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At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Infrasound and the avian navigational map.

Birds can navigate accurately over hundreds to thousands of kilometres, and this ability of homing pigeons is the basis for a worldwide sport. Compass senses orient avian flight, but how birds determine their location in order to select the correct homeward bearing (map sense) remains a mystery. Also mysterious are rare disruptions of pigeon races in which most birds are substantially delayed and large numbers are lost. Here, it is shown that in four recent pigeon races in Europe and the northeastern USA the birds encountered infrasonic (low-frequency acoustic) shock waves from the Concorde supersonic transport. An acoustic avian map is proposed that consists of infrasonic cues radiated from steep-sided topographic features; the source of these signals is microseisms continuously generated by interfering oceanic waves. Atmospheric processes affecting these infrasonic map cues can explain perplexing experimental results from pigeon releases.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Sequences implicated in the processing of Thermus thermophilus HB8 23S rRNA.

Nuclease S1 mapping analyses were performed in order to detect processing intermediates of pre-23S rRNA from Thermus thermophilus HB8. Two processing sites were identified downstream the start of transcription and several consecutive cleavage sites are associated with the mature 5'-end. In the 3'-flanking region one "primary" site and two cleavages which generate short-living intermediates were detected. A series of successive intermediates in the region of the mature 3'-end implies the existence of--in analogy to Escherichia coli--a 3'-exonucleolytic activity. The data were correlated with potential secondary structures within the pre-23S rRNA, which exhibit various repeated sequence elements. M13 sequencing data support the existence of one secondary structural element associated with the strong "primary" cleavage site in the 3'-flanking region. In T. thermophilus we can exclude the formation of an extended base-paired and precursor-specific stem enclosing the 23S rRNA which is inferred to mediate recognition by RNase III in E. coli.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Immunocytochemical expression of microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) in small cell lung cancer cell lines with neuronal-like processes.

Five of six human small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines changed morphologically into cells with neuronal-like processes on the extracellular matrix of human lung adenocarcinoma cell line PC-9 cells (PC-9 / ECM substrate). The features of the neuronal-like processes of these SCLC cell lines were examined immunocytochemically using monoclonal antibodies against beta-chains of tubulin and microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2), which is somatodendritic MAP of neurons. It was observed that beta-chains of tubulin and MAP-2 were expressed along the neuronal-like processes of SCLC cell lines. These findings suggest that the beta-chains of tubulin and MAP-2 are expressed functionally in SCLC cell lines in association with the development of dendrite-like processes on PC-9 / ECM substrate.

Carcinoma, Small Cell↗
PubMed1992

Implementing managed care and case management: the neuroscience experience.

The case management model for patient care in the neuroscience area was recently implemented in the neurosciences area at a tertiary care hospital. Understanding of the concepts of case management and managed care were essential to the implementation process. Clustering of case types and appointment of group leaders made the development of individual care maps a manageable task. Case management of 2 case types, Parkinson's disease and Guillain Barré syndrome are described, including the rationale for selection, care map development and education. The process of continuing education focused on operational issues regarding utilization of the map and professional issues such as health teaching responsibilities.

Cost Control↗
PubMed2005

Synchronization in driven versus autonomous coupled chaotic maps.

The phenomenon of synchronization occurring in a locally coupled map lattice subject to an external drive is compared to the synchronization process in an autonomous coupled map system with similar local couplings plus a global interaction. It is shown that chaotic synchronized states in both systems are equivalent, but the collective states arising after the chaotic synchronized state becomes unstable can be different in these two systems. It is found that the external drive induces chaotic synchronization as well as synchronization of unstable periodic orbits of the local dynamics in the driven lattice. On the other hand, the addition of a global interaction in the autonomous system allows for chaotic synchronization which is not possible in a large coupled map system possessing only local couplings.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Development of a provisional domain model for the nursing process for use within the Health Level 7 reference information model.

OBJECTIVE: Since 1999, the Nursing Terminology Summits have promoted the development, evaluation, and use of reference terminology for nursing and its integration into comprehensive health care data standards. The use of such standards to represent nursing knowledge, terminology, processes, and information in electronic health records will enhance continuity of care, decision support, and the exchange of comparable patient information. As part of this activity, working groups at the 2001, 2002, and 2003 Summit Conferences examined how to represent nursing information in the Health Level 7 (HL7) Reference Information Model (RIM). DESIGN: The working groups represented the nursing process as a dynamic sequence of phases, each containing information specific to the activities of the phase. They used Universal Modeling Language (UML) to represent this domain knowledge in models. An Activity Diagram was used to create a dynamic model of the nursing process. After creating a structural model of the information used at each stage of the nursing process, the working groups mapped that information to the HL7 RIM. They used a hierarchical structure for the organization of nursing knowledge as the basis for a hierarchical model for "Findings about the patient." The modeling and mapping reported here were exploratory and preliminary, not exhaustive or definitive. The intent was to evaluate the feasibility of representing some types of nursing information consistently with HL7 standards. MEASUREMENTS: The working groups conducted a small-scale validation by testing examples of nursing terminology against the HL7 RIM class "Observation." RESULTS: It was feasible to map patient information from the proposed models to the RIM class "Observation." Examples illustrate the models and the mapping of nursing terminology to the HL7 RIM. CONCLUSION: It is possible to model and map nursing information into the comprehensive health care information model, the HL7 RIM. These models must evolve and undergo further validation by clinicians. The integration of nursing information, terminology, and processes in information models is a first step toward rendering nursing information machine-readable in electronic patient records and messages. An eventual practical result, after much more development, would be to create computable, structured information for nursing documentation.

