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At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Is the integration of heard and seen speech mandatory for infants?

For adults and children, speech perception can be significantly influenced by watching a speaker's mouth movements. While recent reports suggest that infants may be able to integrate heard and seen speech, the current research demonstrates that integration is neither as strong or consistent in infants as it is in adults. Three habituation experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, female (but not male) infants showed evidence of an adult pattern of integration following habituation with an audiovisual /bi/ and testing with audio /bi/-visual /vi/ (perceived as /vi/ by adults). The interpretation of integration was supported, but only in part, by Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, infants were habituated to a mismatched audio /bi/-visual /vi/ combination and tested on concordant /bi/-/bi/ versus /vi/-/vi/ displays. Here, only male infants showed evidence of integration. These results suggest that an initial mechanism supports integration, but that integration is not mandatory for young infants.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Theta oscillation-coupled dendritic spiking integrates inputs on a long time scale.

Persistent neural activity lasting for seconds after transient stimulation has been observed in several brain areas. This activity has been taken to be indicative of the integration of inputs on long time scales. Passive membrane properties render neural time constants to be on the order of milliseconds. Intense synaptic bombardment, characteristic of in vivo states, was previously shown to further reduce the time scale of effective integration. We explored how long-term integration in single cells could be supported by dendritic spikes coupled with the theta oscillation, a prominent brain rhythm often observed during working memory tasks. We used a two-compartmental conductance-based model of a hippocampal pyramidal cell to study the interplay of intrinsic dynamics with periodic inputs in the theta frequency band. We show that periodic dendritic spiking integrates inputs by shifting the phase relative to an external oscillation, since spiking frequency is quasi-linearly modulated by current injection. The time-constant of this integration process is practically infinite for input intensities above a threshold (the integration threshold) and can be still several hundred milliseconds long below the integration threshold. The somatic compartment received theta frequency stimulation in antiphase with the dendritic oscillation. Consequently, dendritic spikes could only elicit somatic action potentials when they were sufficiently phase-shifted and thus coincided with somatic depolarization. Somatic depolarization modulated the frequency but not the phase of firing, endowing the cell with the capability to code for two different variables at the same time. Inputs to the dendrite shifted the phase of dendritic spiking, while somatic input was modulating its firing rate. This mechanism resulted in firing patterns that closely matched experimental data from hippocampal place cells of freely behaving rats. We discuss the plausibility of our proposed mechanism and its potential to account for the firing pattern of cells outside the hippocampus during working memory tasks.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1985

Relationship between serum and histochemical markers for hepatitis B virus and rate of viral integration in hepatocellular carcinomas in Japan.

The relationship between serological and histochemical markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and viral integration in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in Japan was investigated. Special attention was paid to the exclusion of false-positive results due to bacterial contamination of autopsy materials. Of 85 patients with HCC, 23 were positive for serum HBsAg, 18 were positive for serum HBV antibodies and the remaining 44 were negative for serum HBV markers. Among the 23 HCCs from HBsAg carriers, 19 (82.6%) had integrated HBV DNA in the tumor DNA. In contrast, of the 18 HCCs from HBV antibody-positive patients, only one was positive for HBV DNA integration; this particular HCC was from a long-term HBsAg carrier who became a non-carrier by seroconversion at a later age. Of 44 HCCs from patients negative for serum HBV markers, 3 had integrated HBV DNA. Of these 3 cases, 2 were, however, histochemically positive for HBsAg in non-cancerous portions of the liver. Thus, our present results show a high integration rate of HBV DNA in HCCs of carrier patients and an extremely low rate of viral integration in HCCs of non-carrier patients. The latter finding contrasts strongly with previous results gained from analysing materials from patients in Europe and Africa. No histological differences were apparent between HCCs with or without viral integration.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2006

Half-numerical evaluation of pseudopotential integrals.

