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At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Infectious diseases of New-World camelids (NWC).

Although there are notable infectious conditions that are capable of producing clinical disease in the NWC, overall, these species are quite healthy. Of the bacterial diseases, enterotoxemia caused by Clostridium perfringens types C and D would be deemed the most significant in North America, while type A also would be regarded as important in South America. Other important bacterial infections of potential concern are tuberculosis, Johne's disease, anthrax, malignant edema, actinomycosis, tetanus, and the South American condition referred to as alpaca fever, which, to date, has not been observed in North America. Fungal infections include classical ringworm, principally caused by Trichophyton spp., and the cases of coccidioidomycosis that are associated with the arid desert lands of the southwestern United States. Most notable of naturally occurring viral infections in the NWC would be rabies, ecthyma, and a recently described blindness neuropathy that has been associated with the equine herpesvirus I. NWC can be infected experimentally with agents causing hoof-and-mouth disease and vesicular stomatitis, but naturally occurring cases do not seem to occur. Serological evidence of exposure to many viral agents, including blue tongue, parainfluenza 3, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpesvirus I, bovine viral diarrhea, influenza A, and rotavirus, has been demonstrated; however, no clinical disease associated with these agents, as yet, is apparent.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Llama reproduction.

The reproductive anatomy, physiology, and breeding behavior of the llama is unique enough to make familiarity with it imperative. Female puberty averages 12 months, while many males are not reproductively functional until after 3 years. Proper management of a breeding pair or herd is necessary to maintain maximum reproductive performance. Proof of pregnancy is suggested by rejection of the male and may/should be confirmed by progesterone assay, rectal palpation, or ultrasound techniques. The postpartum female is notable for breeding back rapidly, with high pregnancy rates resulting. Both male and female factors enter into llama infertility, with each gender having significant incidence of reproductive anatomical abnormalities. Management as well as acquired infertility problems (heat factors, trauma, infection, neoplasia, and hormonal imbalances) contribute to the bulk of infertility cases investigated. Techniques used to diagnose infertility in llamas are quite comparable to the equine species; however, female body size and semen analysis in the male present significant challenges. The approach to therapy has been quite empirical to date, owing to lack of consistent problems and numbers to afford conclusive trials. Alterations of pregnancy include resorption, abortions, and stillbirths. Resorption between 30 to 60 days of gestation is reported regularly. Abortions caused by stress occur regularly. Infection abortions caused by leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, and chlamydiosis are to be expected. Ponderosa pine-related abortions are suspected. In summary, I find use for a broad background in large animal theriogenology to apply to llama infertility. There no doubt are additional diagnostic techniques and therapeutic regimens that have application, and it is up to us all to keep good records and share the information.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Llama medicine. Obstetrics, neonatal care, and congenital conditions.

Obstetrical care of the llama is very similar to other food animal and equine obstetrics. Understanding the few unique llama characteristics such as birthing from a standing position, no licking of the neonate by the mother, and the epidermal membrane covering the newborn, help give confidence when treating llamas. Dystocia is rare in the llama but when veterinary assistance is required, understanding the shape of the female pelvis aids in manipulations. Llama neonatal care is minimal for the healthy cria, but intensive care of a compromised cria is extremely demanding, and not always rewarding. The suggestions presented in this article are the result of 4 years' experience in providing care to many ill neonatal llamas. Several methods have been adapted from equine neonatal medicine used at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the University of California. Basic physiological information concerning llama neonates, healthy and ill, is still being investigated. It is judicious to identify and discuss congenital problems in neonates prior to intensive support.

Agammaglobulinemia↗
PubMed1989

Llama dermatology.

