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PubMed1987

Human albumin genetic variants: an attempt at a classification of European allotypes.

The relative mobility of albumin and proalbumin genetic variants was estimated by means of cellulose acetate electrophoresis performed with three buffer systems at different pH (8.6, 5.0, and 6.9) after addition of a reference protein and dilution of sera. Numerous experiments using samples of reference variants corroborated the accuracy and reproducibility of this technique. The estimation of the variants' relative mobility at three pH allowed us to distinguish three fast-moving variants (Gent, Vanves, and Reading) and five slow-moving variants (Sondrio, Roma, Christchurch, Lille, and B) in the French population. The frequency of alloalbuminemia in this population is .0004 and is characterized by the high occurrence of albumin B and of the two proalbumin variants, Christchurch and Lille. In order to classify the variants of European origin, the methodology that we developed, owing to its more resolutive possibilities, should be employed as a first step in their identification until establishment of a structural nomenclature making mention of the amino acid substitution characterizing each variant.

Albumins↗
PubMed2004

Nephrology nursing: blurring the boundaries: the reality of expert practice.

BACKGROUND: Expertise in nursing has been widely studied; there have been no previous studies into what constitute expertise in nephrology (renal) nursing. This paper describes a 'real-world' characteristic of expert nephrology nursing practice. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This paper, which is abstracted from a larger study into the acquisition and exercise of nephrology nursing expertise, aims to explore the concept blurring the boundaries. DESIGN: The study utilized grounded theory methodology and symbolic interactionism. METHODS: The study took place in one renal unit in New South Wales. Sampling was purposive then theoretical; the sample consisting of six non-expert and eleven expert nurses. Simultaneous data collection and analysis using participant observation, review of nursing documentation and semi-structured interviews was undertaken. RESULTS: The study revealed that only expert nephrology nurses 'blurred the boundaries' of professional nursing practice. They did this by moving intermittently and purposefully, for the benefit of particular patients, into medical domains in the areas of prescribing, dispensing and ordering of pathology tests. Non-expert nurses did not cross these professional boundaries. CONCLUSIONS: Blurring the boundaries was a significant feature of expert nursing practice, and this study was the first to describe explicitly nursing boundaries as two distinct entities; that is, formal and informal. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: There are some nephrology nurses who have sufficient knowledge and experience to prescribe some medications and to order certain investigations.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1996

A 5-year (1990-1994) neuroblastoma screening feasibility study in France. Methodology and preliminary observations.

INTRODUCTION: Following the pioneering Japanese experience, several European and North American groups implemented pilot studies on screening infants for neuroblastoma, considering the possibility of demonstrating a decrease in mortality rate. In France, a 5-year (1990-1994) feasibility study on neuroblastoma screening at the age of 4 months was initiated in the Rhône district (1.5 M inhabitants, 26,000 births per year). METHODS: Vanillylmandelic (VMA) and homovanillic (HVA) acids were measured by HPLC, and creatinine (Cr) by the Jaffé's kinetic method on Technicon RA-XT. VMA and HVA were expressed as microgram/mg of Cr. The method was assessed with both a daily intra-laboratory control and a sample of urine obtained from a national quality control organism. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The overall participation rate for the 5-year period was 82.2%. Out of 105,293 infants tested from 128,126 births, 12 NB cases were discovered with screening (screened cases) and 1 case was discovered with a late performed test (at 13 months of age). Six neuroblastomas were found clinically before the age of 4 m. Two cases were missed because the parents did not perform the test. Three children with normal tests at screening were false-negative cases: two of them were found secreting at diagnosis, while one remained non-secretory at diagnosis and later on. Otherwise, thirty-five false-positive tests were found. Biochemical observations are discussed. It is too early to reach clinical conclusions from this screening program on neuroblastomas as it is presently being followed up.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1993

Relating alcohol-induced performance deficits to mental capacity: a suggested methodology.