A half-numeric algorithm for the evaluation of effective core potential integrals over Cartesian Gaussian functions is described. Local and semilocal integrals are separated into two-dimensional angular and one-dimensional radial integrals. The angular integrals are evaluated analytically using a general approach that has no limitation for the l-quantum number. The radial integrals are calculated by an adaptive one-dimensional numerical quadrature. For the semilocal radial part a pretabulation scheme is used. This pretabulation simplifies the handling of radial integrals, makes their calculation much faster, and allows their easy reuse for different integrals within a given shell combination. The implementation of this new algorithm is described and its performance is analyzed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1981

Alterations in integrity of goldfish membrane induced by edetate disodium.

The effect of the chelating agent edetate disodium on the integrity of the goldfish membrane was examined. The time to produce death in goldfish exposed to secobarbital sodium was used as a reflection of membrane integrity. Although a minimum edetate disodium concentration was necessary to induce alterations in integrity, no direct relationship between the effect and concentration of the chelating agent was evident. The chelating agent's effect appeared to be an enhancement of the transport of the ionized drug form. The change in membrane integrity existed at least 24 hr after theoretical exposure to edetate disodium, but cyclic alterations in integrity could not be ruled out. The effect on integrity was also demonstrated to be nonpermanent, and the apparent loss in integrity was partially restored by calcium byt not by magnesium.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

FISH analysis of 142 EGFP transgene integration sites into the mouse genome.

Production of transgenic animals is an important technique for studying various biological processes. However, whether the integration of a particular transgene occurs randomly in the mouse genome has not been determined. Analysis by fluorescence in situ hybridization of the integration sites of the 142 EGFP (a mutant of green fluorescent protein) transgenic lines that we produced showed that the transgenes had become incorporated into every mouse chromosome. A single integration site was observed in 82.4% of the lines. The concomitant integrations of transgene into two different loci were observed in 15 cases (10.6%). In 3 cases, the transgenic founder mice showed chimerism in integration sites (2.1%). Chromosomal translocation was observed in 7 cases (4.9%). Moreover, when we statistically analyzed the transgene integration sites of these mouse lines, they were shown to distribute unevenly throughout the genome. This is the first report to analyze the transgene integration sites by producing more than 100 transgenic mouse lines.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Generation of the respiratory rhythm: modelling the inspiratory off switch as a neural integrator.

Neural integration is involved in the respiratory central processing of vagal afferent activity originating from lung mechanoreceptors. In the present work it is assumed that not only vagal activity, but also the incoming activities of the other inputs which converge into the "inspiratory off-switch", are processed there by integration. Moreover, integration is considered to be essential for the inspiratory off-switch function. This assumption leads to a novel mathematical model, in which constancy of the inspiratory off-switch threshold and absence of a central inspiratory activity input to the inspiratory off-switch are postulated. The model accurately predicts the relationship between timing and depth of breathing measured experimentally under several steady-state conditions, including peripheral and central chemoreceptor stimulation, increased body temperature, increased elastic and flow resistive loads, and bilateral vagotomy. The model also provides adequate simulation of the integrative vagal processing and questions the idea that "accommodative" vagal processing originates from a separate process different to integration at the inspiratory off-switch. The assumption that integration is essential for the inspiratory off-switching suggests a simple basis for interpreting, electrophysiological properties of bulbo-pontine inspiratory neurons in terms of a neuronal circuit that acts like an integrator. The prediction of a new type of inspiratory neuron is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Field and vaccine strains of fowlpox virus carry integrated sequences from the avian retrovirus, reticuloendotheliosis virus.

