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PubMed2006

Salmonella Montevideo outbreak in military kennel dogs caused by contaminated commercial feed, which was only recognized through monitoring.

A large outbreak of canine salmonellosis in military watch dogs due to Salmonella Montevideo and/or Salmonella Give was only recognized through a monitoring program, implemented by the military forces. In 51 out of 80 exposed dogs (63.8%) from four kennels Salmonella was isolated from fecal samples. The prevalence per sampling day ranged from 5.6 to 77.8%. Clinical disease with mild diarrhea but without fever appeared only in nine dogs (11.3% of study population, 16.9% of cases) from one kennel (***P < 0.001). Risk analysis identified "dog food A" (odds ratio 3.33 [1.12 < OR < 10.06] *P < 0.05) and "dog food C" (odds ratio 3.40 [1.07 < OR < 11.22] *P < 0.05), two commercial dehydrated dog feeds, as suspected infectious sources. Feeding "dog food C" alone or together with "dog food A" was significantly associated with clinical disease (***P < 0.001). S. Montevideo and S. Give with similar plasmid profiles and PFGE-restriction patterns were isolated from the suspected dog feeds and fecal samples. This outbreak demonstrates not only that Salmonella infections in dogs occur without clinical symptoms but also that large outbreaks occur after feeding dehydrated dog feeds. Especially in households with known risk group patients this finding demonstrates a particular risk for their owners, as they often live in close contact with their animals.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1975

Superiority of MacConkey's agar over salmonella-shigella agar for isolation of Shigella dysenteriae type 1.

The efficiency of MacConkey's agar in the isolation of various types of Shigella was compared with that of salmonella-shigella (SS) agar during an extensive 18-month outbreak of disease caused by Shigella. In all, 1,580 isolates of Shigella were obtained from 12,307 rectal swab and fecal samples of patients with diarrhea and their contacts by direct plating onto MacConkey's and SS agars. Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and Shigella flexneri constituted 55 percent and 33 percent of all isolates, respectively, with a smaller number of Shigella boydii and Shigella sonnei. MacConkey's agar was superior to SS agar in the detection of S. dysenteriae type 1; 83 percent of the isolates were detectable on MacConkey's agar, compared with 40 percent on SS agar. In contrast, 84 percent of S. flexneri isolates were detectable on SS agar, compared with 51 percent on MacConkey's agar alone. These findings confirm that, for the culture of fecal specimens thought to contain S. dysenteriae type 1, one of the media used should be noninhibitory. Shigella was isolated at a consistently and significantly higher rate from fecal samples than from rectal swabs.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1987

Quantitative determination of coccidian oocysts in beef calves from the coastal plain area of Georgia (U.S.A.).

For two consecutive years, determinations were made of the prevalence and abundance of coccidian oocysts from crossbred beef calves raised on Bahia grass pastures in the coastal plain area of Georgia. Of the 534 fecal samples collected during the survey, 461 (86.3%) contained one or more species of coccidian oocysts. The total mean oocysts per gram of feces (OPG) was significantly different (P less than 0.10) between the two years. Thirteen species of Eimeria were found during both years of the survey. Eimeria bovis was the most prevalent species found in the survey; E. ellipsoidalis, however, had the greatest number of OPG. Eimeria bukidnonensis, E. pellita, and E. brasiliensis were the least prevalent species and also had the lowest numbers of OPG. Only one clinical case of coccidiosis was seen. A nine-month-old calf had E. zuernii coccidiosis; it excreted E. zuernii oocysts in several fecal samples before the clinical disease appeared.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The epizootiology and pathogenic significance of infections with Isospora suis in ten piglet production operations in Nordrhein-Westfalen].