As llamas become more common in North America, veterinarians will be called on ever more frequently to deal with their dermatologic problems. Adherence to the basic tenets of the thorough dermatologic work up, including history, physical examination, skin scrapings, cytological examinations, fungal culture, skin biopsies, and assessing response to judiciously chosen trial therapies will offer the best opportunity of arriving at proper diagnoses. Special attention must be paid to the fact that llama skin bears some histological differences that may prove confusing to the uninitiated. A mild degree of hyperkeratosis, a prominent vascular plexus in the superficial dermis that is associated with mild perivascular mononuclear cell accumulations, and regional differences in sebaceous gland size and numbers, all are considered normal findings. Ectoparasites, including sarcoptic mange, chorioptic manage, and pediculosis, appear to be the most common causes of pruritus in the llama. Although ivermectin therapy would appear to be very effective for the treatment of scabies and, indeed, may work well against sucking lice, chorioptic mange and biting lice usually do not respond to this medication. Corticosteroids can be used to treat pruritus in the llama nonspecifically, using the anti-inflammatory dosages established in other species. These drugs are used most appropriately for the management of the allergies that we suspect occur in this species, until better alternative therapies can be developed. Variably pruritic focal areas of alopecia, exudation, and crusting suggest differential diagnoses including bacterial folliculitis and furunculosis, dermatophilosis, dermatophytosis, and coccidioimycosis. The diagnosis of bacterial problems often is made by assessing response to antibiotic therapy. Topical disinfectants and/or systemic penicillin or trimethoprim-sulfadiazine are indicated. Dermatophilosis is treated by cleaning and drying the leasions, applying topical antibiotics, and, occasionally, using parenteral penicillin and streptomycin. Dermatophytosis usually is treated with topical antibiotics only. Captan is one of several therapies of choice. There is no therapy presently available for coccidioidomycosis in the llama. Perhaps most perplexing is the fact that one of the most common dermatopathies seen in the llama is an idiopathic keratinizing disorder that, in some cases, is responsive to zinc supplementation. We have no real idea of the pathogenesis of this problem and recognize that some affected animals will not respond to supplementation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Alopecia↗
PubMed1989

Parasitism in llamas.

Llamas in North America are infected with a number of helminth parasites, including: gastrointestinal nematodes, lungworms, meningeal worms, tapeworms, and flukes. Most of these helminths can be treated with the anthelmintic currently used to treat cattle and sheep. At least two protozoan parasites, coccidia and toxoplasma, have been reported in the llamas in North America. Coccidia can be controlled with the anticoccidial drugs used to control these organisms in other domestic animals. Toxoplasma has been reported uncommonly in llamas in North America and control is very difficult. Several external parasites occur in llamas in North America, including lice, mites, ticks, and the deer nasal bot. Except for the deer nasal bot, the other external parasites in the llama can be treated with pesticides approved for use in cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Llama herd health.

Herd health programs for llama owners offer veterinarians the opportunity to provide preventive care to an expanding market. Some aspects of llama herd health programs are unique but should be based on herd health principles used for other livestock species. Vaccinations, parasite control, nutritional consultation and reproductive examinations, coupled with feet and teeth care, are some areas to cover in herd health programs. Each herd will have slightly different requirements and the program should be tailored to the goals of the producer.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1995

Comparative anatomy of the vomeronasal cartilage in mammals: mink, cat, dog, pig, cow and horse.

The vomeronasal cartilages of mink, cat, dog, pig, cow and horse were studied by dissection, microdissection and by means of series of transverse sections. In all the species studied the cartilage is of hyaline type and the medial sheet is well-defined and perfectly moulded to the adjacent bone. However, interspecies differences are apparent in the manner in which the medial sheet associates and eventually fuses with the cartilage of the incisive duct; the morphology of the horse vomeronasal cartilage is particularly distinctive in this respect. The lateral sheet of the vomeronasal cartilage, although always present, has a different arrangement in each species studied. Similarly, the gaps in the lateral sheet (corresponding to the opening of the vomeronasal organ) differ among the species studied in form, location and number.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Oral biology and disorders of tusked mammals.

Tusked mammals can be terrestrial or aquatic. Many of these magnificent animals are kept in captivity all over the world. Functions of tusks vary as much as the species in which they occur. Dental anomalies and disorders of tusks and the rest of the dentition in these mammals were discussed, with an emphasis on the elephant. The tusk anatomy, with its large, conically-shaped pulp, makes it an ideal tooth for partial pulpectomy treatment in trauma cases where the pulp is exposed. Surgical techniques for tusks have been developed and were discussed. Oral tumors occur, but are rare.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Chemical immobilization of felids, ursids, and small ungulates.

Private ownership of wild animals is on the rise. With the advent of potent new sedative agents, many practitioners now receiving these cases have the means to increase the safety and effectiveness of chemical immobilization in many wildlife species. Chemical immobilization is actually the induction of anesthesia. In many cases, induction alone suffices to achieve some management or medical goal, whereas in other cases, maintenance anesthesia is required. One quickly realizes that once these species are induced, maintenance anesthesia is often familiar, based on experiences with domestic animals that bear close similarity to the species discussed in this chapter. Induction and recovery of wild animals requires special attention to details to prevent "fight or flight" responses from marring the success of a sedation procedure. Although potent novel drugs allow veterinarians to expand their practice horizons, it is vital to evaluate legal and safety issues thoroughly before engaging in the care of wildlife species on a regular basis.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed2000

Model analogues in the study of cephalic circulation.