For baculoviruses and herpesviruses, integration of transposons or retroviruses into the virus genome has been documented. We report here that field and vaccine strains of fowlpox virus (FPV) carry integrated sequences from the avian retrovirus, reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV). Using PCR and hybridization analysis we observed that vaccine and field strains of FPV carry REV sequences integrated into a previously uncharacterized region of the right 1/3 of the FPV genome. Long-range PCR, hybridization, and nucleotide sequence determination demonstrated that one vaccine strain (FPV S) and recently isolated field strains carry a near-full-length REV provirus. For another vaccine strain (FPV M) a rearranged remnant of the LTR was found at the same insertion site. By Western blotting and reverse transcriptase assays we were unable to demonstrate free REV in supernatants of FPV S cultures. The near-full-length REV provirus integrated into the FPV genome is infectious since FPV S DNA gave rise to REV upon transfection into chicken embryo fibroblasts. Upon infection of chickens with FPV S, all chickens developed high-titered antibodies to REV, and REV was isolated from the blood of half of the inoculated chickens. Our observations add to the list of targets for retrovirus integration into DNA virus genomes. The integration of a near-full-length, and apparently infectious, REV provirus into FPV provides additional transmission routes for the retrovirus by way of the infectious cycle of FPV, including the possibility of mechanical transmission by biting insects since FPV is believed to be transmitted by this route. For large DNA viruses, including the poxviruses, retrovirus integration with attendant possibilities of gene transduction may be an important mechanism for virus evolution, including the acquisition of cellular genes with the potential to modify virus virulence and pathogenicity.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Integrity testing.

To ensure that sterilizing grade filters in aseptic processing worked as required, such filters are integrity tested. Integrity tests, like the bubble point, diffusive flow or pressure hold test, are non-destructive tests, which are correlated to a destructive bacteria challenge test. This correlation verifies the integrity test limits the filters have to pass. Integrity tests are required by regulatory authorities. The post filtration integrity test is a must, pre filtration integrity testing is recommended. The different tests have specific limitations therefore there is no overall, best integrity test, which can be utilized for every filtration system.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1994

Short-term vestibulo-ocular reflex adaptation in humans. I. Effect on the ocular motor velocity-to-position neural integrator.

We investigated the effect of short-term vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) adaptation in normal human subjects on the dynamic properties of the velocity-to-position ocular motor integrator that holds positions of gaze. Subjects sat in a sinusoidally rotating chair surrounded by an optokinetic nystagmus drum. The movement of the visual surround (drum) was manipulated relative to the chair to produce an increase (x 1.7 viewing), decrease (x 0.5, x 0 viewing), or reversal (x (-2.5) viewing) of VOR gain. Before and after 1 h of training, VOR gain and gaze-holding after eccentric saccades in darkness were measured. Depending on the training paradigm, eccentric saccades could be followed by centrifugal drift (after x 0.5 viewing), implying an unstable integrator, or by centripetal drift [after x 1.7 or x (-2.5) viewing], implying a leaky integrator. The changes in the neural integrator appear to be context specific, so that when the VOR was tested in non-training head orientations, both the adaptive change in VOR gain and the changes in the neural integrator were much smaller. The changes in VOR gain were on the order of 10% and the induced drift velocities were several degrees per second at 20 deg eccentric positions in the orbit. We propose that (1) the changes in the dynamic properties of the neural integrator reflect an attempt to modify the phase (timing) relationships of the VOR and (2) the relative directions of retinal slip and eye velocity during head rotation determine whether the integrator becomes unstable (and introduces more phase lag) or leaky (and introduces less phase lag).

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1987

Integrative suppression of dnaA(Ts) mutations mediated by plasmid F in Escherichia coli is a DnaA-dependent process.

The thermosensitivity of dnaA(Ts) mutations can be suppressed by integration of plasmid F (integrative suppression). In the light of the recent finding that F requires DnaA protein for both establishment and maintenance, integrative suppression of 11 dnaA(Ts) mutations by a mini-F, pML31, integrated near oriC was examined. The plating efficiency of integratively suppressed strains was dnaA(Ts) allele-dependent and medium-dependent. The initiation capability of suppressed dnaA(Ts) strains lacking the oriC site and their F- counterparts was determined at various temperatures between 30 degrees C and 42 degrees C. The degree of integrative suppression measured by the initiation capability varied in a dnaA(Ts) allele-dependent manner. F-directed DNA replication was most affected by the dnaA(Ts) mutations mapping in the middle of the gene whereas oriC-dependent replication was most thermosensitive in strains carrying mutations mapping in the carboxy-terminal half of the gene. The results indicated that the integrative suppression by F plasmid is a DnaA-dependent process and suggested that the requirements for DnaA protein in the oriC-dependent replication and F replication processes are qualitatively different.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1994

Multiple-copy integration in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica.