Performance tests are generally more reliable and more easily administered than on-the-job measures of performance, and in this way are preferable for studying the adverse consequences of environmental stressors. However, a linkage or context would be useful in interpretation of these laboratory measures. This paper reports findings with two indexing methods using multiple regression. In the first study, we illustrate "dose equivalency" where deficits on microcomputer performance tests were related to graded dosages of alcohol, and prediction equations of blood alcohol level were established. In the second experiment, "surrogate criteria" are demonstrated where cognitive mental tests of military aptitude, known to be predictive of operational performances, were administered to a sample who were tested repeatedly on the same microcomputer performance test. Multiple regression analyses of the computerized tests with the amplitude tests were significant (p < 0.01) and ranged from R = 0.50 to 0.94. Finally, the loss in performance owing to alcohol was indexed to loss on the microcomputer tests through the relationship of the tests to the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB). Since the latter is strongly predictive of all forms of military operational performance, we suggest that alcohol-related losses in microcomputer performance test scores can serve as a useful intermediary, permitting meaningful linkage to these real-world performances.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Adolescent sexuality in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

OBJECTIVES: To describe adolescent knowledge, attitudes and behavior relevant to sexuality and the prevention of AIDS in Saint Petersburg, Russia. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was designed, taking a random sample of 10th grade students at 14 Saint Petersburg grade schools, which were stratified by socio-economic district. A total of 185 female and 185 male students completed a self-administered 46-item questionnaire, with a response rate of 94%. RESULTS: From the questionnaires, 20% of females and 31% of males reported having had sexual intercourse and 25% of females and 12% of males reported being sexually abused. These adolescents displayed much misinformation about sexual matters and AIDS prevention. Only 25% of the females and 34% of the males believed that condoms should be used just once, and 38% of each sex believed that if washed, they could be used multiple times. Many respondents, especially males, rated their knowledge about sexual matters as high or adequate. Support for sex education was strong, especially among females, and respondents generally saw sex education as improving sexual pleasure. Most information sources about sexual activity were either not considered very credible, or not adequately accessible. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial reported rates of sexual abuse, sexual experience and much misinformation and unwarranted attitudes toward condoms, safer sexual practices and HIV/AIDS suggest the need for vigorous sex education programs for Russian youth. The early and sustained education of girls is especially important. Sex education should be introduced at an early age so that children can be taught how to reduce the risks of sexual abuse, HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases, and to improve their sexual experiences as responsible adults.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Reconstruction of Indian life tables for 1901-1981 and projections for 1981-2001.

"An attempt has been made to reconstruct life tables for India from 1901-11 to 1971-81 and to project for the decades 1981-91 and 1991-2001 by adopting a Brass relational model. The earlier actuarial life tables seem to have been based on a British model of sex differentials in mortality leading to higher life expectancies for females--not in tune with Indian experience. Consistency has been attained in this study by taking recourse to mortality patterns obtained from the Sample Registration System."

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

On the conduct of homelessness research: lessons from a qualitative study of women diagnosed with chronic mental illness.

This article presents a summary of the author's study of the lived experiences of homeless women diagnosed with chronic mental illness. Strategies found to be effective in the conduct of the study are highlighted. Issues and problems related to population access, sampling, data generation, and difficult situations in the field are discussed with proposed solutions. The resolution of nurse helper/nurse researcher role conflicts is addressed.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed2006

Investigations on safety of hyperthermic intraoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) with Mitomycin C.

AIMS: Previous safety monitoring of hyperthermic intraoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) with Mitomycin C (MMC) did not demonstrate any detectable safety hazard to the personnel. Nevertheless, those results have been discussed controversially because of the methodological problems employed in the evaluation of potential exposure. We re-evaluated possible safety hazards of HIPEC by applying different monitoring strategies. METHODS: We monitored air samples in the operation room during HIPEC. In addition, we measured MMC in plasma of the surgeon with a newly developed analytical method. All samples were analysed by HPLC-UV at 360nm. The permeability of the gloves was tested using two in vitro techniques: diffusion cells and a glass cell chamber. In-use and worst-case exposure scenarios were imitated for in vitro experiments. RESULTS: The analysis of the air samples (n=3) could not detect any MMC. We found no drug above the limit of detection (1microg MMC/L) in the plasma samples of the surgeons (n=5). A breakthrough of latex glove material was detected in only one (worst-case exposure scenario) of 40 diffusion cell experiments. CONCLUSIONS: Established methods of safety monitoring could not reveal any detectable risk on in-use exposure conditions. The wearing of doubled latex gloves should prevent the surgeon from dermal exposure to MMC during HIPEC.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2005

Reactivation of a commercial diesel oxidation catalyst by acid washing.