Feasibility Studies↗
PubMed2003

[Transcranial magnetic stimulation].

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) allows non-invasive study and modulation of cortical excitability in humans. Changes in cortical excitability in physiological and pathological conditions can be tracked by measurements such as motor threshold, motor evoked potentials, recruitment curves, intracortical facilitation and inhibition. The central motor conduction time can estimate neural transmission in central motor pathways. Changes in areas of representation in sensorimotor cortex can be studied with cortical mapping. Modulation of cortical processing can be used to evaluate different brain functions. Therapeutic use in depression, Parkinson's disease and epilepsy has raised great interest over the past decade. Non-invasive cortical mapping may be achieved by combining TMS to other neurophysiological/ neuroimaging techniques. TMS has great potential both as an investigational and as a therapeutical tool in Neurology and Psychiatry.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of the properties of the nervous system and the temperament on the spatial organization of the EEG].

The influence of the formal-dynamic characteristics on the activity of the two brain operation systems, the left-hemispheric one (successive analysis) and the right-hemispheric one (simultaneous analysis) was studied in 20 right-handed subjects using the technique of topographic mapping of cortical electrical processes. The psychological testing was performed according to Strelyau while the temperament was tested by Eysenck. A set of variables was determined which positively affect both brain operation systems as well as each of them separately. We believe that the interindividual variability of the brain information processing is a result of its modulation by different psychological characteristic blocks.

Brain Mapping↗
PubMed2000

Estradiol hypersensitivity and mitogen-activated protein kinase expression in long-term estrogen deprived human breast cancer cells in vivo.

Women with breast cancer who have responded to initial hormonal therapy frequently experience additional remissions upon further endocrine manipulation. We postulate that hypersensitivity to estradiol (E2) may serve as a mechanistic explanation for these secondary responses. We previously provided evidence of hypersensitivity using an in vitro breast cancer model system and demonstrated the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) in the process of adaptation to long-term estradiol deprivation. In the present study, we wished to demonstrate that hypersensitivity to E2 could occur under more complex in vivo conditions and that MAP kinase activation is enhanced under these circumstances. We used an MCF-7 breast cancer model system involving long-term estradiol deprived (LTED) cells to produce xenografts in nude mice and an E2 clamp method to precisely control sex steroid levels. The E2 clamp was designed to maintain plasma E2 at a series of doubling doses from 1.25 pg/ml to 20.0 pg/ml in oophorectomized nude mice. As evidence of the validity of the clamp method, a uterine weight bioassay revealed an excellent, linear dose-response relationship between the predicted level of plasma E2 and stimulation of uterine weight. As evidence of hypersensitivity, we found that LTED xenograft tumors grew to a greater extent than wild-type in response to E2 concentrations of 1.25 pg/ml (P = 0.003) and 2.5 pg/ml (P = 0.0002). At the 10.0 and 20.0 pg/ml plasma concentrations, the LTED tumors were stimulated to a lesser extent than the wild-type. This pattern of increased growth at lower concentrations and reduced growth vs. the wild-type at higher concentrations mimics closely the pattern seen for LTED cells in vitro. All LTED cell tumors exhibited enhanced activation of MAP kinase ranging from 18 to 25%, and E2 did not increase this further. In contrast, E2 caused a linear increase in the percentage of activated MAP kinase positive cells (P < 0.0001) in wild-type tumors from basal levels of 2.66% to maximal levels of 6.40%. These observations suggest a dynamic interplay whereby activation of MAP kinase renders cells more sensitive to the proliferative effects of E2. The precise mechanisms for this interplay are unknown but, when further understood, could potentially provide insight into approaches to prevent the evolution of tumors to a hormone insensitive state.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Transcriptional analysis of Bacillus subtilis rRNA-tRNA operons. II. Unique properties of an operon containing a minor 5 S rRNA gene.