Using an EcoRI-BglII fragment of the G unit of the rDNA of Y. lipolytica and a set of 11 deletions in the URA3 promoter, we have constructed several plasmids to test gene amplification in the rDNA. These plasmids contain the rDNA fragment for integration, defective versions of the URA3 gene, the XPR2 gene encoding alkaline extracellular protease (AEP) as a reporter gene, and part of the pBR322 plasmid for selection and replication in E. coli. Among these plasmids, one corresponds to a deletion which allows multiple integration into the rDNA (plasmid pINA773). Two other plasmids (pINA767 and pINA772) give multiple integration only with a mutated URA3 gene. Transformants carrying these three plasmids were tested for copy number, stability, chromosomal localization and AEP secretion. Transformants containing plasmids pINA767, 772 and 773 displayed an average copy number of 5, 12 and 25-60 copies respectively of the plasmid, as estimated by PCR and DNA hybridization. Integrations occurred in only one chromosome except for transformants containing 60 copies where copies were observed at least in two different chromosomes. Multiple integrations were found both as tandem repeats and as dispersed copies. Plasmid copy number was stable, in both minimum and rich media, for strains containing less than ten copies per cells. However, for higher copy number, multiple integrations were stable only when AEP synthesis was not induced, while in inducing medium stability of the multiple integrations was dramatically affected.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Observations on integrative transformation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

Three different Schizosaccharomyces pombe strains have been transformed with a circular or linearized non-ars plasmid carrying the ura4+ gene as a selectable marker. The first strain shows full homology between the genomic ura4-294 gene (point mutation) and the marker gene on the plasmid. The second strain carries a 600 bp deletion (ura4-D6) that decreases homology between plasmid and chromosome. No homology remains in the third strain which has a complete deletion of the ura4 gene on the chromosome (ura4-D18). When sequence homology exists between transforming DNA and the chromosomal ura4 region, gene conversion is strongly preferred over integration of the circular plasmid. Reduction of the length of homology leads to a decrease of transformation frequencies, and homology dependent as well as a minority of homology independent integrations are observed. In the complete absence of homology two rare types of transformants are encountered: either the circular plasmid replicates autonomously, although it is devoid of an ars sequence, or alternatively the plasmid integrates into the genome at various positions. Transformation with plasmid cut within the coding region of ura4 can lead to tandemly arranged multiple integrations, when no homology exists between the free ends and the chromosome. The integrations occur at the ura4 locus, when homology is retained between plasmid and chromosome, and at various sites in the genome of the strain with a complete deletion of the ura4 gene. The results suggest that homology dependent events (conversion, integration) are strongly preferred in transformation of S. pombe with non-ars plasmids. In addition low frequency integration by illegitimate recombination is observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Chromosome Deletion↗
PubMed1987

A region in the yeast genome which favours multiple integration of DNA via homologous recombination.

Integrative transformation of yeast with gapped DNA fragments results in single or multiple integration into the yeast genome via homologous recombination. A sequence of yeast DNA was found which favours multiple integration even when the strategy of gene replacement is used. This strategy by which the transformed DNA fragment replaces its chromosomal homologue rather than simply integrating into the genome usually occurs as a single exchange event. The described region is unique and lies near a telomere about 5 kb proximal to the SUC4 locus on chromosome XIII. DNA from this region was used as a vehicle for the integration of different SUC genes coding for invertase. Most of the sucrose fermenting transformants isolated carried between two and seven copies of the SUC genes. These transformants overproduced invertase even though there was no selective pressure for high invertase activity in these experiments. I conclude that this region is highly recombinogenic and favours multiple integration of DNA fragments. This region could be used for stable multiple integration of heterologous genes into the yeast genome for over-production of the respective gene product.

