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PubMed1982

The relationship between plasma triglyceride concentrations and body fat content in male and female broilers--a basis for selection?

1. The relationship between plasma triglyceride concentrations and body fat content was examined in three groups of male and one of female broiler chickens fed ad libitum on a normal growing diet. 2. Phenotypic correlations between total plasma triglyceride concentration and fat content were +0.50, +0.37 and +0.39 for the three groups of male broilers and +0.33 for the group of females. Triglyceride content of plasma very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) plus low density lipoprotein (LDL) showed similar correlations with fat content. 3. Selection of birds from a flock of 550 male broilers on the basis of high or low plasma VLDL plus LDL triglyceride concentrations produced groups with significant differences in body fat content but little difference in body weight. 4. The results suggest that measurements of plasma triglyceride concentration could be used as an indirect means of selecting for decreased body fat content in broiler breeding programmes.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Triglycerides in clinical medicine. A review.

There have been many relevant advances in our knowledge of triglycerides as they apply to clinical medicine. Some of the basic concepts of triglyceride metabolism are reviewed in a context of clinical applicability. Hypertriglyceridemia may be associated with dramatic symptoms and signs such as acute abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly, and neuromuscular abnormalities, or it may be asymptomatic until an atherosclerotic complication occurs. There is an increased risk of atherosclerosis with elevated endogenous triglycerides, but it is not clear if this is due to triglycerides per se, or the cholesterol content of the common lipoprotein that transports both lipids. Serum triglycerides are affected by diverse underlying disorders. Several factors play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertriglyceridemia including diet, body weight, genetic influences, glucose metabolism, and insulin concentrations. Treatment by diet and/or drugs is quite effective in relieving many of the clinical manifestations of hypertriglyceridemia. Whether a beneficial effect also occurs in atherosclerosis is still unknown.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1979

Effect of dietary fructose on triglyceride transport and glucoregulatory hormones in hypertriglyceridemic men.

Effects of dietary fructose on triglyceride metabolism and on basal levels and meal responses of glucose, insulin, and glucagon were studied in six hypertriglyceridemic men, two of whom were also diabetic. Constant composition, weight-maintaining formula diets were used with substitution of fructose for 20% of the carbohydrate calories in both fat-containing (45% carbohydrate) and fat-free (85% carbohydrate) periods; each of the four dietary periods was at least 2 weeks long in every subject. No effect of fructose on fasting levels of triglycerides could be seen in any of the diets. No alterations of triglyceride transport occurred with fructose substitution in the fat-containing diets, but significant reductions of triglyceride transport rates were seen with fructose substitution in the 85% carbohydrate diets using both the heparin infusion lipolytic rate method and the 3H-glycerol methods of assessment of tryglyceride turnover (- 16 and - 21%, respectively). Dietary fructose induced no significant changes in either basal levels or responses during a "formula tolerance test" of glucose, insulin, or glucagon. Thus, dietary fructose given for several weeks does not appear to cause further elevations of plasma triglyceride levels in hypertriglyceridemic men.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Mobilization of triglyceride but not cholesterol or tocopherol from human adipocytes during weight reduction.

Adipocyte triglyceride, cholesterol, and tocopherol contents were examined in three human obese subjects, all over 150% of ideal weight, who were placed on weight reduction formula diets for 11, 21, and 25 wk, respectively. Body weight decreased from 77 to 63 kg, 188 to 147 kg, and 147 to 99 kg, respectively. All subjects had normal serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and these did not vary greatly during weight reduction. Subcutaneous fat was obtained at frequent intervals by needle aspiration from the buttocks before and during weight reduction. Adipocyte size was measured by osmium tetroxide fixation technique, tissue cholesterol content by GLC, tissue triglyceride content by lipid extraction, and tissue tocopherol by thin-layer chromatography. Initial adipocyte size was 0.54, 1.06, and 0.96 micrograms of lipid per cell, respectively (normal 0.60), and the mean cell size decrease during weight reduction was 40%, all due to triglyceride mobilization. Adipocyte cholesterol and tocopherol content did not change significantly during weight reduction. These data are consistent with the concepts that triglycerides but not cholesterol or tocopherol are mobilized from the fat cell during up to 6 months of weight reduction and that independent mechanisms control the efflux of these adipocyte constituents.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1987

The rapid hydrolysis and efficient absorption of triglycerides with octanoic acid in the 1 and 3 positions and long-chain fatty acid in the 2 position.