From July 1993 to June 1994 2036 fecal samples from 196 litters from 10 pig farms were collected. Three or four piglets from each litter and the respective sows were examined 3 times at 2, 3 and 4 weeks after farrowing. I. suis was detected in all 10 farms. The rate of infection of the litters was 62.2%. 71.6% of all litters with diarrheic problems were I. suis positive. The percentage of I. suis in the feces of piglets was 17.4% at the age of 2 weeks, 41.3% at the age of 3 weeks and 39.1% at the age of 4 weeks. It was also shown that I. suis occurs on any farm with any type of management system and at any time of the year. Fecal samples of sows were always Isospora negative. It is inferred that I. suis is a more important causative agent of porcine neonatal diarrhoea than considered so far. Therefore, further studies on epizootiological and therapeutical aspects and sanitation measures are necessary.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Naturally occurring tuberculosis in white-tailed deer.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the distribution of lesions and extent of tissues infected with Mycobacterium bovis in a captive population of white-tailed deer. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS: 116 captive white-tailed deer. PROCEDURE: Deer were euthanatized, and postmortem examinations were performed. Tissues with gross lesions suggestive of tuberculosis were collected for microscopic analysis and bacteriologic culture. Tissues from the head, thorax, and abdomen of deer with no gross lesions were pooled for bacteriologic culture. Tonsillar, nasal, oral, and rectal swab specimens, fecal samples, and samples of hay and pelleted feed, soil around feeding sites, and water from 2 natural ponds were collected for bacteriologic culture. RESULTS: Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from 14 of 116 (12%) deer; however, only 9 of 14 had lesions consistent with tuberculosis. Most commonly affected tissues included the medial retropharyngeal lymph node and lung. Five of 14 tuberculous deer had no gross lesions; however, M bovis was isolated from pooled tissue specimens from the heads of each of these deer. Bacteriologic culture of tonsillar swab specimens from 2 of the infected deer yielded M bovis. Mean (+/- SEM) age of tuberculous deer was 2.5 +/- 0.3 years (range, 0.5 to 6 years). Mycobacterium bovis was not isolated from feed, soil, water, or fecal samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Examination of hunter-killed white-tailed deer for tuberculosis commonly includes only the lymph nodes of the head. Results of such examinations may underestimate disease prevalence by as much as 57%. Such discrepancy should be considered when estimating disease prevalence.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Occurrence of Isospora suis in larger piglet production units and on specialized piglet rearing farms.

Mixed fecal samples of 264 litters from five piglet production farms (155-238 sows/farm) were investigated three times during the suckling period for the occurrence of Isospora suis over the period of 1 year. On all five farms Isopora suis was found to be a common endoparasite with infection rates being highest in litters of 3-4 weeks of age. By the end of the third investigation period the cumulative infection rate was 53.8% of the litters ranging from 20.0% to 81.5% for the single farms. During the suckling period the infection rate increased from 18.6% to 32.6% and then to 37.7%. Diarrhea was present in 66.3% of the sampled litters with the highest rates at the end of the suckling period. 63.4% of the litters which showed diarrhea and 34.8% of those without diarrhea excreted I. suis within the study period. Diarrhea was recorded for 78.2% of the I. suis-positive litters and for 52.5% of the Isospora-negative litters. In summer and fall the occurrence of I. suis was higher (66.3% and 61.0%, respectively) than in spring and winter (47.7% and 37.9%, respectively). In litters with diarrhea and pathogenic E. coli I. suis often occurred simultaneously. Above-average hygiene measures and mainly perforated pen floors seemed to lower the risk of isosporosis. With the exception of Strongyloides ransomi other parasites were not found in the fecal samples of suckling piglets. Two specialized piglet rearing farms, a conventional large-scale rearing unit and a farm managed according to the segregated early weaning (SEW) system were examined three times during the 6-7 week rearing period. In both units I. suis was common, but was not correlated with diarrhea. In the SEW unit the infection rates decreased from 37.5% to 20.2% and to 4.1%, while the infection rate in the conventional unit slightly increased from the first (17.2%) to the second (21.9%) investigation and stayed at this level at the third sampling.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of techniques for diagnosis of proliferative enteritis of swine.

