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The method of preparation of highly purified cytochrome c from bovine adrenal cortex is described. Absolute spectra of the protein in reduced and oxidized states and some its physico-chemical properties are investigated.
The effect of taurine on the regulation of function of the insular apparatus and adrenal cortex of rats with experimental alloxan diabetes was studied. The assessment of the state of the endocrine glands was based on the determination of the content of immunoreactive insulin, total, free and protein-bound 11-oxycorticosteroids (11-OCS) in the blood of rats and a study of the secretory ability of the adrenals and pancreatic fragments in vitro. A single administration of taurine (300 mg/kg per os) to the rats with experimental alloxan diabetes was accompanied by the reduction of the content of immunoreactive insulin, total and free 11-OCS in the blood, a secretory ability of the adrenal cortex and insulin excretory function of the pancreas. The ability of the pancreatic islet tissue to produce insulin in vitro in response to the natural stimulator glucose was disturbed in the rats with experimental diabetes. Taurine (12 mumol/ml) added to the incubation medium containing isolated adrenals and fragments of the pancreas from the diabetic animals, caused a decrease in a high secretory ability of the cortical substance of the adrenal glands and a partial reduction of the insulin secretory ability of the pancreatic tissue.
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We have reported previously that a phosphoprotein, ib, is present in adrenal cortex, corpus luteum, and Leydig cells stimulated with either tissue-specific peptide hormone or with cAMP. The accumulation of protein ib in each of these cell types has been found to parallel the stimulation of steroid synthesis with respect to both time course and stimulant dose response. Thus, protein ib is a potential mediator in the acute stimulation of steroidogenesis by peptide hormone or cyclic AMP. A second protein, pb, the unphosphorylated form of ib, is synthesized constitutively in unstimulated but not stimulated cells and is not converted post-translationally to ib upon stimulation. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of subcellular fractions isolated from rat adrenal cortex cells labeled with [35S] methionine, we have determined the intracellular localization of proteins p and i. We demonstrate that proteins ib and pb are localized predominantly in the mitochondria and are tightly associated with that organelle. We also find that inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis by chloramphenicol affects neither the accumulation of these proteins nor the stimulation of steroidogenesis. Thus, protein pb and its phosphorylated counterpart, ib, are synthesized in the cytosol and transported to the mitochondria, the site of the rate-limiting step in steroid hormone biosynthesis.
Diameters of the circular profiles of spherical mitochondria in parenchymal cells of the zona fasciculata in rat adrenal cortex were measured for intact controls and for the regenerating adrenal cortex on electron micrographs recorded at random. The diameter data were then processed by Bach's method which deals with the sphere size distribution. The structural parameters of the mitochondria were computed with the aid of an electronic computer. The total number of mitochondria in all the parenchymal cells of the zona fasciculata were calculated. The surface area of the inner mitochondrial membrane was then determined stereologically. Biochemical parameters were obtained for the protein, the phospholipid, and the cytochrome P-450 content, per averaged mitochondrion. The number of cytochrome P-450 molecules contained in the inner membrane was determined in terms of the unit surface area and of the unit amount of phospholipid. These correlated biochemical and stereological parameters have led to the following conclusions. (a) The genesis of the mitochondria after the adrenal enucleation is almost completed within 10 days. (b) During the period of mitochondrial proliferation, the mitochondria are small in size and also immature both in the structure and in the function of their inner membrane, (c) These small and immature mitochondria grow through an increase of the phospholipid and protein, and this increase is accompanied by expansion of the area of the membrane surface, (d) An enrichment of the inner membrane with cytochrome P-450 molecules occurs, thus indicating the differentiation of adrenocortical mitochondria. The process of membrane differentiation is not tightly coupled with that of membrane growth.
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Sympathetic ganglion tissue of 3-months- and 18-months-old Fischer-344 rats was autotransplanted into the adrenal gland in order to determine the effect of aging on the survival of grafted neurons. Adrenal cortex was chosen as the host tissue because it is well vascularized and has a high concentration of glucocorticoids, which stimulate the synthesis of catecholamines. At 4 weeks following the transplantation, the density of neurons was decreased in all transplants, but approximately the same proportion of remaining neurons showed tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity as in intact ganglia. At 8 weeks, a subpopulation of large neurons showed an increased accumulation of age pigment. The heavily pigmented neurons were usually devoid of catecholamines, whereas small non-pigmented neurons frequently showed strong catecholamine histofluorescence and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. There was no marked difference between old and young animals in the survival of transplanted neurons. The results show that the sympathetic neurons from both 3-months-and 18-months-old animals survived the autotransplantation procedure. The humoral environment of the adrenal cortex may be beneficial for the restoration of the integrity of sympathetic neurons.
The mitotic activity in the adrenal cortex has been studied during a 24 hours-cycle in male rats that have been sacrificed by perfusion of fixative. A method of calculation of the thickness of the zona germinativa is proposed : it permits to compute mitotic densities in relation to surface, and mitotic index. Mitotic activity seems to be the combination of a relatively low and constant activity occurring from 7 a.m. (local time) to 11 p.m., and an hyperactivity from 0 to 6 a.m. Two maxima are demonstrated : one at 0 h, and another one, more important, at 5 a.m. (local time). Results are analyzed, discussed and compared with others obtained on different organs : each tissue seems to have its own characteristics according to horary and intensity in mitotic activity.
We describe the case of a 42-year old female patient with a carcinoma of the adrenal cortex. The primary tumor was resected without residual tumor tissue; only two weeks later there was a new large tumor formation in the adrenal gland's bed. PET-investigation showed the large local recurrency, multiple lung-, and liver-metastasis, so that no further operative therapy was performed. FDG-PET seems to be suitable for diagnosis and staging of adrenal cortex carcinoma in one single examination.
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