Cloning, Molecular↗
PubMed1984

Plasmid formation in Streptomyces: excision and integration of the SLP1 replicon at a specific chromosomal site.

We present data showing that the SLP1 plasmids found in Streptomyces lividans after mating with S. coelicolor strain A3(2) originate as deletion mutants of a 17 kb segment of the S. coelicolor chromosome. Excision of the entire 17 kb segment yields a transiently existing plasmid containing a site for integration into the chromosome of recipient SLP1- S. lividans strains at a unique locus that corresponds to the original chromosomal location of SLP1 in S. coelicolor. The deletion mutants of SLP1 lack the attachment site and/or other regions required for its integration, and thus persist in the recipient as autonomously replicating plasmids. Plasmids that contain the complete 17 kb sequence of the chromosomally integrated SLP1 segment were constructed in vitro by circularization of restriction endonuclease-generated fragments of chromosomal DNA carrying a tandemly-duplicated integrant of SLP1. Transformation of an SLP1- S. lividans strain with such plasmids results in chromosomal integration of the SLP1 sequence at the same site at which it is integrated in S. lividans cells that acquire the sequence by mating with S. coelicolor. A model for the site-specific excision and integration of SLP1 is presented.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1983

Social integration and mental health in a biracial community.

The study investigated the relationship between social integration and mental health, with a particular interest in social integration in a minority group context. The study involved a home interview with 33 white and 30 black women who resided in a residentially integrated working-class community in Austin, Texas. Although blacks reported significantly more psychological symptoms than whites, the race effect was explained by an underlying interaction between race and social integration. Blacks low in social integration showed more symptoms than either white respondents or blacks with a high level of integration. The Race X Social integration interaction is considered in the light of societally based prejudice and the potential social stress associated with minority group status.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Conflicting results in EEG alpha feedback studies: why amplitude integration should replace percent time.

Success or failure of EEG feedback training for alpha enhancement can depend on how alpha activity is quantified and fed back. Alpha-enhancement failures usually employ a percent time (%) technique; successes typically use amplitude integration (variation of). To dramatize the differences between percent and integration techniques, we derived both measures simultaneously from left occipital (O1) and left central (C3) sites for 16 male subjects who were given 5.6 hours of integrated alpha feedback from the midline occipital (Ozeta) site. At both the O1 and C3 sites the integrated and percent measures were not equivalent and not linearly related. Statistically significant differences in the (integrated, percent) correlation coefficients (z-transpormed) were observed under the different recording conditions: alpha enhancement, alpha suppression, and baselines. Theoretical discussion of integration and percent techniques is given and the adoption of amplitude integration measures and feedback stimuli is strongly advocated.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2005

Integrated approaches in urban storm drainage: where do we stand?

Integrated approaches to urban storm-water drainage management are being increasingly advocated as necessary for advancing more sustainable and holistic management of urban water environments. In this paper, the status of integrated approaches in the management of urban storm-water discharges to receiving waterways is summarized. The starting point of the paper is with the recent scientific contributions, revealing that integration is being pursued and implemented predominantly at two conceptual levels. These include 1) integrating the technical system with the receiving waterway environment, and 2) considering the interaction and influence of the human system with the technical system through processes such as stakeholder and public participation. Additionally, it is argued that the evolving shift towards the implementation of water-quality-based strategies advances the need for further development and application of integrated models and approaches. The cases of online physically based models for predictive control and integrated source control and public participation are presented as examples of such ongoing developments in pursuit of integrated urban storm-water management.

Community Participation↗