This is part of a series of two papers on gene regulation in Bacillus subtilis rRNA-tRNA operons that contain large clusters of tRNA genes. The preceding paper (Vold, B.S., Okamoto, K., Murphy, B.J., and Green, C.J. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 14480-14484) investigates the rrnB operon containing 21 tRNA genes, and this paper investigates a B. subtilis rRNA-tRNA operon containing 16 tRNA genes and a minor 5 S rRNA. Hybridization studies suggest this minor 5 S rRNA occurs as a single copy in the B. subtilis 168 genome. S1 nuclease mapping indicates that this minor 5 S rRNA gene has its own promoter. No promoters have been found immediately 5' to any of the major 5 S rRNA species in B. subtilis rRNA operons. S1 mapping of the spacer region between the 23 S and minor 5 S rRNA revealed that the maturation of the 23 S rRNA in this operon may arise from an unusual processing mechanism. S1 nuclease mapping experiments suggest the existence of a promoter element immediately upstream of the last gene, for tRNA(Leu CAA), in the operon. A precursor leucine tRNA resulting from transcription of this last tRNA gene was observed in Northern hybridizations, and the amounts of this precursor increased during sporulation. A single terminator-like element is located just upstream of this last tRNA gene; however, S1 nuclease mapping experiments suggest that some read-through transcription occurs. Thus, all 16 tRNA genes are under control of the upstream 16 S rRNA promoters and the minor 5 S rRNA promoter. However, the last tRNA gene is primarily under the control of its own unique promoter.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed2001

Comparative mapping of RPL3, a gene overexpressed in multiple obesity models.

The ribosomal protein 3 gene is differentially expressed in hypothalamus and brown adipose tissue between mouse lines divergently selected for heat loss, and in skeletal muscle of the ob/ob mouse model. Unfortunately, multiple Rpl3-processed pseudogenes have hampered mapping of the functional gene copy in mammalian species. Using PCR amplification with intronic primer binding, we have mapped Rpl3 to MMU15, and have also localized RPL3 to BTA5 in cattle. Comparative mapping implicates a previously mapped copy of RPL3 on HSA22 as the functional copy of human RPL3, while predictive mapping places the porcine homologue on SSC5.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mapping of the anatomical circuit of CaM kinase-dependent courtship conditioning in Drosophila.

Globally inhibiting CaM kinase activity in Drosophila, using a variety of genetic techniques, disrupts associative memory yet leaves visual and chemosensory perception intact. These studies implicate CaM kinase in the plastic processes underlying learning and memory but do not identify the neural circuitry that specifies the behavior. In this study, we use the GAL4/UAS binary expression system to define areas of the brain that require CaM kinase for modulation of courtship conditioning. The CaM kinase-dependent neurons that determine the response to the mated female during conditioning and those involved in formation and expression of memory were found to be located in distinct areas of the brain. This supports the idea that courtship conditioning results in two independent behavioral modifications: a decrement in courtship during the conditioning period and an associative memory of conditioning. This study has allowed us for the first time to genetically determine the circuit of information flow for a memory process in Drosophila. The map we have generated dissects the behavior into multiple components and will provide tools that allow both molecular and electrophysiological access to this circuit.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Misaligned maps lead to predictable errors.

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the ability of subjects to make judgments of direction when using misaligned maps. Two hypotheses were proposed (i) errors would fall into two lawful categories--mirror-image errors and alignment errors; (ii) the effect of map orientation would generalize to a different mode of responding than has been used in previous studies. Support for both hypotheses was obtained. The results are discussed in terms of the mental processes used to align maps to spaces, and the task demands required by different response modes.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Gaussian models for genetic linkage analysis using complete high-resolution maps of identity by descent.

Gaussian-process models are developed to detect genetic linkage using complete high-resolution maps of identity by descent between affected relative pairs. Approximations are given for the significance level and power of the likelihood-ratio test of no linkage and for likelihood-ratio confidence regions for trait loci. The sample sizes required to detect linkage by using different classes of affected relative pairs are compared, and the problem of combining data from different classes of relatives is discussed.

Genetic Linkage↗
PubMed2002

Modulation of B lymphocyte signalling by the B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin.