In an abattoir-based case-control study, histologic, and macroscopic examination of porcine intestines at slaughter and 2 molecular assays were compared for use as diagnostic tests of proliferative enteritis (PE). Fecal samples and intestinal specimens were collected from pigs with grossly thick ileum and from clinically normal pigs at slaughter. Tissue specimens were fixed in neutral buffered 10% formalin, and sectioned. Sections stained with H&E were examined for proliferative lesions by a pathologist unaware of the group to which the pig had been assigned on the basis of results of gross examination. Adjacent tissue sections, stained with Warthin-Starry (silver) stain, were examined for presence of the intracellular bacterium of PE, ileal symbiont (IS)-intracellularis, in the enterocytes of the intestinal crypts by the senior author, who was unaware either of the group to which the pig had been assigned or diagnosis by the pathologist. Bacterial DNA was extracted from the fecal samples and assayed by dot-blot hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for presence of IS-intracellularis DNA, without knowledge of results of the other examinations. The PCR assay for IS-intracellularis was a specific and sensitive diagnostic test for PE, and dot-blot hybridization was sensitive, but was less specific. Macroscopic examination of intestines at slaughter was a sensitive, but not specific, test. Association between IS-intracellularis and proliferative lesions was statistically examined in the same study. There was a highly significant (P = 0.0078) association between presence of naturally acquired proliferative lesions and intracellular infection induced by IS-intracellularis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A relatively simple and rapid multi-component method for analysis of steroid profiles in blood, fecal and liver samples.

Various methods of steroid analysis were assessed using radiolabeled steroids and thin layer chromatography. Three reversed phase chromatography systems were evaluated for separation and recovery of steroids extracted from blood, liver tissue and feces. The use of different numbers of Sep-Pak C(18) cartridges for the purification of steroid extracts was examined and steroid recoveries were measured and compared. The results indicated that recoveries were best when 4-6 cartridges were used. Rapid and slow procedures of enzymatic hydrolysis and acidic solvolysis of steroid conjugates were compared. A new and relatively rapid method for analysis of steroid profiles in liver, blood and fecal samples was developed. Assessment of this method showed that steroid recoveries were improved compared to existing methods with percentage recoveries of 64.1-82.5 for liver samples, 55.2-75 for blood samples, and 65.1-76.3 for fecal samples.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2006

[Effect of probiotics and yogurt on colonic microflora in subjects with lactose intolerance].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of probiotics and yoghurt supplementation on colonic microflora in subjects with lactose intolerance (LI). METHODS: Eleven lactose intolerant volunteers determined by 25g lactose challenge test were recruited and given supplementation with Bifina capsule (with B. longum) and yogurt (with B. animalis, L. bulgaricus, S. thermophilus) for 14 days. The trial was divided into 3 phases: 7-day basal period, 14-day supplementation period and 7-day post-supplementation period. Two lactose challenge tests were performed 1 day before and 1 day after supplementation period respectively, and lactose intolerance symptoms were recorded with questionnaires. Five fecal samples were collected during the trial, and total bacteria and several main groups of bacteria in colon were analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The shift of Bifidobacterium species population in colon was analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). RESULTS: It was found that LI symptom was alleviated significantly after supplementation (P < 0.05). The amount of total bacteria and the main groups of bacteria (Bifidobacteria, Bacteroides-Prevotella, Eubacteria, Ruminccocc, et al.) was significantly increased during the supplementation period (P < 0.05). The amount of Bifidobacteria during post-supplementation period was significantly higher than that of basal period (P < 0.05), while the amount of other several groups of bacteria decreased. The result of DGGE showed that the extraneous Bifidobacteria species from Bifina capsule and yoghurt could be detected in fecal samples during supplementation period, however there was diversity between volunteers. CONCLUSION: It was suggested that extraneous Bifidobacteria in Bifina capsule and yogurt could resist the effect of gastric acid and bile salt, and survive in colon. Supplementation of probiotics and yogurt could influence the colonic bacteria, and increase the number of main groups of colonic microflora, especially for Bifidobacteria, which could play important role in alleviating LI symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Experimental establishment of persistent infection in swine with a zoonotic strain of Salmonella newport.

