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PubMed1986

Adequacy of dialysis: marker molecules and kinetic modeling.

The effective use of kinetic modeling to assess adequacy of dialysis, based upon marker molecules, is in its infancy. However, for the patient, perhaps the most identifiable benefit of modeling is that the technical parameters of the therapy are at least being measured and monitored. With regard to choice of marker molecules, the National Dialysis Cooperative Study (NCDS) group, in choosing urea as the reference molecule, has given a useful impetus to its wider use. Since urea is directly connected with dietary protein intake and its net generation is also directly correlated with that of other metabolites, its application as a marker molecule makes good sense. Analysis of the NCDS data has permitted identification of a very useful quantitative parameter of minimal dialysis therapy based on urea clearance and distribution volume and dialysis time. For thrice-weekly dialysis, normalized whole body urea clearance (Kt/V) should be greater than or equal to 1.0 and less than approximately 1.5. Although this alone does not guarantee adequate dialysis, it does alert the dialysis staff to the potential for both under- and over-dialysis. It would thus appear that currently the most reliable and useful means by which to apply modeling techniques to dialysis therapy is urea kinetics. In time, the application of more broad-based modeling techniques to dialysis therapy will provide more clearly identifiable clinical benefits, as well as the already realizable economic benefits.

Acetates↗
PubMed1997

[Evaluation of a rapid method for the identification of the Enterococcus genus].

BACKGROUND: The evaluation of the reliability of a group of three tests: pyrrolidonil-arilamidase, rapid test in NaCl esculin broth and group D antistreptococci agglutination for the rapid identification of the Enterococcus genus were performed. METHODS: One hundred fifty-eight strains of streptococci: 110 strains of Enterococcus faecalis, 8 E. faecium, 3 E. avium, 16 Streptococcus intermedius, 7 S. salivarius, 4 S. bovis, 4 S. constellatus, 2 S. sanguis and 1 strain of S. equinus, S. mitis, S. uberis and S. mutans were studied. The tests used were: rapid test in NaCl- esculin broth, pyrrolidonyl-arilamidase and antigroup D streptococcus agglutination (Patho Dx Strep D/PYR; Diagnostic Product Corporation). All catalase-negative gram-positive cocci or coccibacilli which were positive in the three tests were considered to belong to the Enterococcus genus. The usefulness of Gram staining in culture in thioglycolate broth was also studied comparing it with the results obtained with solid medium. RESULTS: The results of the proposed identification scheme were evaluated calculating different parameters: sensitivity 98%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value, 100%, and negative predictive value 94%. No significant differences were observed between the results obtained with Gram staining with thioglycolate broth and those obtained with solid medium except in the case of the Streptococcus mutans strain. CONCLUSIONS: The application of a combination of tests: pyrroidonyl-arilamidase, antistreptococci group D agglutination and rapid test in NaCl-esculin broth to catalase-negative gram-positive cocci and coccobacilli allows reliable identification in a maximum of three hours of strains belonging to the Enterococcus genus.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1996

Cleavage of the thrombin receptor: identification of potential activators and inactivators.

The kinetic parameters were determined for the hydrolysis of a peptide based on the activation site of the thrombin receptor (residues 38-60) by thrombin and 12 other proteases. The kcat and Km values for the cleavage of this peptide (TR39-40) by thrombin were 107 s-1 and 1.3 microM; the kcat/Km of TR39-40 is among the highest observed for thrombin. A model is presented that reconciles the parameters for cleavage of the peptide with the concentration dependence of cellular responses to thrombin. Cleavage of TR39-40 was not specific for thrombin. The pancreatic proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin hydrolysed TR39-40 efficiently (kcat/Km > 10(6) M-1.s-1). Whereas trypsin cleaved TR39-40 at the thrombin activation site (Arg41-Ser42), chymotrypsin hydrolysed the peptide after Phe43. This chymotryptic cleavage would result in inactivation of the receptor. The efficient cleavage of TR39-40 by chymotrypsin (kcat/Km approximately 10(6) M-1.s-1) was predominantly due to a low Km value (2.8 microM). The proteases factor Xa, plasmin, plasma kallikrein, activated protein C and granzyme A also hydrolysed TR39-40 at the Arg41-Ser43 bond, but exhibited kcat/Km values that were at least 10(3)-fold lower than that observed with thrombin. Both tissue and urokinase plasminogen activators as well as granzyme B and neutrophil elastase were unable to cleave TR39-60 at appreciable rates. However, neutrophil cathepsin G hydrolysed the receptor peptide after Phe55. Like the chymotryptic cleavage, this cleavage would lead to inactivation of the receptor, but the cathepsin G reaction was markedly less efficient; the kcat/K(m) value was almost four orders of magnitude lower than that for thrombin. In addition to the above cleavage sites, a secondary site for thrombin and other arginine-specific proteases was identified at Arg46, but the cleavage at this site only occurred at very low rates and is unlikely to be significant in vivo.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1986