We describe rapid hydrolysis of triglycerides with medium-chain fatty acids in the 1 and 3 positions and a long-chain fatty acid in the 2 position. The triglycerides, 2-linoleoyl-1,3-dioctanoyl glycerol (8L8) and 2-oleoyl-1,3-dioctanoyl glycerol, hydrolyzed more rapidly than triglycerides comprising all long-chain fatty acids. The in vitro hydrolysis rate of 8L8 was similar to that of a medium-chain triglyceride of octanoic and decanoic acids in random positions. From intestinal recovery of 14C 45 min after injection into the isolated, irrigated loop of the small intestine of an anesthetized rat, the amount of 2-[1-14C]linoleoyl-1,3-dioctanoyl glycerol absorbed was greater than 2 1/2 times that of its long-chain analog, 2-[1-14C]linoleoyl-1,3-dioleoyl glycerol. These data support the ease of hydrolysis and absorption of 1,3-dioctanoyl triglycerides with long-chain fatty acids in the 2 position.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Chylomicron triglyceride clearance: comparison of three assessment methods.

Three indirect methods for assessing chylomicron-triglyceride clearance were compared in 12 normolipidemic men. Oral and intravenous fat tolerance tests and a duodenal fat perfusion were performed in each subject by standard methods. Mean values for postprandial lipemia (2.27 +/- 1.8 mmol), Intralipid half-life (13.7 +/- 5.2 min), and chylomicron-triglyceride half-life (4.5 +/- 2.6 min) were similar to corresponding values reported previously for normolipidemic men. The sample correlation coefficient (r) was 0.84 between oral and intravenous fat-tolerance tests, 0.84 between the oral fat-tolerance test and the duodenal-perfusion method, and 0.82 between the intravenous fat-tolerance and the duodenal perfusion methods. All three methods showed a strong correlation between chylomicron-triglyceride clearance and fasting triglyceride concentrations. These findings indicate that the oral and intravenous fat-tolerance tests and the duodenal-perfusion method yield qualitatively similar assessments of chylomicron-triglyceride clearance in normolipidemic men.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Absorption of the n-3 eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids as ethyl esters and triglycerides by humans.

Five normolipemic subjects received three test meals containing 28 g n-3 (omega-3) fatty acids provided as 1) triglycerides, 2) ethyl esters, and 3) ethyl esters + 12 g olive oil. The control meal contained olive oil. When equivalent amounts of fat were given, the increase in chylomicron and plasma triglycerides was similar; n-3 fatty acid contents were also similar after n-3 fatty acid intake as ethyl esters or triglycerides. Ethyl esters alone were well absorbed and produced similar n-3 fatty acid responses in plasma triglycerides and chylomicrons. At 24 h after the n-3 fatty acid-containing meals, the fatty acid plasma concentration of these acids was similar. This study showed that n-3 fatty acids in fish oil given as ethyl esters or triglycerides were equally well absorbed. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were also equally absorbed.

Absorption↗
PubMed1995

Postprandial triglyceride and retinyl ester responses to oral fat: effects of fructose.

It has been shown that addition of fructose to an oral fat load results in higher postprandial concentrations of triglyceride. The present study, performed in 11 healthy volunteers, was initiated to see whether the effect of fructose on fat-induced lipemia also involved changes in postprandial concentrations of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins of intestinal origin. Vitamin A was used to label intestinal lipoproteins, and the retinyl palmitate concentrations were determined in plasma and in the Sf > 400 and Sf 20-400 lipoprotein fractions (Sf denotes the Svedberg flotation index). Addition of fructose (50 g) to a standard (40-g oral) fat load resulted in higher postprandial concentrations of triglyceride and retinyl palmitate in plasma and the Sf > 400 lipoprotein fraction (P < 0.001, analysis of variance), and the higher the fasting plasma triglyceride concentration, the greater the magnitude of the fructose effect (r = 0.83, P < 0.002). These data show that triglyceride-rich lipoproteins of intestinal origin play a role in the fructose-induced accentuation of postprandial lipemia.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

The opacity of portal hypertension-related ascites correlates with the fluid's triglyceride concentration.

