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PubMed2004

[Pirasidol treatment of depression in elderly patients with somatic diseases].

AIM: To study efficacy and tolerance of pirasidol in elderly patients with somatic diseases and depression. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was made in 30 patients over 55 years of age with a mild or moderate depressive episode. The efficacy of a 6 week treatment with pirasidol was assessed by somatic examination, Hamilton depressive scale (17 points), General Clinical Impression Scale, 5-score subjective state scale. RESULTS: Pirasidol treatment led to a 36% decrease in intake of drugs. The patients took much lower doses of non-narcotic analgetics, nitroglycerine, tranquilizers, enzymatic medicines. The highest efficacy was seen in patients with exacerbation of somatic diseases which reduced faster in addition of pirasidol to somatotropic therapy. Pirasidol is well tolerated, no interaction with other drugs was found. CONCLUSION: The antidepressant pirasidol showed efficacy against depression in elderly patients with somatic pathology. It can be recommended as a drug of choice for treatment of depression in elderly patients with somatic diseases.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

[Psychogenic and somatic interactions in diabetes mellitus].

As a result of 10-year follow-up study of 250 patients with diabetes mellitus, type I (58) and type II (192) 4 predictable psychological crises have been singled out: the first one was related to reaction to the diagnosis; the second--to the assignment of insulin therapy; the third--to the development of diabetes complications and the fourth--to hospitalization and a subsequent communication with other, more "experienced", patients. In the progress of the disease, an interaction of psychogenic, somatic and personality factors caused development of psycho-somatic cycles (psycho-somatic balancing according to H. Baruk), which is realized in 3 variants: predominantly psychogenic, predominantly somatic and psycho-somatic.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Prevalence of the dementia syndrome in the oldest residents of a somatic nursing home].

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of dementia among subjects of 85 years and over residing in a somatic nursing home. DESIGN: A two-phase design with the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) in the screening phase and the geriatric mental state schedule (GMS) in the diagnostic phase. SETTING: Three somatic nursing homes in Leiden. SUBJECTS: All subjects aged 85 years and over residing in one of the three nursing homes on December 1, 1986. First phase participation rate was 75%; second phase participation rate was 88%. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: DSM-III diagnosis of dementia without further specification of the aetiology of the dementia. RESULTS: An overall prevalence of 54% (95% CI: 43-66%) was found. This included 32% mild dementia, 9% moderate and 13% severe dementia. CONCLUSION: Dementia was found to be the most prevalent disorder among somatic nursing home residents aged 85 years and over. The shortage of psychogeriatric nursing home beds may have contributed to this high prevalence of dementia. However, the relatively large number of mild cases, which are usually not listed for admission to a psychogeriatric nursing home, indicates that the combination of a beginning dementia with physical impairment led to admission to a somatic nursing home. Considering the growth of the oldest part of the population it is to be expected that the prevalence of dementia will remain high among the oldest residents of somatic nursing homes.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Role of endocrine and inflammatory alterations in comorbid somatic diseases of post-traumatic stress disorder.

Since its first description in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been characterized as a disorder of altered affective functioning which causes tremendous distress. In addition, it has been recognized that PTSD is not only accompanied by ''poor health'' but also by a number of specific and non-specific ''somatic'' pathologies, such as cardiovascular, autoimmune and physical complaints/chronic pain. It has been hypothesized that alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) and the immune system may mediate or facilitate these somatic conditions. The aims of this review are to summarize studies that report altered somatic functioning in PTSD and to review how endocrine and immune function differentially affect PTSD-related somatic malfunction. It is hypothesized that alterations of HPA axis and SAM system permit disinhibition of inflammatory mechanisms, which in turn foster the development of somatic diseases as well as self-reported physical complaints.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Antidepressive agents and somatic complaints].

Somatic complaints are core symptoms of depressive illness. Although none can be said to be specific, some combinations appear typical of depression. In the field of somatic complaints, depression constitutes a factor of good prognosis because of a positive response to antidepressants. On the other hand, in the field of depression, somatic complaints constitute a factor of poor prognosis and of resistance to treatment. Peripherally to depression, the clinical picture of anxiety, somatoform disorders and hypochondriasis contains somatic complaints. Anxiety is less refractory to treatment than somatoform disorders and somatoform disorders less than hypochondriasis. Antidepressants are a major treatment in those cases. No study could identify a mechanism of action but dopaminergic antidepressants could be particularly interesting. Ohayon and Caulet reported the efficacy of amoxapine in a population of 134 patients with somatic complaints and diagnoses of depression, anxiety or somatoform disorders.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMed1991

The significance of somatization.