The catalytic activity of samples taken from an oxidation catalyst mounted on diesel-driven automobiles and aged under road conditions was recovered to a significant extent by washing with a dilute solution of citric acid. The characterization of samples arising from a fresh, a vehicle-aged, and a regenerated catalyst was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Relatively high levels of S and P, in the form of aluminum sulfate and phosphate, respectively, together with contaminant Si were detected in the used catalyst. Washing of the vehicle-aged catalytic oxidation converter revealed high efficiency in the extraction of the main contaminants detected (S and P) by this nondestructive methodology. The results of the experiments reported here should encourage the development of a technology based on this reactivation procedure for the rejuvenation of the catalytic device mounted on diesel exhaust pipes.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed2001

Inactivation of root canal medicaments by dentine, hydroxylapatite and bovine serum albumin.

AIM: This study examined and compared the inhibition of the antibacterial effect of saturated calcium hydroxide solution, chlorhexidine acetate and iodine potassium iodide by dentine, hydroxylapatite and bovine serum albumin. METHODOLOGY: Enterococcus faecalis strain A197A prepared to a suspension of 3 x 10(8) cells per ml in 0.5% peptone water was used. Fifty microL of saturated calcium hydroxide solution, 0.05% chlorhexidine acetate or 0.2/0.4% iodine potassium iodide were incubated at 37 degrees C with 28 mg dentine powder (DP), hydroxylapatite (HA) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) in 50 microL water for 1 h before adding 50 microL of the bacterial suspension. Samples for bacterial culturing were taken from the suspension 1 and 24 h after adding the bacteria. In further experiments, the amount of dentine was stepwise reduced from 28 mg 150 microL-1 to 2.8 mg 150 microL-1. RESULTS: Calcium hydroxide was totally inactivated by the presence of 28 mg of DP, HA or BSA. Chlorhexidine (0.05%) was strongly inhibited by BSA and slowed down by dentine. However, HA had little or no inhibitory effect on chlorhexidine. The antibacterial effect of 0.2/0.4% iodine potassium iodide on E. faecalis was totally inhibited by dentine (28 mg), but was practically unaffected by HA or BSA. A stepwise reduction of dentine from 28 mg 150 microL-1 to 2.8 mg 150 microL-1 was followed by a similar reduction of the inhibition of the antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine. Iodine potassium iodide was not inhibited at all with dentine amounts less than 28 mg. However, the effect of saturated calcium hydroxide solution was totally eliminated by dentine, in all four concentrations. CONCLUSION: Inhibition by dentine of the antibacterial activity of calcium hydroxide, chlorhexidine and iodine potassium iodide occurs by different mechanisms. Different components of dentine may be responsible for the inhibition of these three medicaments. Calcium hydroxide was particularly sensitive to inhibition by both inorganic and organic compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Mild hypoxia disrupts recollection, not familiarity.

Yonelinas et al. (2002) found that hypoxic patients exhibited deficits in recollection that left familiarity relatively unaffected. In contrast, Manns, Hopkins, Reed, Kitchener, and Squire (2003) studied a group of hypoxic patients who suffered severe and equivalent deficits in recollection and familiarity. We reexamine those studies and argue that the discrepancy in results is likely due to differences in the hypoxic groups that were tested (i.e., differences in amnestic severity, subject sampling methods, and patient etiology). Yonelinas et al. examined memory in 56 cardiac arrest patients who suffered a brief hypoxic event, whereas Manns et al. examined a group of severely amnesic patients that consisted of 2 cardiac arrest patients, 2 heroin overdose patients, 1 carbon monoxide poisoning patient, and 2 patients with unknown etiologies. We also consider an alternative explanation proposed by Wixted and Squire (2004), who argued that the two patient groups suffered similar deficits, but that statistical or methodological artifacts distorted the results of each of Yonelinas et al.'s experiments. A consideration of those results, however, indicates that such an explanation does not account for the existing data. All of the existing evidence indicates that recollection, but not familiarity, is disrupted in mild hypoxic patients. In more severe cases of hypoxia, or those with more complex etiologies such as heroin overdose, more profound deficits may be observed.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An evaluation of the contribution of critical care outreach to the clinical management of the critically ill ward patient in two acute NHS trusts.