To determine if an elevated triglyceride concentration can explain the opacity of some cirrhotic ascites specimens, the authors measured triglyceride concentration by Coulter DACOS (Hialeah, FL) on 133 paired serum and ascitic fluid specimens. The specimens were categorized as clear or cloudy by coded visual inspection. In addition, the ascitic fluid specimens were inspected for a lipid supernatant after 48 hours of refrigeration at 4 degrees C. The ascitic fluid triglyceride concentration of the 87 clear specimens was 1.9 +/- 1.0 mmol/L compared with 7.0 +/- 4.6 mmol/L for the opalescent specimens (P less than 0.001). Only 17% of the clear specimens demonstrated any lipid layer after refrigeration, compared with 94% of opalescent specimens (P less than 0.001). The triglyceride concentrations were not significantly different between the serum samples obtained from patients with clear compared with opalescent ascites. The opacity of portal hypertension-related ascites appears to be related to the triglyceride concentration of the fluid.

Ascites↗
PubMed1976

Effect of dietary fat on hepatic metabolism of 14C-oleic acid and very low density lipoprotein triglyceride in the gerbil.

In order to compare in vitro and in vivo aspects of lipid metabolism and lipoprotein secretion associated with the hyperlipemia of saturated fat feeding, gerbils were fed a diet containing 15% coconut oil or safflower oil for 6 weeks. In vitro incorporation of fatty acid was determined by measuring 14C-oleic acid incorporation into hepatic lipis in liver fasting gerbils following Triton WR1339 injection. The plasma lipoprotein profile was assessed by agarose electrophoresis. Coconut oil produced a hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia associated with the appearance of very low density migrating lipoprotein, not seen with the safflower oil. Coconut oil also increased the hepatic triglyceride content, enhanced 14C-oleic acid incorporation into total lipid, and favored fatty acid incorporation into triglyceride; safflower oil facilitated esterification of oleic acid into phospholipid. Triton blockade of gerbils fed safflower oil resulted in twice the triglyceride secretion rate of those fed coconut oil. Our interpretation of the data is that dietary polyunsaturated fat favors incorporation of fatty acids into phospholipid, enhances both triglyceride secretion and the plasma transport and clearance of triglyceride and cholesterol and that the hyperlipemia of coconut oil feeding reflects a reduced metabolic clearnace of circulating lipid associated with that dietary fat.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Effect of zinc deficiency on intestinal transport triglyceride in the rat.

Ultrastructural and biochemical changes in the intestinal epithelium during the process of active triglyceride absorption were studied in rats fed a zinc-deficient diet as compared with those of pair-fed and ad libitum-fed zinc-supplemented controls. The rate of triglyceride absorption markedly decreased in zinc-deficient rats. Despite a significant reduction in pancreatic lipase activity, the digestion of triglycerides proceeded normally in the zinc deficient rats, as evidenced by no apparent signs of diarrhea (or steatorrhea) and by the appearance of the hydrolytic products such as free-fatty acids and monoglycerides in the intestinal mucosa. The mucosa uptake of digested lipids and resynthesis of triglycerides in the mucosa from deficient rats were normal. Ultrastructural and chromatographic analysis of the mucosal lipids indicated a massive accumulation of lipid droplets, predominantly in the form of triglycerides. The primary defect in lipid absorptive processes in zinc-deficient rats occurred in the formation of chylomicrons. The lipid droplets in the mucosa of deficient rats were physically unstable. This instability was shown by coalescence of droplets which did not appear to be membrane-bound. Coalescing lipid droplets ranged from 2.0 to 4.0 micron in diameter. The absorptive cells were not able to discharge lipid droplets of this size into the intercellular spaces and hence into the lamina propria, resulting in the accumulation of the large droplets within the mucosa. This exit block to the movement of lipid droplets out of the mucosal cell appeared to be due to the failure, in zinc-deficiency, of the mucosal synthesis of proteins required for the formation of chylomicrons. Ultrastructural observations demonstrated changes in the subcellular organelles related to protein synthesis, including a marked reduction in granular endoplasmic reticulum and a quiescent appearance of the Golgi-complex.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The absorbability by rats of various triglycerides of stearic and oleic acid and the effect of dietary calcium and magnesium.