The following definition of somatization was adopted for purposes of this review. Somatization indicates one or more physical complaints where either appropriate evaluation discovers no organic pathology (or pathophysiological mechanism) or--when there is related organic pathology--the physical complaints or resulting social or occupational impairment is grossly in excess of what would be expected from the physical findings. Conclusions from the main research on somatization are summarized. A large proportion of patients seeking medical care suffer from one of the various forms of somatization. Various etiological factors contribute to somatization and these vary from one person to another. Although there is evidence that treatment is effective, only a small proportion of patients receive appropriate treatment.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Stressful family life events and nonspecific somatic complaints in school children.

The relationship between stressful family life events and somatic complaints in 477 school children was studied. There was a significant association between life events and somatic complaints, with a general trend for somatic complaints to increase in almost direct proportion to the number of family life events. Overall occurrence of these nonspecific symptoms was more in girls. The somatic complaints were significantly more in children from nuclear families and of illiterate or poorly educated mothers. No significant association was observed between somatic complaints and number of children in the family or socio-economic status. Assessment of psychodevelopmental tasks and family environment during routine check up of children by the school health teams and their appropriate training in this field should be stressed upon.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The pattern of somatization symptoms at the Ibadan Teaching Hospital Psychiatric Clinic.

A six-month cross-sectional study of consecutive new referrals at the psychiatric clinic of a large general hospital was carried out, aimed at highlighting the pattern of somatization symptoms. Two hundred and six new patients attended the clinic in the period of study. Of this number, 74 (35.9%) presented predominantly with these symptoms. Significantly more males than females had these symptoms. Vague, poorly localised aches and pains were the commonest symptoms complained of by the somatizers. Most of them had each at least three of these symptoms and the symptoms had been commonly present for at least six months before presentation in hospital. Comparatively, few of those with predominant somatic symptoms also spontaneously reported vegetative and psychological symptoms of psychic distress, especially insomnia, palpitations and free-floating anxiety. Although somatization symptoms cut across socio-demographic and clinical diagnostic categories and were experienced in all parts of the body, these symptoms were much commoner among those aged 21 to 40 years, of lower socio-economic status and with a diagnosis of neurosis. Anxiety and depressive neurosis most commonly presented with widespread somatic symptoms. These findings are compared with the results of previous studies and the implications were discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Lack of detectable somatic hypermutation in the V region of the Ig H chain gene of a human chronic B lymphocytic leukemia.

Monoclonal human B cell tumors are a model system for the study of somatic hypermutation of the Ig genes of humans. It was previously shown that a number of B cell lymphomas exhibited striking V region point mutation, hypothesized to result from the somatic hypermutation mechanism. In this study we have extended the analysis to chronic lymphocytic leukemia. We have cloned and sequenced the productive Vh representing five different cells from a monoclonal chronic lymphocytic leukemia. All five Vh sequences were identical. Therefore, the Vh region in this leukemia was not the subject of detectable somatic mutation. These data suggest that chronic lymphocytic leukemia might lack the mechanism for somatic hypermutation and represent a stage of normal B lymphocyte differentiation in which the somatic hypermutation mechanism is not active.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Hypochondriasis and somatization.

Between 60% and 80% of healthy individuals experience somatic symptoms in any one week. About 10% to 20% of a random sample of people worry intermittently about illness. A substantial proportion of patients present physicians with somatic complaints for which no organic cause can be found. Patients who are hypochondriacal do not understand the benign nature of functional somatic symptoms and interpret these as evidence of disease. Hypochondriacal concerns range from common short-lived worries to persistent and distressing fears or convictions of having a disease. Hypochondriasis can be secondary to other psychiatric disorders (eg, melancholia or panic disorder), and hypochondriacal attitudes remit when the primary disorder is successfully treated. Patients with primary hypochondriasis are also anxious or depressed, but the fear of disease, or the false belief of having a disease, persists and is the most important feature of their psychopathology. There are substantial differences among hypochondriacal patients in their personalities and psychopathologies. Psychotherapy as well as psychotropic drugs are effective in the treatment of functional somatic symptoms. There are no adequate controlled studies on the value of psychotherapy in hypochondriasis; the recommended guidelines are based on uncontrolled studies of hypochondriasis and on controlled studies of the psychotherapy in similar disorders. The prognosis of functional somatic symptoms as well as that of hypochondriasis is good in a substantial proportion of patients.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1987

[Role of somatic factors in the clinical picture and therapy of so-called masked depressions].