Maximum likelihood estimations in a nonlinear self-exciting point process model.

A nonlinear model generating a self-exciting point process is formulated and identification of the model using maximum likelihood estimations is discussed. Simulations have been performed and parameters are estimated numerically. (Dis)advantages with respect to identification approaches based on correlation densities are outlined. This method may function as a basis to interpret simultaneous recordings of single units in terms of underlying wiring diagrams.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Digital portal image registration by sequential anatomical matchpoint and image correlations for real-time continuous field alignment verification.

Detection of radiotherapy field misalignments with electronic portal imaging devices requires the precise initial registration of the digital portal image with a reference image indicating the prescribed field alignment. Moreover, for real-time continuous detection this registration must be performed rapidly--arguably within 250 ms. The quality of this registration is sensitive to the ability of the user to accurately identify corresponding anatomical landmarks in the image pair. To improve the accuracy of the registration and, ultimately, that of the field misalignment measurement, we have developed a sequential digital portal image registration method using both user-identified anatomical matchpoints and image information. A first pass generates registration parameters from user-provided matchpoint coordinates and explicitly accounts for the uncertainty in matchpoint identification. The second pass uses both the initial registration parameters and image information to further improve the registration quality by maximizing cross correlations between segments of the image pair. As this registration method does not use massive matrix/vector computations common to other algorithms, it is inherently faster and well-suited for real-time field placement error detection. On a platform representative of those controlling many commercial electronic portal imaging devices (486 CPU), this algorithm registers portal images in times of less than 6 ms per matchpoint with errors of less than 2% in magnification, 0.5 degree in in-plane rotation, and less than 1 pixel dimension in in-plane translation. As the algorithm assumes a rigid-body geometry, it is sensitive to out-of-plane rotations. A quantitative analysis of this algorithm is presented, indicates its accuracy, and describes its sensitivity to out-of-plane rotations.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1986

Predictive indices for the identification of high-risk patients.

In this article, the predictive indices which have been developed during the last decade to assess the risk of complications during hospitalization are reviewed. These indices are based on the evaluation of nutritional and immunological parameters and are particularly suitable for the identification of the surgical patient at risk for postoperative septic complications. The authors also review the methods which have been proposed for the classification of the severity of disease in critically ill subjects and the sepsis score method for the prediction of clinical outcome in severely septic surgical patients.

Health Status Indicators↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Histopathologic prognostic score in colorectal adenocarcinomas.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prognostic value of a set of pathological variables after curative resection for large bowel adenocarcinoma and to test a prognostic score derived from factors with independent effect. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study is based on data from 292 consecutive unselected patients (B-C Astler-Coller stages). Histopathological features were evaluated prospectively on the resected primary tumors. Relationship between these factors and risk of recurrence was assessed by a Cox's proportional regression analysis. RESULTS: Four variables retained independent prognostic significance: extent of bowel wall invasion, peritumoral lymphocytic infiltration, number of positive nodes and vascular invasion. A prognostic score based on the regression coefficients attained by such variables was developed. This system revealed four prognostic groups. Group I included 14% of patients, with 94% 5-year disease-free survival. These figures were: 35% and 60% in group II; 43% and 46% in group III; and 7% and 24.4% in group IV. Histopathologic score applied to bearers of Astler-Coller B2 tumors permitted the identification of two populations, one characterized by a low risk of relapse and another with high risk (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: A prognostic score based in the evaluation of four histopathologic parameters concerning the tumor phenotype enables the identification of groups of patients at risk of relapse after curative resection for colorectal adenocarcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2006

Insulin sensitivity during oral glucose tolerance test and its relations to parameters of glucose metabolism and endothelial function in type 2 diabetic subjects under metformin and thiazolidinedione.