Simple laboratory models are useful to demonstrate cardiovascular principles involving the effects of gravity on the distribution of blood flow to the heads of animals, especially tall ones like the giraffe. They show that negative pressures cannot occur in collapsible vessels of the head, unless they are protected from collapse by external structures such as the cranium and cervical vertebrae. Negative pressures in the cerebral-spinal fluid (CSF) can prevent cerebral circulation from collapsing, and the spinal veins of the venous plexus can return blood to the heart in essentially rigid vessels. However, cephalic vessels outside the cranium are collapsible, so require positive blood pressures to establish flow; CSF pressure and venous plexus flow are irrelevant in this regard. Pressures in collapsible vessels reflect pressures exerted by surrounding tissues, which may explain the observed pressure gradient in the giraffe jugular vein. Tissue pressure is distinct from interstitial fluid pressure which has little influence on pressure gradients across the walls of major vessels.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Basic hematological values in some wild ruminants in captivity.

Analyses of hematological parameters were carried out on eight axis deer (Cervus axis), 12 fallow deer (Cervus dama), 16 red deer (Cervus elaphus hippelaphus), three sambar (Cervus unicolor), nine Père David deer (Elaphurus davidianus), 20 European bison (Bison bonasus), seven nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus), eight mouflon (Ovis musimon), four white-bearded gnu (Connochaetes taurinus) and six barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia). The following parameters were determined: packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell number, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, leukocyte number and differential leukocyte count. Some degree of interspecific variability was found in the artiodactyls for these hematological parameters. An inverse relationship between mean corpuscular volume and red blood cell number is described, and specific values for these parameters are given for the four subfamilies.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Fourier-transform Raman spectra of ivory. III: Identification of mammalian specimens.

The FT-Raman spectra of six mammalian ivories, other than elephant and mammoth, are presented and spectral differences formulated into a protocol for the identification of animal species from the ivory samples. In this study, sperm whale, walrus, wart hog, narwhal, hippopotamus and domestic pig are considered. The results, which are obtained non-destructively from a variety of specimens, suggest that FT-Raman spectroscopy provides a potentially useful method for the identification of mammalian ivory.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Costs of gestation in an Arctic ruminant: copper reserves in muskoxen.

The transfer of trace minerals between mother and fetus may be critical for survival of young ruminants especially among species at high latitudes, which gestate during a long winter and grow through a brief summer. We examined the distribution of copper and metalloproteins (ceruloplasmin and metallothionein) in muskoxen and their fetuses, three times during gestation. Hepatic levels of copper were high in mothers (179 microg g(-1) whole tissue) and did not change through gestation, whereas fetuses accumulated large reserves of Cu (>300 microg g(-1)), likely stored in proteins such as metallothionein, during the last third of gestation. The effect of fetal Cu demands on the pregnant female was tested by supplementation of Cu by subcutaneous injections of Cu gluconate (30 mg Cu/week) during pregnancy. Maternal copper supplementation did not significantly increase hepatic Cu in newborns (412 microg g(-1) for supplemented vs. 303 microg g(-1) for unsupplemented neonates), probably because the diet was already adequate in copper (14 microg g(-1) dry matter). Ceruloplasmin activity declined in pregnant muskoxen that had not received injections of Cu and suggested increased systemic demands for copper during late gestation. Supplies of Cu to the fetus could be limited either by low levels of Cu in the maternal liver, or in the maternal diet during late winter when fetal gains in mass and liver Cu are greatest.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Revision of the genus Paracooperia Travassos, 1935 (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae).

Only five of the eight species assigned to the genus Paracooperia are considered valid and are redescribed. P. petrowi Memmedov, 1961 and P. indiana Ali and Deshpande, 1970 are considered synonyms of P. nodulosa (Schwartz, 1928) Travassos, 1937 and the synonymy of P. matoffi Le Roux, 1950 with P. nodulosa is confirmed. A key to the species of the genus is given and their hosts and geographical localities are listed.

Animals↗