In somatic and psychiatric examination of 38 patients with masked depression under variable somatic masks the authors have revealed clear-cut symptoms of depressions and a high rate of somatic pathology. They believe that peripheral somatic disorders determine to a certain degree both nature and projection of the somatic mask. The questions of masked depressions are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Disturbed sleep and somatic complaints.

We investigated sleep patterns in 20 patients with multiple vague but persistent somatic complaints, not due to any identifiable medical or neurologic disorder, and in whom psychiatric consultations had failed to identify a psychiatric diagnosis. Afternoon naps were recorded in 20 patients and in 10 controls without medical or psychiatric problems. Three-hour postprandial nap recordings were made of submental electromyogram, electrooculogram, and EEG with drowsiness, stages 1-4 NREM, and REM sleep, sleep latency (minutes), sleep efficiency (percent), and number of arousals with return of alpha activity compared in patients and controls by one-tailed t-test. No stage IV or REM sleep occurred in naps. Patients with multiple somatic complaints had less stage III and stage II sleep, and more wakefulness. Arousals were more frequent in the patient group; sleep latency was shorter but sleep efficiency was reduced in patients with multiple somatic complaints compared with controls. The findings suggest that patients with multiple somatic complaints not otherwise explicable by medical or psychiatric problems may have disturbed sleep, improvement of which may ameliorate somatic complaints. Sleep histories should be elicited in such patients, and sleep recordings may be of value in their evaluation; afternoon naps may be a cost-effective way of screening for remediable sleep disturbances in patients with persistent physical complaints of undeterminable cause.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Determination of the number of somatic cells in milk using the rapid diphenylamine DNA filter method].

The rapid reaction of the diphenylamine agent with DNA was used for the determination of the counts of somatic cells in cow's milk, using the DNA filter method. The method is based on the filtration of a warmed (65-70 degrees C) mixture of milk with Triton X-100 through the Synpor nitrocellulose membrane filter, pore size 2 to 5 microns, and subsequent DNA determination of the collected somatic cells by the colour reaction of diphenylamine. A 2ml quantity of distilled water and 4 ml of diphenylamine reagent were added to the membrane filters with somatic cells. The mixture is warmed in water bath at 90 to 100 degrees C for 20 min., then it is cooled, centrifuged (3500 X g, 15 min.), and the optical density is measured at 595 nm. The relation 8 micrograms = 1 million cells was used for the conversion of DNA content to the counts of cells. The average variation coefficient of the determination was 5.9% and the coefficient of correlation between the diphenylamine DNA filter method and the direct microscopy of the somatic cells on membrane filters was r = 0.997. Using the diphenylamine DNA filter method, the counts of somatic cells can also be determined from milk samples stored in frozen condition or from the filters with collected cells kept at the temperature of 4 degrees C (10 days) or 25 degrees C (3 days). Milk stabilized with formaldehyde can also be used for the determination if stored at 4 degrees C.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed1984

[Nature of the phenotypic variability of somatic cells in culture: unstable phenotypic changes].

It was stated elsewhere ( Glebov , Abramyan , 1983) that the appearance of a number of phenotypic variants detected in somatic cell populations with high frequency should be provided by genetical unstable alterations. The properties of somatic cell variants that reproduce unstably a changable phenotype in the course of cell generations are analysed. These variants: (1) appear accidentally and independently on selectivity agent; (2) as a rule, the frequency of the variant arising does not increase under the action of mutagens; (3) the phenotypic reversion of unstable variants is a stochastic process; (4) such variants are characterized by intraclonal heterogeneity and by the segregation of stable alternative variants. The number of properties of phenotypically unstable variants isolated by one-step selection is similar to those for somatic cell variants isolated in the course of multistep selection. The latter are characterized by phenotypic reversion too. The appearance of unstable phenotypic variants is concluded to be associated with the genetical unstable alterations. It is argued that at least part of above alterations should be induced by the insertion of mobile genetic elements. The features of karyotypical variation in somatic cell population allow to conclude that the karyotype of cultured somatic cells is a genetically unstable attribute. The features mentioned above are: a high frequency of karyotypical alterations which is inherited by the cells with difference in the frequency of arising of karyotypical alteratons . The unstability of karyotype is restricted to the genetic unstability that is seen from non-random karyotypic variation, and interclonal difference in the chromosome stability. The site-specificity of karyotype alterations that proceed with high frequency allow to put forward a hypothesis that the process of mobile genetic element transposition is induced on the early stages of the history of constant cultured cell lines.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[The Checklist for Evaluation of Somatic Symptoms (CHESS). Its use in anxious and depressive pathology. Factor structure].