AIM: This study was designed to assess the usefulness of a model-based index of insulin sensitivity during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in the identification of possible changes in this metabolic parameter produced by pharmacological agents known to be potent insulin sensitizers, that is metformin (M) and thiazolidinedione (T). The association of these agents with several other factors related to glucose metabolism was also investigated, as well as the relation of insulin sensitivity and secretion with markers of endothelial function such as different adhesion molecules (cAMs), that is vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and E-Selectin. METHODS: Twenty type 2 diabetic patients treated with diet only underwent a 3-h OGTT for measurement of plasma glucose, insulin, proinsulin, C-peptide and cAMs before and after administration of randomly given M (n = 9; 1700 mg/day) or T (n = 11; 600 mg/day). After 16 weeks of treatment, a second OGTT was performed. Insulin sensitivity was calculated with homeostasis model assessment and with oral glucose insulin sensitivity (OGIS), which quantifies dynamic glucose clearance per unit change of insulin. Insulin secretion was assessed by modelling technique. Differences in these parameters before and after treatment, as well as possible relationships with cAMs, were assessed. RESULTS: Basal and stimulated plasma glucose decreased after therapy in both the groups by approximately 20%. Basal insulin resistance also decreased. Insulin sensitivity in dynamic conditions (OGIS: ml/min/m(2)) increased with M (289.3 +/- 18.8 vs. 234.7 +/- 18.1, p < 0.02) and tended to improve with T (323.5 +/- 18.1 vs. 286.8 +/- 22.1, p = 0.09). Total insulin secretion over the OGTT [TIS: nmol/l(3 h)] tended to decrease with M (17.1 +/- 2.5 vs. 27.3 +/- 0.3, p = 0.08) but not with T (23.6 +/- 3.5 vs. 22.5 +/- 2.7). Plasma concentrations of E-Selectin decreased in T (38.0 +/- 2.3 vs. 51.2 +/- 6.1 ng/ml, p < 0.05). No correlation was found between insulin sensitivity and cAMs. CONCLUSIONS: Model-based indices of insulin sensitivity and secretion during an OGTT can be able to detect changes observed in patients under treatment with pharmacological agents such as M or T. Both the drugs improved glucose control similarly. Decreased plasma E-Selectin concentrations were seen in patients on T therapy only.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2006

Suggestion for qualitative lidar identification of different types of aerosol using the two-wavelength rotational Raman and elastic lidar.

Aerosols are important parameters in the meteorological and environmental fields, and remote aerosol identification is extremely desirable. We have proposed and designed a two-wavelength (355 and 532 nm) rotational Raman and elastic lidar that can measure the wavelength dependence of the aerosol backscattering coefficient without any assumptions about the Angström coefficient or the overlapping function from low (100 m) to high (10 km) altitude, depending on the weather conditions. We have measured the differences in the backscattering ratios (BRs) among a cloud, aerosol in the boundary layer, and Asian dust. The ratio of the aerosol backscattering coefficients between two wavelengths is a fingerprint of an aerosol, which is similar to the Angström coefficient. The BR value for a typical aerosol ranged from 0.56 to 0.4 in the boundary layer and from 0.5 to 0.1 for Asian dust. The BR value of water droplet was not unique but was spread over a wide range because of its size distributions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

An analytical and structural database provides a strategy for sequencing O-glycans from microgram quantities of glycoproteins.

A sensitive, rapid, quantitative strategy has been developed for O-glycan analysis. A structural database has been constructed that currently contains analytical parameters for more than 50 glycans, enabling identification of O-glycans at the subpicomole level. The database contains the structure, molecular weight, and both normal and reversed-phase HPLC elution positions for each glycan. These observed parameters reflect the mass, three-dimensional shape, and hydrophobicity of the glycans and, therefore, provide information relating to linkage and arm specificity as well as monosaccharide composition. Initially the database was constructed by analyzing glycans released by mild hydrazinolysis from bovine serum fetuin, synthetic glycopeptides, human glycophorin A, and serum IgA1. The structures of the fluorescently labeled sugars were determined from a combination of HPLC data, mass spectrometric composition and mass fragmentation data, and exoglycosidase digestions. This approach was then applied to human neutrophil gelatinase B and secretory IgA, where 18 and 25 O-glycans were identified, respectively, and the parameters of these glycans were added to the database. This approach provides a basis for the analysis of subpicomole quantities of O-glycans from normal levels of natural glycoproteins.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Analysis of primate IBN spike trains using system identification techniques. II. Relationship to gaze, eye, and head movement dynamics during head-free gaze shifts.