An experiment was conducted to determine whether a persistent Salmonella newport infection could be established in swine, to determine duration of shedding and distribution of the organism in internal organs, and to determine whether changes occurred in antimicrobial susceptibility or plasmid profile of the organism during the course of long-term infection. Naturally farrowed Salmonella-free pigs (n = 22) were orally exposed to a multiply antimicrobial-resistant zoonotic strain of S newport when they were 7 weeks old. Tonsillar and rectal swab specimens were examined bacteriologically for S newport during the first week after exposure, then weekly for 7 weeks. Fecal samples were likewise examined weekly or every 2 weeks for 28 weeks after exposure. Necropsies of 2 or 3 randomly selected pigs were conducted at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28 weeks after exposure. A total of 45 specimens/pig representing the following internal organs or tissues were examined bacteriologically for S newport: liver, spleen, kidney, gallbladder, heart, heart blood, lung, stomach, and tonsils; segments of the intestinal tract with corresponding lymph nodes; and lymph nodes from lymphocenters of the head and neck, thoracic cavity, thoracic limbs, abdominal viscera, and abdominal wall. Exposure to S newport induced a mild and transient clinical response. The organism was recovered from 97% of tonsillar swab specimens and 89% of rectal swab specimens collected during 7 weeks after exposure and from 98% of fecal samples collected during 28 weeks after exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Characterization and classification of virus particles associated with hepatitis A. III. Structural proteins.

Hepatitis A virus was purified from fecal samples collected at various times in the incubation period of patients with naturally acquired hepatitis A. The proteins of particles banding at around 1.34 g/ml in CsCl and sedimenting at about 160S were radioiodinated in vitro and separated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate and 8 M urea. Under these conditions, the capsid proteins resolved into four polypeptides with molecular weights of approximately 31,000, 24,500, 21,000, and 9,000, respectively. A fifth protein of about 40,000 daltons in size and assumed to be equivalent to the precursor polypeptide VP0 of the picornaviruses was present in particles sedimenting at only 150 to 155S and banding at around 1.33 g/ml in CsCl. The physicochemical characteristics of these particles are consistent with those of the provirion structures of picornaviruses. In several of the fecal samples, these particles represented a considerable fraction of all particles present. The significance of this finding with respect to the antigenicity of hepatitis A antigen extracted from stool specimens is discussed.

Capsid↗
PubMed1997

Morphological changes in the jejunum of calves naturally infected with Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp.

Giardiosis and cryptosporidiosis are frequently diagnosed in calves at the large animal clinic of the veterinary school. Few studies have been reported in the literature regarding pathogenesis of these two intestinal protozoa. The aims of this study were to follow the histological changes in the villi and crypts and the changes in the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes in the jejunum of naturally infected calves during the acute phase of infection. For this purpose, 29 calves aged between 7 and 10 days were bought at a local auction. The animals were housed in individual pens to avoid cross-contamination. Fecal samples were examined microscopically for the presence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts, three times per week for a period of 45 days. Six calves did not pass any cysts or oocysts and were used as controls. Fifteen calves passed Giardia cysts only, five passed both cysts and oocysts, and three passed oocysts only. The villus to crypt ratio index was 1.76 in the control group and 1.08 in the Giardia-infected group. In the Cryptosporidium-infected calves, the ratio was 1.18 and calves infected with both parasites had an index of 1.37. The number of intraepithelial lymphocytes per millimeter of jejunum tissue was 21 in the control group. This number was doubled in the calves infected with Giardia, but was slightly lower in the other infected groups. All of the infected calves had intermittent diarrhea and mucus was seen in many fecal samples.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Drug sensitivity of Enterococcus sp. strains isolated from clinical material or from healthy persons].

