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At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Detecting proliferating cell nuclear antigen in archival rodent tissues.

The detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), an endogenous cell replication marker, has lacked sensitivity in paraffin-embedded archival tissues fixed in formalin. An enhanced immunohistochemical procedure to detect PCNA has been successfully applied to rat and mouse tissues. Tissue sections are heated in a microwave oven in the presence of an antigen-retrieval solution of heavy-metal salts. Positive immunostaining of S-phase cells, an indication of DNA replicative activity, has been consistently obtained in tissues fixed for more than 24 months in formalin and in paraffin blocks stored for up to 19 months. Use of this technique will allow retrospective staining of rodent tissues from previously conducted toxicity and carcinogenicity studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Sensitive differential detection of genetically related mycobacterial pathogens in archival material.

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeted to the immunogenic protein MPB64 gene was used to detect members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, and an outward-primed PCR (OPPCR) designed on the IS6110 element allowed differentiation between Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Additionally, the amplification of IS1110 and 16S ribosomal RNA sequences combined with a dot blotting assay were able to differentially detect Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. The validity of the experimental procedure was tested on reference material and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples from patients with tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, or Crohn disease. We demonstrated mycobacterial DNA in 59 of 75 cases with histologic lesions typical of tuberculosis; we detected M tuberculosis and M paratuberculosis in 6 of 25 sarcoidosis cases and in 7 of 20 Crohn disease specimens, respectively. The proposed diagnostic procedure is directly applicable to archival material and allows differentiation of genetically related mycobacterial pathogens in more detail than other molecular methods. It provides a tool for the diagnostic study of tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and Crohn disease.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed2002

Proteomic evaluation of archival cytologic material using SELDI affinity mass spectrometry: potential for diagnostic applications.

Proteomic studies of cells via surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization spectrometry (SELDI) analysis have enabled rapid, reproducible protein profiling directly from crude samples. We applied this technique to archival cytology material to determine whether distinct, reproducible protein fingerprints could be identifiedfor potential diagnostic purposes in blinded specimens. Rapid Romanowsky-stained cytocentrifuged specimens from fine-needle aspirates of metastatic malignant melanoma (with both known cutaneous primary and unknown primary sites), clear cell sarcoma, and renal cell carcinoma and reactive effusions were examined using the SELDI technology. A unique characteristic fingerprint was identified for each disease entity. Fifteen "blinded" unknown samples then were analyzed. When the protein profilefingerprints were plotted against the known fingerprints for the aforementioned diagnoses, the appropriate match or diagnosis was obtained in 13 (87%) of 15 cases. These preliminary findings suggest a substantial potential for SELDI applications to specific pathologic diagnoses.

Carcinoma, Renal Cell↗
PubMed2006

Mutation detection in tumor suppressor genes using archival tissue specimens.

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a neurocutaneous syndrome characterized by seizures, mental retardation, and benign tumors of many organs, including the brain, kidneys, skin, retina, and heart. TSC is caused by mutations in the TSC1 and TSC2 tumor suppressor genes. The genes follow the two-hit model for tumorigenesis, with germline mutations inactivating one allele and somatic mutations inactivating the remaining wild-type allele. Allelic loss (also called loss of heterozygosity [LOH]) in the 9q34 and 16p13 regions has been found in many tumor types from TSC patients. Cardiac rhabdomyomas are frequently found in infants with TSC. Because rhabdomyomas often spontaneously regress, access to fresh tissue is limited. In this chapter, we present methodology for detection of genetic inactivation of TSC1 and TSC2 in paraffin-embedded archival tissues. The template DNA is obtained either by direct scraping of tissue or after laser capture microdissection. LOH analysis is performed after polymerase chain reaction amplification of microsatellite markers in the 9q34 and 16p13 regions and denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mutation detection is performed using single-strand conformation polymorphisms on mutation detection enhancement gels. Finally, variant bands are amplified and analyzed by direct sequencing.

DNA↗
PubMed2000

Paper-based archiving of mammalian and plant samples for RNA analysis.

