level in SBP, but for glucose, protein and glutamine levels, there was no difference among the groups with and without SBP.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Clinical trials with intraperitoneal cisplatin microspheres for malignant ascites--a pilot study.

A new formulation (CDDP-MS), which is composed of lactic acid oligomer microspheres incorporating cisplatin, has been developed in a dosage form for peritoneal carcinomatosis. In this pilot study, CDDP-MS was used clinically for the treatment of malignant ascites induced by cancers of the digestive organs. Thirteen patients with malignant ascites received an i.p. administration of CDDP-MS, of which 12 received 100 mg and one received 200 mg of cisplatin/person to control the ascites. Total platinum levels in ascites and blood plasma were measured periodically. Intraperitoneal CDDP-MS decreased malignant ascites completely in eight patients and partially in four patients, and thus gave a response rate of 92%. The platinum concentration in ascites was maintained at a high level for a week after administration, whereas the concentrations in blood plasma were low. The side effects were well tolerated. Intraperitoneal CDDP-MS exhibits a marked therapeutic benefit with small systemic side effects for the treatment of malignant ascites.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1993

[Changes in cytokine levels in ascitic fluid after intraperitoneal administration of OK-432].

In order to evaluate the biological response after intraperitoneal administration of OK-432, we studied the changes of cytokine levels in ascitic fluid. In 6 advanced gastric cancer patients with peritoneal dissemination or extensive lymph node metastases, OK-432 20 KE was administered intraperitoneally during operation and the IL-6, IL-8 and IFN-gamma levels in ascitic fluid were measured from 0 to 5 postoperative days. These results were compared with those obtained from non-OK-432 administered control groups (17 cases). The ascitic level of IL-8 increased immediately after operation and gradually decreased. In the OK-432 treated group, the elevation of IL-8 on 0 and 1 postoperative days was remarkable, and there were statistically significant differences with the control group. Similarly, the ascitic level of IL-6 elevated soon after operation and then decreased gradually. In the OK-432 treated group, the ascitic level of IL-6 was significantly higher than in the control group after 3 postoperative days. There were no differences in changes of ascitic IFN-gamma levels between the groups. From these results, IL-6 and IL-8 appeared to be induced in ascitic fluid by intraperitoneal administration of OK-432.

Ascitic Fluid↗
PubMed1993

Liver resection and intractable postoperative ascites.

Among 211 patients who, between 1985 and 1990, underwent liver resection in Kyushu University Hospital, uncontrollable ascites occurred in 53 (25%). A univariate analysis revealed that postoperative death with liver failure occurred more frequently in patients with intractable ascites (p < 0.05). Alanine amino transferase levels were significantly higher in patients with intractable ascites (p < 0.05), but serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and serum albumin levels did not differ significantly. Portal pressure (p < 0.05), the operation time (p < 0.01) and blood loss (p < 0.01) were significantly higher in patients with intractable postoperative ascites. A multiple analysis showed a correlation between the operation time, portal hypertension and postoperative intractable ascites. Postoperative histology revealed that a larger number of patients with cirrhosis had intractable ascites (p < 0.05). We conclude that cirrhosis, portal pressure and operating time are the most important factors related to intractable ascites in the case of hepatectomy. Areas of the liver to be resected should be limited in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Experimental production of ascites in broiler chickens using infectious bronchitis virus and Escherichia coli.

Common commercial strain male broilers were intratracheally inoculated with 0.3 ml of fluid containing 10(3.7) embryo infective doses of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) at 14 days of age and 7.5 x 10(6) colony-forming units of Escherichia coli at 18 days of age. Ascites was detected in 15 out of 100 infected birds, which was significantly higher than in a control group of 100 mock-infected birds (P < 0.01). Some parabronchi were blocked by copious exudate containing heterophils and fibrin in the infected birds at 22 days of age although these findings were not seen in the infected birds at 35 days of age or in birds with ascites. The erythrocyte packed cell volume and right ventricle/total ventricle (RV/TV) ratio of birds with ascites were higher than in birds without ascites. The RV/TV weight ratio for the infected group at the age of 35 days was higher than that of the control group. No IBV or E. coli were recovered from the ascitic birds. These findings suggest that these infectious agents induce ascites in the broilers, and then disappear until the birds suffer from ascites.

Air Sacs↗
PubMed1998

[Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for the treatment of refractory ascites].