The CH.E.S.S. is a new inventory for the assessment of somatic symptoms and complaints. Initialy it included 57 items (43 somatic complaints, 12 neurological signs and 2 "other symptoms"). The CH.E.S.S. was scored before treatment on two groups of patients (133 anxious and 133 depressed) with no schizophrenic or organic symptomatology. 71 somatic complaints or symptoms were identified. A principal component analysis with a subsequent Varimax rotation yelded 25 factors with 18 of clinical significance. 12 factors significantly discriminate between the two groups. Seven factors (21 items) have higher scores in depressed patients: sleep and general somatic disorders, 2) general impairment of intellectual functioning, 3) neurological, 4) neuro-muscular hypo-excitability, 5) lower limbs oedema-amimia, 6) and 7) digestive. Five factors (18 items) have higher scores in anxious patients: 1) and 2) autonomic hyperactivity, 3) neuro-muscular hyper-excitability, 4) digestive, 5) micturition disorders with limb paresthesias. According to these results the 67 items new version of the check-list (CH.E.S.S. 82) includes 51 somatic complaints or symptoms and 16 neurological signs.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1980

[Caffeine modification of the frequency of ethyleneimine- and ethylmethane sulfonate-induced somatic mutations and mitotic crossing over in Drosophila melanogaster].

Frequencies of somatic mosaics in heterozygous females (w+/w; sn+/sn; y sn/++; t+/+sn) and in hemizygous wild type males was estimated after supplementary action of caffeine on early larvae treated with ethylene imine (EI) or ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS). Frequencies of somatic point mutations induced by both EI and EMS, which have been revealed as single spots (w or sn) in hemizygous males, decrease after supplementary effect of caffeine. Frequencies of somatic mosaics decrease also under the caffeine effect on heterozygous females (w+/w) treated by comparatively low doses of EMS which can induce more probably point mutations than chromosome breaks. Caffeine increases the frequency of somatic mosaics at high doses of EMS, which can produce not only point mutations, but also chromosome breaks. Supplementary effect of caffeine on all genotypes of heterozygous females significantly increases the frequencies of EI induced somatic mosaics (mitotic recombinations and chromosome aberrations).

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Establishment of somatic development norms: new methods].

The work presents the statistic method for establishing norms of the "general somatic development". The method is based on experimental investigation of "Chemar" workers in Kielce. For this scale T1, was used which allows to compare different somatic features. The authors state that this model can be used when the best--adjusted curve for the results in the scale T1 fulfils Gauss model. In order to investigate the convergence of particular somatic features with the general somatic development the coefficient H was applied. It was stated that by means of the coefficient H one can determine which features show: very good, good, medium and weak convergence with the general somatic development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Interaction and interdependence of somatic organism and psyche in childhood.

In order to clarify the interconnection and interdependence of the human somatic organism and psyche, their nature is discussed. The somatic organism is a specific morphological functional system, developing in every being. The psyche is a functional structure developing individually in the course of ontogeny, under the effect of internal processing influenced by the environment. The function of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes is discussed including the way in which the conditioned reflexes are built up on unconditioned ones. The mechanism is described, by which the psyche develops in the individual and how its functions manifest themselves. A concept is discussed concerning the structure of the human psyche, the system and nature of the conscious and unconscious functions. The personality is the manifestation of the interconnections and the formation into a system of the somatic organism and the psyche. This interconnection brings about the socialized humanization of the vital processes in man living in society. A concept concerning the essence of personality is discussed, emphasizing the "actual personality" and describing its structure. Clinical examples are given concerning the interconnection of somatic organism and psyche and the somatopsychic and psycho-somatic processes, and conclusions are drawn for the purposes of education.

Child↗