The ability to archive biological samples for subsequent nucleic acid analysis is essential for tissue specimens and forensic samples. FTA Card is a chemically treated filter paper designed for the collection and room temperature storage of biological samples for subsequent DNA analysis. Its usefulness for the preservation of biological samples for subsequent RNA analysis was tested. Here, we demonstrate that RNA in biological samples stored on FTA Cards is stable and can be used successfully for RT-PCR and northern blot analysis. RNA stability depends on the storage temperature and the type of biological specimen. RNA in mammalian cells stored on FTA Cards is stable for over one year at temperatures at or below -20 degrees C and for two to three months in samples stored at room temperature. For plant leaf, longer storage times (> 5 days) require temperatures at or below -70 degrees C following sample application. FTA Cards may constitute a method not only for convenient collection and storage of biological samples but also for rapid RT-PCR analysis of tissue and cell samples.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Infrastructure design of a picture archiving and communication system.

A picture archiving and communication system (PACS) infrastructure is the necessary framework to integrate distributed and heterogeneous imaging systems, provide intelligent data-base management of all radiology-related information, arrange an efficient means of viewing, analyzing, and documenting study results, and furnish a mechanism for effectively communicating study results to the referring physician. The PACS infrastructure consists of a basic skeleton of hardware components integrated by standardized, flexible software subsystems. This review describes these concepts and basic building blocks drawn from our original investigation, past experience, and the current clinical system in our radiology department.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed1992

Assessment of a neuroradiology picture archiving and communication system in clinical practice.

The goal of this study was to determine if our neuroradiology picture archiving and communication system (PACS) is capable of improving the efficiency and function of the management and review of neuroradiologic images. A neuroradiology PACS module developed in our department was evaluated in the clinical environment from February 1990 through July 1991. The overall evaluation focused on three aspects: (1) image delivery performance, (2) system availability, and (3) user acceptance. Image delivery performance was evaluated by analyzing the time spent on each modularized task with both the film-based system and the PACS system. The system availability was examined by observing the downtime occurrence and uptime probability of individual hardware components in the PACS module. User acceptance was evaluated through a survey done with the display workstation. Under regular operating conditions, the PACS outperforms the current film-based operation. The overall PACS module availability is more than 92%, with the display workstation available more than 99% of the time. The overall user acceptance of the system is 3.4 on a four-point ranking scale. This study has demonstrated the full functionality and clinical usefulness of our neuroradiology PACS. On the basis of the results of this study, a large-scale PACS has been designed and implemented in our department.

Computers↗
PubMed1998

Radiology report times: impact of picture archiving and communication systems.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the impact on radiologist reporting time of the change from conventional film to hard-copy computerized radiography and of the subsequent move to soft-copy images on picture archiving and communication system (PACS) workstations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A controlled before and after research design was undertaken. Data were collected on four occasions: two relating to conventional film, one relating to hard-copy computerized radiography, and one relating to soft-copy PACS images. Data collection was by direct observation of radiology reporting sessions by independent health service researchers. Data were collected on report times, details of images viewed, characteristics of the radiologist, and details of interruptions. To control for potential biases in the before and after comparisons, ordinary least squares multiple regression analysis was used. The principal comparison was between reports with PACS and reports with computerized radiography hard-copy because no change was noted in the organization of the reporting process between these two data collection rounds other than the introduction of the PACS. RESULTS: Data were collected on a total of 5568 report observations. Report time in the PACS data collection period was not significantly different (p = .32) than that in the computerized radiography hard-copy period. Reporting with the PACS was associated with significantly more (p < .01) historical images (i.e., images of the same patient obtained in previous examinations) being viewed. CONCLUSION: Report time was not lengthened by the introduction of the PACS. The finding that more historical images were viewed when the PACS was in use indicates that the PACS brought about a positive change in reporting practice.

Bias↗
PubMed1999

A low-cost, full-function picture archiving and communication system using standard PC hardware and the traditional 4-over-4 display format.

OBJECTIVE: With a 12-year background of our completely digital nuclear medicine picture archiving and communication system (PACS), we have recently implemented a novel PACS, OpenPACS, which can be used for interpretation and display of CT, MR imaging, sonography, nuclear medicine, and computed and digital radiography studies. OpenPACS uses low-cost standard PC hardware and software that is widely available and is readily serviced and maintained. The OpenPACS application program is available over the Internet. CT or MR imaging slices from one or multiple studies can be presented simultaneously or in cine mode on a wall-sized multimonitor display. The assembly, with a total resolution of 6400 x 4800 pixels, resembles a traditional array of eight standard X-ray viewboxes. A wireless mouse is used to vary attenuation and other display parameters. Multiple backup and redundancy are provided. Currently, six CT and six MR imaging scanners of different vendors are networked to OpenPACS, which is also networked to our nuclear medicine PACS. CONCLUSION: After only a brief introduction, radiologists rapidly become familiar with the system because it is based on the use of standard Windows icons and procedures and offers a display that resembles a standard X-ray film presentation.