Five cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites were treated with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). Before TIPS, although patients were received salt restriction (5 g/day), diuretic therapy (furosemide 112 mg/day, spironolactone 140 mg/day), albumin infusion and paracentesis, ascites did not show improvement. After TIPS, urine volume and urinary sodium excretion increased significantly. Mean body weight decreased significantly from 73 kg before TIPS to 63 kg a month after TIPS. Improvement of ascites after TIPS were associated with a significant reduction in the dose of diuretics. On discharge, complete resolution of ascites was found in 2 patients and mild ascites remained in 3 other patients. Four patients presented 6 episodes of shunt stenosis in the follow-up period, and were treated with balloon dilatation. Ascites increased on shunt dysfunction and showed improvement after balloon dilatation. Post-TIPS encephalopathy was seen in 2 patients and one of 2 was disabled. In conclusion, although post-TIPS shunt dysfunction and encephalopathy are common. TIPS is an effective therapy for refractory ascites in patients with cirrhosis.

Ascites↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Natural killer cell activity depression in peripheral blood and ascites from gastric cancer patients with high TGF-beta 1 expression.

Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) has been shown to inhibit the function of various types of cells in vitro such as natural killer (NK) cells. However, this activity has not been well characterized in vivo. Therefore, twenty three patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma (AGC), with cytologically-proven malignant ascites, were evaluated in this study. We determined whether the NK activities of their lymphocytes from either peripheral blood or ascites were suppressed by tumor cell TGF-beta 1 expression. We also examined whether NK activity was more suppressed in peripheral blood versus in ascites where tumor cell-derived TGF-beta 1 is potentially more locally concentrated. The expression of TGF-beta 1 mRNA was examined in the tumor cells from the ascitic fluid of the AGC patients. The NK activities of lymphocytes in peripheral blood and ascites were measured by the 4-hour 51Cr-release assay. We determined that eleven of twenty three patients had tumor cells expressing high levels of TGF-beta 1 mRNA. The NK activity in these eleven patients was significantly lower than the NK activity in peripheral blood and ascites from twelve patients with low TGF-beta 1 expression. In addition, the NK activity in malignant ascites was significantly lower than the activity in peripheral blood in these high TGF-beta 1-expressing cancer patients (p < 0.05). We also monitored survival time in these advanced gastric cancer patients. However, the patients with high expression of TGF-beta 1 showed a trend towards reduced survival although this was not statistically significant. The data in this study are consistent with observations in the previous experiments that showed inhibitory effects of TGF-beta 1 on NK activities in vitro, we reported the same phenomenon in patients with advanced gastric cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1998

Serum endothelin and atrial natriuretic peptide in cirrhotic patients with ascites and hepatorenal syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of cirrhotic ascites and hepatorenal syndrome remains unresolved. The involvement of both endothelin-1 and atrial natriuretic peptide have recently been suggested. This study investigated the concentrations of serum endothelin and atrial natriuretic peptide in cirrhotic patients. METHODS: Seven healthy subjects and 31 cirrhotic patients were studied. Cirrhotic patients were divided into three groups: Group I, 16 cirrhotic patients without ascites; Group II, 10 cirrhotic patients with ascites, but without hepatorenal syndrome; and Group III, five cirrhotic patients with hepatorenal syndrome and ascites. Their sera were analyzed for endothelin-1 and atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations. RESULTS: Cirrhotic patients with ascites, Group II and Group III, had higher plasma endothelin-1 concentrations (15.9 +/- 2.3 pg/ml and 24 +/- 2.1 pg/ml, respectively) than normal subjects and compensated cirrhotics (3.8 +/- 0.7 pg/ml and 6.4 +/- 1.1 pg/ml, respectively); p < 0.001). Atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations were also significantly higher in cirrhotic patients than in normal subjects (p < 0.025). Plasma endothelin-1 concentration had a negative correlation with creatinine clearance (r = -0.65, p < 0.001), as did atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations (r = -0.44, p = 0.012). Plasma endothelin-1 correlated significantly with atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations (r = 0.38, p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: Both endothelin-1 and atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations were elevated in cirrhotic patients with ascites and hepatorenal syndrome. Endothelin-1 may have a negative impact on renal function. Our data also suggested that impaired responsiveness rather than impaired secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide is responsible for sodium retention in cirrhotic patients with ascites.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Refractory ascites due to portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis--report of two cases.