The aim of this study was to evaluate the drug susceptibility of Enterococcus sp. strains isolated in 2000-2001, from patients of five Warsaw's hospitals (154 strains) and from fecal samples of healthy persons (33 strains). On biochemical reaction profiles species of clinical enterococci were identified as: E. faecalis--66.2%, E. faecium--29.2%, E. hirae--1.9%, E. gallinarum--1.3%, E. casseliflavus--0.6% and E. avium--0.6%. The species of enterococci from stool's samples were identified as: E. faecalis--28 strains, E. durans--2 strains and single strains: E. faecium, E. gallinarum and E. casseliflavus. Susceptibility to 20 antibiotics was tested by disc diffusion method. None of these 187 enterococcal strains was vancomycin resistant; 3 strains of E. gallinarum and 1--E. casseliflavus demonstrated intermediately susceptibility to vancomycin, but they were susceptible to teicoplanin--phenotype Van C. Among clinical strains were resistant to penicillin--33.3% of E. faecalis and 100% of E. faecium, to ampicillin--over 80% of E. faecium and 1 strain of E. faecalis. None of these strains produced beta-lactamase. High-level resistance to aminoglicoside was expressed by 48 strains (47.1%) E. faecalis and 36 (80%) E. faecium isolated from clinical specimens. Both--HLR to streptomycin and gentamycin were found in 28.3% of E. faecalis and 68.9% of E. faecium. Among 33 strains isolated from fecal samples of healthy persons--3 of E. faecalis were resistant to streptomycin and one was resistant to both gentamicin and streptomycin. In general, enterococcal strains isolated from samples of healthy persons were susceptible to the most of used antibiotics. But to rifampicin none of these strains were susceptible. There were about 40% of E. faecalis strains isolated from healthy persons, resistant to tetracyline.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2000

Analysis of intestinal flora development in breast-fed and formula-fed infants by using molecular identification and detection methods.

BACKGROUND: An obvious difference between breast-fed and formula-fed newborn infants is the development of the intestinal flora, considered to be of importance for protection against harmful micro-organisms and for the maturation of the intestinal immune system. In this study, novel molecular identification methods were used to verify the data obtained by traditional culture methods and to validate the culture independent fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique. METHODS: From each of six breast-fed and six formula-fed newborn infants, six fecal samples were obtained during the first 20 days of life. The microbial compositions of the samples were analyzed by culturing on specific media and by FISH, by using specific 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. The colonies growing on the media were identified by random amplified polymorphic DNA pattern analysis and by polymerase chain reaction amplification and subsequent analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. RESULTS: Molecular identification of the colonies showed that the selective media are insufficiently selective and unsuitable for quantitative analyses. Qualitative information from the culturing results combined with the data obtained by the FISH technique revealed initial colonization in all infants of a complex (adult-like) flora. After this initial colonization, a selection of bacterial strains began in all infants, in which Bifidobacterium strains played an important role. In all breast-fed infants, bifidobacteria become dominant, whereas in most formula-fed infants similar amounts of Bacteroides and bifidobacteria (approximately 40%) were found. The minor components of the fecal samples from breast-fed infants were mainly lactobacilli and streptococci; samples from formula-fed infants often contained staphylococci, Escherichia coli, and clostridia. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the differences in development of intestinal flora between breast-fed and formula-fed infants. The results obtained from the FISH technique were consistent. Although the repertoire of probes for this study was not yet complete, the FISH technique will probably become the method of reference for future studies designed to develop breast-fed-like intestinal flora in formula-fed infants.

Bacteroides↗
PubMed1998

Occurrence of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 on Dutch dairy farms.

During the period from September 1996 through November 1996, 10 Dutch dairy farms were visited to collect fecal samples from all cattle present. The samples were examined for the presence of verocytotoxin (VT)-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) of serogroup O157 (O157 VTEC) by immunomagnetic separation following selective enrichment. Cattle on 7 of the 10 dairy farms tested positive for O157 VTEC, with the proportion of cattle infected varying from 0.8 to 22.4%. On the seven farms positive for O157 VTEC, the excretion rate was highest in calves ages 4 to 12 months (21.2%). In a follow-up study, two O157 VTEC-positive farms and two O157 VTEC-negative farms identified in the prevalence study were revisited five times at intervals of approximately 3 months. Cattle on each farm tested positive at least once. The proportion of cattle infected varied from 0 to 61.0%. Excretion rates peaked in summer and were lowest in winter. Again, the highest prevalence was observed in calves ages 4 to 12 months (11.8%). O157 VTEC strains were also isolated from fecal samples from horses, ponies, and sheep and from milk filters and stable flies. O157 VTEC isolates were characterized by VT production and type, the presence of the E. coli attaching-and-effacing gene, phage type, and pulsed-field gel electrophoretic genotype. No overlapping strain types were identified among isolates from different farms except one. The predominance of a single type at each sampling suggests that horizontal transmission is an important factor in dissemination of O157 VTEC within a farm. The presence of more than one strain type, both simultaneously and over time, suggests that there was more than one source of O157 VTEC on the farms. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that the O157 VTEC status of a farm cannot be ascertained from a single visit testing a small number of cattle.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

[Evaluation of immunochromatography-based rapid detection kit for fecal Escherichia coli O157].