Rats were fed diets in which the triglycerides contained oleate and stearate as the sole fatty acids. These fatty acids were esterified to specific positions on the glycerol molecule. The triglycerides were 1-stearoyl diolein (SOO), 2-stearoyl diolein (OSO), 2-oleoyl distearin (SOS), 1-oleoyl distearin (OSS), and triolein (OOO). The absorbability of the fatty acid component was measured by the fat balance technique. Two diets, one sufficient and the other deficient in calcium and magnesium, were used. The oleic acid of all of the triglycerides was absorbed almost completely. The following values for the absorbability of the stearate component in the presence and in the absence of the divalent cations were obtained: OSO 98 and 99; SOO 55 OAND 96; SOS 37 and 70; OSS 59 and 60. These patterns of absorbability are discussed in relation to the pathway of triglyceride digestion. If the stearic acid is esterified at the 2-position of the triglyceride, the resulting 2-monostearin is well absorbed. If it is esterified at the 1- or 3-position, it is released as free stearic acid, and in the presence of calcium and magnesium it is poorly absorbed.

Absorption↗
PubMed1991

Interrelationship of plasma triglycerides and HDL size and composition in rats fed different dietary saturated fats.

We investigated the relative effects of different dietary saturated fats on the size distribution, apolipoprotein (apo) and chemical composition of HDL in fasted rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (174 +/- 2 g) were fed diets containing 0.035% cholesterol and 16% fat (wt/wt) from corn oil (CO diet) or from 2% CO plus 14% butterfat (BF diet), beef tallow (BT diet), palm oil (PO diet) or coconut oil (CN diet) for 6 wk. Apparent lipid digestibility was significantly lower with the PO and BT diets vs. the CO, BF and CN diets. Plasma total cholesterol levels were significantly higher in rats fed the PO and BT diets than in rats fed the BF and CN diets but were not different among the PO-, BT- and CO-fed groups. Nondenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis immunoblot analysis indicated that HDL apo A-I and E resided on particles with significantly smaller modal diameters in rats fed all saturated fats compared with those fed the CO diet. Chemical analyses indicated that HDL generally contained proportionately less protein and more triglyceride, free cholesterol and apo E with saturated fat feeding than with CO diet feeding. Significantly higher plasma and VLDL triglyceride levels were noted with ingestion of the BT, PO or CN diet than with the CO diet. Butterfat feeding resulted in lower plasma triglycerides and HDL-esterified cholesterol than did feeding the other saturated fats. Very low density lipoprotein triglyceride concentrations were inversely correlated with HDL modal diameter of apo E containing lipoproteins (P less than 0.005). These data provide further evidence of the interrelationship of triglyceride and HDL metabolism and suggest that mechanisms independent of cholesterol ester transfer protein may mediate this response in rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Chylomicron beta-carotene and retinyl palmitate responses are dramatically diminished when men ingest beta-carotene with medium-chain rather than long-chain triglycerides.