Portal vein thrombosis as a complication of liver cirrhosis has been reported to be extremely rare in Japan, as compared with European countries. There are few reports discussing the correlation of portal vein thrombosis with refractory ascites. Between January 1994 and December 1995, 20 cases (91%) of 22 patients with liver cirrhosis with ascites admitted to our hospital responded well within 2 months to a combination therapy of diuretics and albumin infusion, and the other two cases (9%) with refractory ascites were associated with portal vein thrombosis. The ascites in the first patient continued for 1 year, despite diuretics and albumin infusion therapy, and portal vein thrombosis was confirmed by autopsy. The ascites in the other patient continued for more than 4 months, and portal vein thrombosis was detected by ultrasound. Portal vein thrombosis was not found in the other 20 cirrhotic patients with ascites. These two cases suggest that portal vein thrombosis may be a contributing factor to refractory ascites in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis.

Ascites↗
PubMed1964

IN VITRO INHIBITION OF YEAST GROWTH BY MOUSE ASCITES FLUID AND SERUM.

Summers, Donald F. (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md.), and H. F. Hasenclever. In vitro inhibition of yeast growth by mouse ascites fluid and serum. J. Bacteriol. 87:1-7. 1964.-A nondialyzable heat-stable factor(s) present in experimentally produced mouse ascites fluid and in serum from these ascitic mice was shown to inhibit the invitro growth of several yeasts. The inhibitory activity was almost totally abolished by trypsin treatment of the ascites fluid, and was progressively diminished by repeated adsorption of the ascites fluid by heat-killed Candida albicans cells. A close relationship was shown to exist between growth inhibition by ascites fluid and concentration of free iron or nutrients in the growth medium. Increased concentration of nutrients or free iron caused diminution of inhibitory activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Bacterial peritonitis in hepatic inferior vena cava disease: a hypothesis to explain the cause of infection in high protein ascites.

Hepatic IVC disease (HVD), a disease caused by complete obstruction or stenosis of inferior vena cava (IVC) near cava-atrial junction is endemic in Nepal. It is a chronic disease characterized by upper abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and dilated superficial veins in the body trunk. Ascites commonly, with high protein content is a feature of acute and subacute stages and during acute exacerbation of the chronic disease. We assessed the occurrence of bacterial peritonitis among patients of HVD with ascites. One hundred and sixty seven consecutive patients with ascites, which included 91 patients with HVD were examined for the presence of bacterial peritonitis. The ascitic fluids were examined for total and differential WBC count. The fluid and the blood were cultured for aerobic microorganisms by bedside inoculation in blood culture bottles. HVD is a common cause of non-cirrhotic high protein content ascites in Nepal. It was uniquely associated with high incidence of bacteremia (61%) and high incidence of mono-bacterial peritonitis (67%) from Gram-negative enteric bacteria (58.5%) and Staphylococcus aureus (42.5%). Ascites and bacterial peritonitis generally occurred almost simultaneously in these patients. It is postulated that when bacteremia occurred the defective portion of IVC near the cava-atrial junction become infected resulting in hepatic venous outflow obstruction and formation of ascites with high protein content. And spread of infection from the infected IVC to the peritoneum resulted in bacterial peritonitis.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1980

Effect of altered membrane lipid composition and procaine on hyperthermic killing of ascites tumor cells.

The influence of membrane fluidity on hyperthermic cell killing has been investigated in ascites tumor cells. Membrane lipid composition of P388 ascites tumor cells were modified by feeding host animals with diets containing either unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) or saturated fatty acids (SFA). Both kinds of ascites were heat treated in vitro at 37, 42 or 43.5 degrees C for 30 or 60 min. The cell killing effect of hyperthermia was tested by transplantation of cells into recipient mice and survival examined. While at 37 and 42 degrees C for 1 h, there was no difference in cell killing of the two types of ascites, elevating the temperature to 43.5 degrees C the survival was significantly longer on transplantation of ascites of UFA diet. This effect was potentiated by membrane-fluidizing drugs. On the addition of 1 mM procaine during 1 h treatment at 43.5 degrees C, the ascites of SFA diet killed 80% of mice, while the ascites of UFA diet left all the mice alive at least for 3 months. Scanning electron-microscopic observations of the treated cells was performed in parallel and showed close correspondence with the results of survival studies. In conclusion, the increase of membrane fluidity by incorporating more of UFA or by the addition of membrane-fluidizing drugs or especially by the combination of both, the sensitivity of cells to heat enhanced. These experiments support the hypothesis that membranes are a target for hyperthermia.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Prognostic significance of new onset ascites in patients with pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine risk factors for development of malignant ascites and its prognostic significance in patients with pancreatic cancer. METHODS: A prospective database was queried to identify patients with pancreatic cancer who develop ascites. Stage at presentation, size, and location of primary tumor, treatment received and length of survival after onset of ascites were determined. RESULTS: A total of 15 patients were identified. Of which 4 patients (1 stage II, 3 stage III) underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy and manifested with ascites 2, 3, 24 and 47 months after surgery (tumor size 2.9 +/- 1.32 cm). All but one of the remaining 11 patients (tumor size 4.4 +/- 3.38 cm) presented with metastatic disease, and all developed malignant ascites 9 months after diagnosis, dying 2 months later. Resected patients lived longer before the onset of ascites, but not after. CONCLUSION: Once diagnosed, ascites in pancreatic cancer patients heralds imminent death. Limited survival should be considered when determining the aggressiveness of further intervention.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1983