We have investigated the relationships among the firing frequency B(t) of inhibitory burst neurons (IBNs) and the metrics and dynamics of the eye, head, and gaze (eye + head) movements generated during voluntary combined eye-head gaze shifts in monkey. The same IBNs were characterized during head-fixed saccades in our first of three companion papers. In head-free gaze shifts, the number of spikes (NOS) in a burst was, for 82% of the neurons, better correlated with gaze amplitude than with the amplitude of either the eye or head components of the gaze shift. A multiple regression analysis confirmed that NOS was well correlated to the sum of head and eye amplitudes during head-free gaze shifts. Furthermore, the mean slope of the relationship between NOS and gaze amplitude was significantly less for head-free gaze shifts than for head-fixed saccades. NOS is a global parameter. To refine we used system identification techniques to evaluate a series of dynamic models in which IBN spike trains were related to gaze or eye movements. We found that gaze- and eye-based models predicted the discharges of IBNs equally well. However, the bias values required by gaze-based models were comparable to those required in our head-fixed models whereas those required by eye-based models were significantly larger. The difference in biases between gaze- and eye-based models was very strongly correlated to the mean head velocity () during gaze shifts [R = -0.93 +/- 0.15 (SD)]. This result suggested that the increased bias required by the eye-based models reflected an unmodeled input onto these cells. To pursue this argument further we investigated a series of dynamic models that included both eye velocity () and terms and this confirmed the importance of these two terms. As in our head-fixed analysis of companion paper I, the most valuable model formulation also included an eye saccade amplitude term (DeltaE) and was given by B(t) = r0 + r1DeltaE + b1 + g1 where r0, r1, b1, and g1 are constants. The amplitude of the head velocity coefficient was significantly less than that of the eye velocity coefficient. Furthermore, in our population long-lead IBNs tended to have a smaller head velocity coefficients than short-lead IBNs. We conclude that during head-free gaze shifts, the head velocity signal carried to the abducens nucleus by primate excitatory burst neurons (EBNs; if EBNs and IBNs carry similar signals) must be offset by other premotor cells.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2003

Value of propranolol-induced heart rate and blood pressure changes in predicting results of tilt testing.

BACKGROUND: A degree of reduction of heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) values following beta-blocker administration has been shown to indicate beta-blockade effectiveness. Whether this parameter is also useful in the identification of patients with vaso-vagal syncope (VVS) who could benefit from beta-blocker therapy, has not yet been established. AIM: To analyse the usefulness of propranolol-induced acute changes in HR and BP in the prediction of the results of tilt testing (TT) in patients with VVS. METHODS: The study group consisted of 37 patients with a history of at least two syncopal episodes in the past 6 months, in whom syncope was reproduced during TT. After positive baseline TT the patients were returned to supine position and were given intravenous propranolol. After 15 min supine rest the patients were tilted again using the same protocol as during the baseline test. Propranolol was considered effective when the result of the second (on drug) TT was negative or the time to syncope occurrence was longer than during baseline TT. During the whole procedure systolic BP (SBP), mean BP (MBP), diastolic BP (DBP) and HR were measured. These parameters were analysed in four different time-intervals: period I - between 13th and 15th minute of supine rest preceding the passive phase of TT, period II - between first and third minute of the passive TT, period III - following propranolol injection, between 13th and 15th minute of supine rest preceding second TT, and period IV - between first and third minute of second TT, either passive (if positive) or after NTG administration. Both, mean values and differences (Delta) in analysed parameters between various time-intervals (II-I, III-I, IV-II and IV-III) were taken into account. RESULTS: Intravenous propranolol occurred effective in preventing syncope during second TT in 29/37 (78%) patients. The DeltaSBP, DeltaMBP and DeltaDBP values calculated from periods III and IV were significantly different between patients with or without protective effects of propranolol. The cut-off values which were computed to obtain the highest value of total predictive accuracy (the highest value of the sum of sensitivity and specificity) were -5 mmHg for DeltaSBP, -4 mmHg for DeltaMBP and -2 mmHg for DeltaDBP. A stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that DeltaSBP of -5 mmHg or less had the highest value in the prediction of a positive response to propranolol, reaching a sensitivity of 72%, specificity of 88%, positive predictive value of 95% and negative predictive value of 48%. CONCLUSIONS: Propranolol-induced changes in blood pressure values may predict the effectiveness of beta-blockade in preventing syncope during second TT performed after intravenous infusion of propranolol. A drug-induced reduction in systolic blood pressure of less than 5 mmHg may identify those who will benefit from beta-blocker therapy.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed2004