"Quix" is an immunochromatography-based direct detection kit for the E. coli O157 LPS antigen in the patient's stool. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the kit for rapid diagnosis of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157 infection. Sensitivity of the kit was determined using a pure culture of a clinical isolate of E. coli O157. Analytical sensitivity was found to be 5 x 10(5) CFU/ml. When compared with the culture method using fecal samples of 64 patients and with bloody diarrhea, sensitivity and specificity were 95.0% (19/20) and 86.4% (38/44), respectively, and overall agreement to culture method was 89.1% (57/64). One patient was found positive by culture method while negative in the present method, where the sample contained a low number of the cells less than the detection limit. Four of the six patients with a negative result by culture method and positive in the present method, were confirmed E. coli O157 infection by positive IgM antibody response against the E. coli O157 LPS. The discrepancy between the two methods seemed to be attributable to antibiotic administration. In one patient, Salmonella urbana (O30(1)30(2)) was detected. The O30(1) antigen of this bacterium is well known to be identical to the E. coli O157 antigen. When the present method was compared with an ELISA-based E. coli O157 LPS antigen detection kit, sensitivity and specificity were 100% (11/11) and 82.1% (23/28), and overall agreement to ELISA method was 87.2% (34/39). From these findings, Quix is useful as a rapid diagnostic kit in the primary clinics, outpatient or bedside use. E. coli O157 LPS antigen in patient's fecal samples can be detected in about five minutes with this simple procedure. Early diagnosis using such a simple kit will largely contribute for the early treatment and prevention of severe complications of the E. coli O157 infection.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1975

Sarcocystis fusiformis infection in the coyote (Canis latrans).

Of 150 fecal samples from coyotes from northern Utah and southern Idaho, 21 contained coccidian sporocysts. These were found singly, contained four sporozoites and a granular residuum, and averaged 16.9 x 10.9 mum in size. None of four lambs inoculated with these sporocysts showed clinical signs of disease, and no parasites were found in their tissues. One calf inoculated with 135,000 sporocysts and another inoculated with 720,000 sporocysts eventually became unable to rise from recumbency. One was killed after 43 days; the other died at 50 days. Both calves had a mild mononuclear cell infiltration into the connective tissue adjacent to vessels in the heart, other striated muscles, kidney, and liver, and a moderate lymphoid hyperplasia in the spleen and lymph nodes. Schizonts were observed in a lymph node, and young sarcocysts were observed in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Four coyotes fed bovine heart infected with Sarcocystis passed sporulated sporocysts in their feces that were indistinguishable from those in the fecal samples from Utah and Idaho.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Occurrence of Salmonella in healthy snakes and snake cadavers- isolation of a new Salmonella species belonging to the sub-genus IV (S. IV 18:Z36, Z38:-) (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)].

Forty-seven isolation attempts performed with 20 fecal samples of exotic snakes yielded 27 Salmonella species belonging to the sub-genus I-IV. The majority of isolates (78.7%), however, was identified as sub-genus III (Arizona). The snakes under study were hold captured for less than one year (one part) or for longer than one year. Bacteriological investigations of the 7 snakes studied, repeated 7 to 21 months thereafter, revealed uniformly other Salmonella species in comparison to those found at primary examination. Necropsy investigations were performed with materials from 3 snakes. One Salmonella species (Arizona) was isolated from the colon of one snake presenting with massive necrotic enteritis. The results with blood, bile and other colon sections were negative. Several Salmonella species were found in the colon of two other snakes presenting with infiltrative and necrotic changes in the organs, but without any pathologic finding in the intestinal tract. A new Salmonella species belonging to the sub-genus IV (S. IV 18:Z36, Z38:-) was recovered from fecal sample of a Black Mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis) and another Cascabel snake (Crotalus durissus terrificus).

Animals↗