The effect of the ingestion of beta-carotene with medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) or long-chain triglycerides (LCT) on the bioavailability and the provitamin A activity of beta-carotene was investigated in humans. Sixteen healthy young men ingested, on two different days, a test meal containing 120 mg beta-carotene incorporated into 40 g LCT (LCT meal) or 40 g MCT (MCT meal). This meal was followed 6 h later by a beta-carotene-free meal containing 40 g LCT. Chylomicron beta-carotene, retinyl palmitate and triglycerides were measured every hour for 12.5 h after the first meal. No significant increase in chylomicron triglycerides was detected for the 6 h after the MCT meal intake, whereas a significant increase in chylomicron triglycerides was observed after the LCT meal intake. The chylomicron beta-carotene and retinyl palmitate responses to the MCT meal (0-6 h area under the curves, AUC) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower [AUC = 68.1 +/- 26.8 and 43. 4 +/- 10.4 nmol/(L.h), for beta-carotene and retinyl palmitate, respectively] than those obtained after the LCT meal [301.4 +/- 64.0 and 166.0 +/- 29.0 nmol/(L.h), respectively]. The chylomicron beta-carotene and retinyl palmitate responses obtained after the beta-carotene-free meal (6-12.5 h AUC) were also significantly lower when the first meal provided MCT rather than LCT. The chylomicron (retinyl palmitate/beta-carotene) ratios were constant during the postprandial periods, whatever the meal ingested. We conclude that the chylomicron beta-carotene response is markedly diminished when beta-carotene is absorbed with MCT instead of LCT. This phenomenon is apparently due to the lack of secretion of chylomicrons in response to MCT; however, a lower intestinal absorption of beta-carotene or a higher transport of beta-carotene via the portal way in the presence of MCT cannot be ruled out. Finally, the data obtained show that MCT do not affect the rate of intestinal conversion of beta-carotene into vitamin A.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Addition of triglycerides with arachidonic acid or docosahexaenoic acid to infant formula has tissue- and lipid class-specific effects on fatty acids and hepatic desaturase activities in formula-fed piglets.

The effects of including triglycerides with arachidonic [20:4(n-6)] or docosahexaenoic acid [22:6(n-3)] in formula on plasma chylomicron, LDL and HDL, liver, heart, kidney and brain (n-6) and (n-3) fatty acids were investigated in formula-fed piglets. Piglets were fed formula with (in % total fatty acids) 20% 18:2(n-6) and 2% 18:3(n-3) without or with 0.8% 20:4(n-6) or 0.3% 22:6(n-3) from birth to 18 d. The effects of adding 20:4(n-6) or 22:6(n-3) to the formula differed among different tissues and lipids, with the brain showing resistance to change. Piglets fed formula with 20:4(n-6) had significantly higher plasma, heart and kidney phospholipid and triglyceride, and liver triglyceride 20:4(n-6), but lower plasma and tissue phospholipid 18:2(n-6) than piglets fed formula without 20:4(n-6). Supplementation with 22:6(n-3), in contrast, had no effect on plasma or tissue 18:2(n-6). Higher 22:6(n-3) in liver phospholipid (30-92% greater) and triglyceride (200% greater) in piglets fed formula with 22:6(n-3) rather than without 22:6(n-3) was accompanied by lower 20:4(n-6) in liver phosphatidylethanolamine (mean +/- SEM, 8.6 +/- 0.4 and 10.5 +/- 0.4% fatty acids, respectively), but higher 20:4(n-6) in triglyceride (5.2 +/- 0.4 and 11.5 +/- 0.5%, respectively), and higher liver, heart and kidney phospholipid 20:5(n-3). These results indicate competitive interaction between dietary 20:4(n-6) and tissue 18:2(n-6), and between dietary 20:4(n-6) and tissue 20:5(n-3), rather than 22:6(n-3). The results also show that even at low intakes, dietary 22:6(n-3) or 20:4(n-6) supplementation alters the tissue phospholipid 20:4(n-6) to 20:5(n-3) balance. Studies on the physiologic effects of dietary 20:4(n-6) and 22:6(n-3) supplementation should consider the different sensitivity among tissues to dietary fatty acids.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Including garlic in the diet may help lower blood glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides.