Expression of genes and proteins specific for prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: We reviewed the pertinent literature and discuss high throughput approaches to the identification of molecular markers characteristic of prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A PubMed search was performed for expression array studies comparing prostate cancer tissues with nonmalignant tissues and serum proteomic studies comparing patients with prostate cancer and controls. RESULTS: The expression of several genes may help distinguish prostate cancer cells from nonmalignant prostatic epithelial cells. A few genes, such as those coding for hepsin, LIM protein and alpha-methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase, have consistently been identified as being over expressed in cancer cells compared with nonmalignant cells. Proteomic analysis using mass spectroscopy has identified spectral patterns that have a significant correlation with the presence of prostate cancer. The optimal presentation of the spectra may depend highly on technical factors and experimental protocols have yet to be standardized among laboratories. Moreover, to our knowledge the serum proteins that comprise the mass spectral patterns of prostate cancer have yet to be identified. CONCLUSIONS: High throughput techniques have the potential to aid in prostate cancer diagnosis, early detection and developmental therapies. Markers with the potential to aid in diagnosis have been identified and targets for imaging or therapeutic approaches appear to be at hand. Mass spectral analysis of serum is in the early stages and it requires standardization of technical parameters among laboratories. In addition, the identification of target proteins will contribute to ease of detection and cross-laboratory verification.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed2004

Morphoanatomical studies of Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria guianensis bark and leaves.

The genus Uncaria Schreber (Rubiaceae) includes species that are widely distributed in tropical areas. The inner bark of the stems and leaves of two native species of South America, Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Roemer & Schultes) DC., and Uncaria guianensis (Aublet) J. F. Gmelin, "cat's claw" are used in either folk medicine or in procuring phytotherapeutic drugs. These species contain about sixty active substances which are being tested widely for possible medicinal value. The following applications are considered: peptic ulcer, rheumatism, tumours, antiinflammatory effect, inflammation, diabetes and as general tonic. Currently, Uncaria tomentosa is in demand as tea, tablets or capsules in more than 30 countries outside Perú, as well as inside the country. Pharmacognosy studies are required to determine the comparative morphoanatomical and micrographic features for identification and quality control purposes. Several microscopic parameters, including phloem fibers, calcium oxalate crystals, starch granules, trichomes, and foliar architecture should be considered. The aim of our work is to analyse comparative morphoanatomical and micrographic features which might provide assistance in the identification, analysis and standardization of Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Roemer & Schultes) DC. and Uncaria guianensis (Aublet) J. F. Gmelin stem bark and leaves in order to obtain phytotherapeutic drugs, and of the crude drug as well.

Cat's Claw↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of bone mineral density and quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus: site-matched correlation and discrimination of axial BMD status.