Data Display↗
PubMed1994

Prognostic association of c-erbB-2 oncogene amplification and protein overexpression in human breast cancer using archival tissues. A comparative study.

The prognostic associations of c-erbB-2 gene amplification analysed by dot-blot hybridization and of c-erbB-2 protein overexpression assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) were compared in 161 patients with operable breast cancer using formalin fixed paraffin embedded archival tissues. The efficiency of the dot-blot technique to detect c-erbB-2 amplification was first validated by comparing the results of dot-blot with those of Southern blot hybridization in 134 tumour samples and there was an excellent correlation. In the main series of 161 samples, where results of IHC and dot-blot were compared, 35.4% showed c-erbB-2 overexpression and 17.4% showed gene amplification. Tumours showing overexpression of c-erbB-2 protein had a significantly shorter disease-free survival (DSF) and survival(s) compared to tumours showing no overexpression. A multivariate analysis revealed that c-erbB-2 overexpression was independently correlated with poor prognosis. On the other hand, no significant association between c-erbB-2 gene amplification and DFS or S was observed. We conclude that c-erbB-2 protein overexpression assessed by IHC is a superior prognostic indicator in operable breast cancer compared to c-erbB-2 gene amplification analysed by the dot-blot technique.

Blotting, Southern↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Optical disk archiving using a personal computer: a solution to image storage problems in diagnostic imaging departments.

The paper describes an approach to solving the problem of providing a large-capacity image archive for diagnostic imaging departments at reasonable cost. Optical disk stores, when fitted retrospectively to scanners, are very expensive and may not be compatible with existing computer hardware. We describe the use of an industry standard personal computer (PC) linked to a standard 5 1/4-in. optical disk drive as a 'stand-alone' image store. Image data are transferred from the scanner using 8-in. floppy disks, and these are read into the PC using an attached 8-in. floppy disk drive and then transferred to the optical disk. The patient details (patient name, ID, date, etc.) are entered into a database program held on the PC and these are used to generate a reference pointer to the optical disk file through which the data can be retrieved. Data retrieval involves entering the patient details into the data base and inserting a blank 8-in. floppy disk into the drive attached to the PC. A sector copy is then made from the optical disk to the 8-in. floppy disk, which can then be used at the viewing station at the scanner. The system is flexible since it can accept data from a variety of sources in any format; it is also low cost and operates independently of the scanner. The hardware is industry standard, ensuring low maintenance costs.

Diagnostic Imaging↗
PubMed1993

The accuracy of the histological classification of lung carcinoma and its reproducibility: a study of 75 archival cases of adenosquamous carcinoma.

The classification of lung carcinoma into a small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), is highly reproducible. There are few studies on the reproducibility of subtyping NSCLC, with anecdotal reports on the subtype of adenosquamous carcinoma. We undertook a study of 75 cases archived as adenosquamous carcinoma. All cases were accepted as NSCLC on independent review by three pathologists utilizing the 1982 World Health Organization (WHO) classification criteria. The acceptance rate of adenosquamous carcinoma by the three pathologists was 65%, 28%, and 65%. Cases not accepted as adenosquamous fell into the different subtypes of NSCLC, with a concordance rate between each pair of pathologists of 49%, 61% and 43%, indicating poor agreement between pathologists. The study confirms the high reproducibility of the classification into SCLC and NSCLC; it shows poor concordance for all subtypes of NSCLC with poor reproducibility of diagnosis of adenosquamous carcinoma as specified by the 1982 WHO classification. Physicians dealing with lung carcinoma should be aware of this limitation of classification.

Carcinoma, Adenosquamous↗
PubMed1997

Immunoperoxidase staining for estrogen and progesterone receptors in archival formalin fixed, paraffin embedded breast carcinomas after microwave antigen retrieval.

Immunoperoxidase staining was performed for estrogen and progesterone receptors in 93 cases of primary breast carcinoma. Breast tumor samples were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin. Antigen retrieval was performed by microwave heating in citrate buffer, pH 6.0, using precisely defined and reproducible conditions. The cases studied included material from the current year and from paraffin blocks retrieved from archival storage dating back to 1981. In all cases, estrogen and progesterone receptor values determined by biochemical assay were available for comparison with the immunohistochemical results. We found 94% agreement of results between the two methods.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

PCR detection of host and HIV-1 sequences from archival brain tissue.