Raw and boiled aqueous extracts of garlic (Allium sativum) were administered daily to normal rats both orally and intraperitoneally for 4 wk. The serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured. When the rats were treated with a low dose (50 mg/kg) of raw aqueous extract of garlic, no significant changes in the serum glucose levels were observed compared with the control group. However, there was a significant reduction in the cholesterol level of rats receiving a low dose of garlic (11-14%). Rats receiving garlic orally and intraperitoneally also showed a significant reduction in triglyceride levels (38%). When the rats were treated with a high dose (500 mg/kg) of raw garlic, glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were significantly affected. When boiled garlic extracts were administered at high concentrations (500 mg/kg), there was no effect on the level of serum glucose. However, a relatively small but significant decrease in the concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides was observed in the serum of the rats receiving boiled garlic. Raw garlic had a profound effect in reducing the glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, whereas boiled garlic had little effect in controlling these parameters. Therefore because hyperlipidemia is a major etiopathological factor for atherosclerosis, garlic may play an important role in the prevention of atherosclerosis.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of propofol in a medium-chain triglyceride emulsion.

BACKGROUND: Because propofol is water insoluble, current formulations of propofol use a soybean oil emulsion. These soybean emulsions cause elevated plasma triglycerides and support bacterial growth. This study compares an alternative formulation of propofol as a 2% emulsion in a medium-chain triglyceride solution (IDD-D Propofol) with Diprivan. METHODS: This double-blind, crossover, phase 1 study compared IDD-D Propofol with Diprivan using two consecutive protocols of 12 subjects each. Subjects in protocol 1 received a single bolus of 2.5 mg/kg, and those in protocol 2 received the same induction dose followed by a 30-min infusion at 0.2 mg. kg(-1).min(-1). Venous samples were taken for propofol concentration and biochemical measurements. Induction and emergence times were measured by termination of voluntary counting and responding to command, respectively. RESULTS: Plasma concentrations were not different between the two formulations. Induction time was 14% longer with IDD-D Propofol than with Diprivan (N = 24, protocols 1 and 2 combined, 53.3 +/- 12.1 s and 46.9 +/- 7.8 s, respectively; P = 0.002). Emergence time was not significantly different for protocol 1 but was marginally longer (P = 0.04) for IDD-D Propofol in protocol 2 (1,197 +/- 445 s [n = 11] and 1,254 +/- 468 s [n = 12], respectively). As expected because of the inherent characteristics of the formulations, plasma triglycerides were elevated for Diprivan but not for IDD-D Propofol; octanoate, a metabolite of medium-chain triglycerides, was elevated only with IDD-D Propofol. Octanoate was elevated to concentrations below those considered toxic. Plasma concentrations of other biochemical markers of medium-chain triglyceride metabolism, ketones, showed no significant changes. Interestingly, there were significant differences between male and female subjects in the propofol plasma concentrations and time to awakening with both drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Differences between the two propofol formulations were slight and not clinically significant. Similar gender differences in plasma concentrations and awaking times were found for both formulations.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Meibomian gland triglyceride fatty acid differences in chronic blepharitis patients.

In this study, we analyzed the triglyceride fraction of human meibomian gland secretions to determine whether specific fatty acids were significantly associated with specific chronic blepharitis disease groups. Triglycerides, isolated from the lipid component of human meibomian secretions by thin-layer chromatography, were transmethylated with sodium methoxide/methanol. Samples from individuals were then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Significant fatty acid differences were determined by nonparametric analyses, utilizing Kruskal-Wallis analysis of between group differences and Student-Newman-Keuls multiple comparisons. The analyses showed that the triglyceride samples contained the expected normal, iso, and anteiso fatty acids; disease group differences (from normals) in some of these fatty acid types were significant only with a Bonferroni adjustment. The triglycerides also contained previously unreported polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as two four-member families of fatty acids that had mass spectra and retention times consistent with dimethylated carbon chains. Additionally, some members of the meibomian keratoconjunctivitis (MKC) group contained an unusual pattern of normal 20-carbon fatty acids, including a higher level of saturated and lower levels of unsaturated fatty acids. An important exception was the presence of a monosaturated fatty acid whose GC retention time and mass spectrum were consistent with the uncommon cis-10-20:1 isomer. This pattern was associated with the presence of patient posterior hordeola. Thus, the association of triglyceride fatty acid composition with chronic blepharitis disease signs could be much more important than previously thought. Furthermore, this is the first example of the association of specific fatty acids with a specific chronic blepharitis disease sign.

Blepharitis↗