The performance of quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) bone densitometry of the calcaneus have been compared, both in terms of site-matched correlation and their discriminatory ability to identify osteoporotic and osteoporotic or osteopenic subjects. 91 female subjects (aged 56.9 +/- 9.6 years, 31-84 years) who were routinely referred for axial BMD assessment of the lumbar spine and femoral neck by DXA (Lunar DPX-L), consented to have additional measurements of QUS (McCue CubaClinical Mk II) and DXA (Lunar PIXI) of their left calcaneus. The site-matched correlation between calcaneal BMD with QUS parameters were: (a) broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) alone, adj-R2 = 62.7%, p < 0.0001; (b) velocity (VOS) alone, adj-R2 = 48.4%, p < 0.0001; and (c) BUA and VOS combined, adj-R2 = 65.2%, p < 0.0001. The site-matched correlations are towards the higher end of data reported by other researchers, indicative of the exacting measurement protocol implemented here. 30 subjects were categorized as normal, 38 being osteopenic and 23 being osteoporotic. Optimum accuracies and odds ratios were obtained using logistic regression. The differences in accuracy between calcaneal BMD and calcaneal QUS parameters were statistically insignificant, with zero included within the confidence intervals, for the identification of both (a) osteoporotic and (b) osteoporotic or osteopenic subjects. The odds ratios for the discrimination of subject status achieved with calcaneal BMD were higher, although statistically insignificant, than achieved with the QUS parameters. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis for the identification of subjects into the categories (a) and (b) above was performed. Areas under the ROC curve (AUC) (95% confidence intervals) for the logit of the probability that a subject would be osteoporotic were: 0.814 (0.700, 0.928) for calcaneal BMD; 0.791 (0.673, 0.909) for BUA; 0.717 (0.588, 0.846) for VOS; and 0.793 (0.675, 0.911) for BUA and VOS combined. For the identification of osteoporotic or osteopenic subjects, the ROC areas were: 0.851 (0.774, 0.928) for calcaneal BMD; 0.773 (0.678, 0.868) for BUA; 0.783 (0.690, 0.877) for VOS; and 0.778 (0.685, 0.871) for BUA and VOS combined. Again, calcaneal BMD provided a higher, yet statistically insignificant, AUC than any QUS parameter. In conclusion, for the identification of subjects defined by World Health Organization criteria for axial BMD, the performance of BMD and QUS calcaneal parameters were statistically comparable. The choice of peripheral bone densitometry modality should therefore be made upon factors external to their discriminatory performance.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2001

Dynamically coated capillaries improve the identification power of capillary zone electrophoresis for basic drugs in toxicological analysis.

In systematic toxicological analysis (STA), analytical methods should have a high identification power. This can be suitably expressed by parameters such as mean list length (MLL) or discriminating power (DP). The reproducibility of a method has a great impact on its identification power, and should be as high as possible. In this study, two separation methods based on capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) were evaluated towards STA applications. Besides a normal phosphate buffer, the commercially available buffer CElixir was used, which is a double-layer dynamic coating system. The coating stabilizes the endoosmotic flow, is independent of the pH, and is claimed to be more reproducible and faster at low pH than with normal buffers. A test set of 73 basic pharmaceutical compounds was analyzed by the two CZE methods. The total analysis time, including rinsing steps, was 8 min when the coating was used and 18 min without the coating. Effective mobilities were calculated and the reproducibilities were a factor of 2 better when the coating was used (between-days SD 0.020 and 0.040 m2/V s with and without the coating, respectively). MLL and DP were calculated for the two CZE methods and for combinations with standardized liquid and gas chromatography systems. CZE with CElixir coating clearly has a high potential for STA applications, as it was shown to have a higher identification power and shorter analysis times than normal CZE.

Electrophoresis, Capillary↗
PubMed1994

[Possibilities for quantitative gait analysis in evaluation of prosthesis fit].

Nowadays, the fitting of a lower-limb prosthesis is done mainly on an empirical basis. The main aim of the present study was to provide objective data and presentations to support the subjective data. With the aid of a cybernetic statement, the process of fitting a prosthesis to a human subject was developed as a self-optimizing control cycle. Using this systematic scheme, the walking trial was identified as the process element of this control cycle in which the fitting proper took place. Starting with this systematic scheme, the characteristics of defined changes to the system human-prosthesis during walking were measured with the aid of a specially configured gait analysis system. For the estimation of the characteristics of the measured walking trial, a three stage parameter system based initially only on the angle, velocity and acceleration curves at the knee joint was developed. On the basis of pattern recognition routines, the parameter system permits a very high level of identification of the measurements. The identification of poor fittings not covered by the pattern recognition system is not yet satisfactory. However, with the incorporation of additional gait parameters, it will be possible to further improve the description of the gait, enabling better recognition of disturbances in the human-prosthesis system.

Artificial Limbs↗