The non-toxic B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (EtxB) is a potent mucosal adjuvant and immunomodulator capable of blocking autoimmune disease. These effects are linked with its ability to modulate lymphocyte populations--a feature that is dependent on binding to ubiquitously expressed cell surface receptors. Here, we demonstrate that EtxB can trigger up-regulated expression of class II MHC and CD25 on purified populations of B lymphocytes, suggesting that EtxB can directly activate biochemical signalling pathways in these cells. The nature of the intracellular signalling events was investigated. B cells cultured with EtxB, but not a non-receptor binding mutant protein, EtxB(G33D), caused the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) forms of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in a process that was dependent on MAPK/Erk kinase (MEK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) and protein kinase C (PKC), as determined by the use of specific inhibitors. PI3-kinase was critical not only in the activation of MAP kinase but also in the up-regulation of both class II and CD25. However, MEK inhibition only partially abrogated the EtxB-mediated up-regulation of MHC class II expression and did not affect CD25 expression--findings suggesting that additional pathways downstream of PI3-kinase are involved. A role for PKC in these processes was suggested by the finding that inhibitors of PKC completely blocked EtxB-mediated CD25 up-regulation. Thus, we have shown that receptor binding by EtxB triggers multiple signalling pathways in B cells that regulate the expression of key cell surface molecules.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1982

Evaluation of normal variations in S-T segment patterns by body surface isopotential mapping: S-T segment elevation in absence of heart disease.

S-T segment elevation is commonly observed in the electrocardiogram of normal persons. To study the possible origins of such patterns, 45 normal volunteers were examined. Electrocardiographic potentials were registered from 150 torso electrodes and processed to construct isopotential maps at 2 ms intervals throughout the QRS-T interval. The maximal potentials recorded from any of the 150 electrodes were 198 +/- 76.4 and 272.1 +/- 84.2 microV at instants 40 and 80 ms into the S-T segment, respectively. Maximal voltages recorded by the six standard precordial V leads at these respective time points were 109.7 +/- 57.0 and 163.6 +/- 66.9 microV. Torso maximal potentials were significantly stronger than were those sensed by V leads; the two were significantly correlated but predictability was limited. The duration of overlap between the onset of ventricular recovery and the end of the excitation was determined from isopotential maps and ranged rom 4 to 16 ms. There was no significant correlation (p greater than 0.05) between these values and either torso or V lead potentials at either 40 or 80 ms into S-T segment. These data suggest that (1) standard precordial leads do not accurately predict maximal torso potentials during the S-T segment, and (2) the degree of overlap between repolarization and depolarization is not a major determinant of precordial voltage. Hence, the rationale for use of the term "early repolarization" to describe this clinical condition is not substantiated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The effect of 'missing' information on children's retention of fast-mapped labels.

This paper explores 'fast mapping', one of several processes that have been proposed to be involved in the rapid vocabulary expansion observed in the preschool years. An adaptation of a receptive word matching task examined how well children retained a just-mapped relation between word and referent when some information was later missing. Thirty-nine children between the ages of 3;0 and 5;6 (mean age 4;3) were taught to select a black square if the correct match for a spoken label was not visible in an array of pictures presented on a computer screen. This procedure allowed children to respond even when they perceived that the correct referent was absent. In experimental sessions, children experienced a single exposure to a word-referent relation. Then, under one condition they heard the just-learned label but were not presented with the matching referent; instead, a completely novel referent was visible along with the black square. Under another condition, they were presented with a just-learned referent (and the balck square) but heard a completely new label. The question of interest was whether the children appreciated that an earlier-learned map precluded re-assigning a label to a new referent or re-assigning a referent with a second new label. If so, they should select the black square under both conditions. The majority of children (69%) resisted re-assigning a just-mapped label to a completely novel referent and selected the black square, even when the original referent was not in sight. However, fewer of these children resisted accepting a second label for a just-named referent (46%). Older children were significantly more likely to adhere to original maps than were younger children.

Child Language↗
PubMed1999

Genome-wide mapping with biallelic markers in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms, as well as small insertions and deletions (here referred to collectively as simple nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs), comprise the largest set of sequence variants in most organisms. Positional cloning based on SNPs may accelerate the identification of human disease traits and a range of biologically informative mutations. The recent application of high-density oligonucleotide arrays to allele identification has made it feasible to genotype thousands of biallelic SNPs in a single experiment. It has yet to be established, however, whether SNP detection using oligonucleotide arrays can be used to accelerate the mapping of traits in diploid genomes. The cruciferous weed Arabidopsis thaliana is an attractive model system for the construction and use of biallelic SNP maps. Although important biological processes ranging from fertilization and cell fate determination to disease resistance have been modelled in A. thaliana, identifying mutations in this organism has been impeded by the lack of a high-density genetic map consisting of easily genotyped DNA markers. We report here the construction of a biallelic genetic map in A. thaliana with a resolution of 3.5 cM and its use in mapping Eds16, a gene involved in the defence response to the fungal pathogen Erysiphe orontii. Mapping of this trait involved the high-throughput generation of meiotic maps of F2 individuals using high-density oligonucleotide probe array-based genotyping. We developed a software package called InterMap and used it to automatically delimit Eds16 to a 7-cM interval on chromosome 1. These results are the first demonstration of biallelic mapping in diploid genomes and establish means for generalizing SNP-based maps to virtually any genetic organism.

Arabidopsis↗