Mutations in CCR5 and CCR2b have been recently shown to affect disease progression towards AIDS. A role for these host genotypes in AIDS dementia complex (ADC) has also been postulated but remains unclear. Additionally, brain-derived envelope sequences from HIV-1 have been associated with ADC but their specific contribution to pathogenesis remains uncertain. This study demonstrates the successful use of PCR techniques to isolate host CCR5 and CCR2b, and HIV-1 V3 sequences from paraffin embedded tissues from patients with and without ADC. PCR amplification from archival tissue offers a novel approach for studying the interactions between potential neuroprotective elements in the host and virulence determinants in HIV that may contribute to differences in susceptibility to ADC.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cognition-based development and evaluation of ergonomic user interfaces for medical image processing and archiving systems.

Whether or not a computerized system enhances the conditions of work in the application domain, very much demands on the user interface. Graphical user interfaces seem to attract the interest of the users but mostly ignore some basic rules of visual information processing thus leading to systems which are difficult to use, lowering productivity and increasing working stress (cognitive and work load). In this work we present some fundamental ergonomic considerations and their application to the medical image processing and archiving domain. We introduce the extensions to an existing concept needed to control and guide the development of GUIs with respect to domain specific ergonomics. The suggested concept, called Model-View-Controller Constraints (MVCC), can be used to programmatically implement ergonomic constraints, and thus has some advantages over written style guides. We conclude with the presentation of existing norms and methods to evaluate user interfaces.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of fluorescent in situ hybridization to detect trisomy 13 in archival tissues for cytogenetic diagnosis.

The present report describes the use of molecular probes to investigate the chromosomal constitution of interphase nuclei of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from three infants with multiple congenital malformations and a provisional diagnosis of trisomy 13 in two. Fluorescent in situ hybridization with the probe for the 13 and 21 centromeric regions revealed five nuclear signals in two of the cases, indicating the presence of an extra chromosome, and only four nuclear signals in the other case. Only the two positive cases had phenotypic features consistent with trisomy 13. Routine cytogenetic analysis was performed on one child and confirmed an additional chromosome 13. The child without an extra chromosome had features consistent with Ivemark syndrome. This study demonstrates the utility of fluorescent DNA probes for the retrospective diagnosis of aneuploidies in archival material.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1993

The Macalister archive: records from the Queen's Hospital, Sidcup, 1917-1921.

The Queen's Hospital opened in 1917 to care for soldiers receiving facial injuries in Western Front trenches, usually as a result of a gunshot wound. Some 8000 patients were treated by the medical teams of the UK, the Dominions and the USA. The wartime records were removed by their respective sections in 1921, but Queen Mary's Hospital has recently reacquired those of the New Zealand section, rescued from imminent destruction by Professor A.D. Macalister, late Dean of the Dental School at Dunedin, and kindly donated by him. There are 282 sets of case-notes containing typescript summaries, clinical photographs and radiographs, drawings, 77 watercolor paintings and a life-size wax model of head and upper torso illustrating some of the surgical techniques. The archive is a fine example of medical illustration 75 years ago, and provides invaluable detail on the plastic surgery and dental reconstructive methods that were developed at Sidcup.

England↗
PubMed1989

The prediction of recurrence in meningiomas. A flow cytometric study of paraffin-embedded archival material.

Despite the complete macroscopic excision of meningiomas, there is a significant rate of recurrence approaching 20% at 20 years. The prediction of recurrence by clinical and histopathological means is inadequate. Flow cytometric analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in meningiomas has shown a correlation between a high proliferative index based on tumor cell-cycle stage (%S + %G2/M) and clinically aggressive behavior. Accordingly, the DNA analysis of meningioma tissue may be of value in predicting recurrence of these tumors. To test this hypothesis, the DNA of paraffin-embedded archival tissue from known recurrent meningiomas was compared with an age- and sex-matched nonrecurrent group. Both groups had comparable follow-up periods. Forty patients with total macroscopic removal at the time of surgery were analyzed. The paraffin blocks of these tumors were retrieved and reclassified histologically according to the World Health Organization system. Sections were then taken for flow cytometric study. The DNA analysis showed that the proliferative index of the recurrent group was significantly higher than that of the nonrecurrent group (p less than 0.002), although the histological subtyping of the two groups was similar. These results support the suggestion that flow cytometry may be of value in the prediction of recurrence of histologically benign, macroscopically removed meningiomas.

Flow Cytometry↗