Negatively charged RNase-susceptible molecules on the surface of ascites tumor cells.

RNase-susceptible ionogenic groups on the cell surface membranes of two leukemic and two nonleukemic strains of ascites tumor cells were studied by cell electrophoresis, DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column and paper chromatography, and indirect membrane immunofluorescence. RNase treatment of the nonleukemic ascites tumor cells (Ehrlich ascites tumor and Sarcoma 180) produced a significant reduction in their electrophoretic mobilities. When the cells were labeled with [3H]uridine then incubated with RNase, there was a marked increased in the radioactive nucleotides present in the incubation medium as compared to the results of the experiment with RNase-untreated controls. Indirect membrane immunofluorescence studies of nonleukemic ascites tumor cells suggest that the sites that react with anti-RNA antibody are distributed diffusely on their surfaces. RNase treatment of these cells markedly reduced their ability to react with the antibody. It thus appears that RNAs are present on the surface membrane of nonleukemic ascites tumor cells and that RNase digests these RNAs, removing negatively charged nucleotides from their electrophoretic surfaces. This results in a reduction in mobility. In contrast, leukemic ascites cells (L1210 and C1498) incubated with RNase showed no significant change in mobility or in the amount of nucleotides released into the incubation medium. Moreover, no fluorescence was found on the surface of cells examined by indirect membrane immunofluorescence. This suggests that leukemic ascites cells are devoid of RNAs on their surface.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Therapeutic effects of adenovirus-bcl-xs gene to the ascites tumor of nude mice model of human ovarian carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of adenovirus-bcl-xs gene on the ascites tumor growth inhibition and survival rate of nude mice with human ovarian carcinoma transplanted intraperitoneally. METHODS: Making an adenovirus-bcl-xs gene vector infected in JH293T cell and reproduced in it. After having detected the inhibitory potential of adenovirus-bcl-xs gene on NUTU-19 cell we use it to transfer intraperitoneally to ascites tumor model of human ovarian carcinoma transplanted in nude mice. Detected the ascites formation, the survival time and survival rate of nude mice with the human ascites tumour. The weight and toxic-adverse systemically effects of nude mice was observed and morphology of adenovirus was observed by electromicroscope and the gene expression was detected by immunocell chemistry. RESULTS: The adenovirus-bcl-xs gene could reproduce in JH293T cell and had inhibitory potential on NUTU-19 cell, the survival time of nude mice was longer and the survival rate was higher, and the time of ascites formation was retarted. There was no obvious alternation in the weight and systemic toxic-adverse effects observed. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggests that the transfer of adenovirus-bcl-xs gene to the ascites tumour of nude mice with human ovarian carcinoma could improve the survival rate of nude mice and retard the time of ascites formation. It may be a useful method of gene therapy in the treatment of ovarian carcinoma.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Potassium, glucose and insulin in the management of ascites after esophageal transection.

The management of ascites is a serious postoperative problem in patients with liver cirrhosis. The present study reports the effect of potassium, glucose and insulin treatment (P.G.I. treatment) applied before and after surgery in such patients. Twenty-two patients who underwent trans-abdominal esophageal transection received P.G.I. treatment, and the volume of postoperative ascites was compared with that seen in 62 cases who underwent the same operation without P.G.I. Ascites was assessed on the 21st postoperative day by physical examination. Of the 22 cases who had undergone P.G.I., 72.7% were without ascites and 27.3% with ascites. For the 63 cases who did not receive P.G.I., however, the figures were 48.4% and 51.6% respectively. The rate of ascites development is significantly different (P less than 0.05) between the two groups. This suggests that P.G.I. treatment tends to prevent the development of ascites after trans-abdominal esophageal transection, in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Adult↗