This paper reports on an evaluation of the role and contribution of outreach in the management of the critically ill ward patient using Stake's Responsive Model (Stake, 1975) and case study methodology (Simons, 1980). Twenty cases were examined, purposefully sampling all staff involved in the case identified by an initial interview with the outreach nurse. In total, 80 interviews were carried out, 20 with the outreach nurses and 54 with other members of health care teams involved in the cases, and six further targeted in-depth interviews with senior anaesthetic and nursing staff. The outreach contribution which emerged from the data analysis consisted of four core categories: action (getting things done, getting decisions made and following through), focus and vision (concentrating on one patient and having a vision of what action was needed to meet their care needs), orchestration (a communication and co-ordinating role) and expertise (bringing critical care skills and experience to the bedside). These categories were validated and developed in the six in-depth interviews. Three themes emerged from the data describing aspects of the acute care context in which outreach operates. The interviews revealed a battleweary workforce overwhelmed by the complex and increased demands of the critically ill ward patient. The medical and nursing teams at the bedside are inexperienced and often unsupported by senior clinical decision-makers. This is dealt with by 'passing the buck' creating gaps and delays in care management which are the problems addressed by the outreach contribution. Outreach may solve problems for the critically ill ward patient, but the underlying causes remain poorly understood.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1991

Quantification of apolipoprotein D in human urine by zone immunoelectrophoresis assay: a methodological and clinical study.

A zone immunoelectrophoresis assay (ZIA) has been developed for the quantification of apolipoprotein D (apo D) in unconcentrated native human urine. A standard curve, linear between 1 and 8 mg apo D/l was obtained with ZIA. The relative coefficients of variation for this method were 5-9% (n = 15 x 6) with a mean +/- SD of 7 +/- 1.4% and below 11% (n = 6 x 15) for within-run and between-run reproducibility, respectively. Equal amounts of apo D in unconcentrated and diluted urines, in serum and of the purified protein produced the same zone migration distances indicating parallelism between the immunologic reactions of apo D in different sample matrixes. Storage experiments with normal urines demonstrated good stability of apo D in both acidic and alkalinized urine over at least 2 days at +5 degrees C and during several days at -20 degrees C to -40 degrees C. Using ZIA, urine samples from 50 normal healthy men aged 23-65 years were analyzed for apo D. Mean and SD were: 2.8 +/- 2.1 mg/l, 2.6 +/- 1.8 micrograms/min and 0.24 +/- 0.13 mg/mmol for concentration, rate of excretion and mass/creatinine concentration, respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Quantitative proteomics to study mitogen-activated protein kinases.

In the last several years, the impact of mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics on cell signaling research has increased dramatically. This development has been driven both by better instrumentation and by the progression of proteomics from mainly qualitative measurements towards quantitative analyses. In this regard, Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC) has established itself as one of the most popular and useful quantitative proteomic methodologies to study signaling networks. SILAC relies on the metabolic incorporation of non-radioactive heavy isotopes in the whole proteome of desired cell line, making all proteins from these cells easily distinguishable in the mass spectrometers from the proteins originating from control cells. The procedure does not involve any chemical derivatization steps and, importantly, allows mixing of the two cell populations for combined additional sample manipulation, thus leading to highly reliable results with minimal errors. In this chapter, we describe in detail the SILAC labeling procedure and explain how to design SILAC experiments to examine the level and duration of phosphorylation of endogenous MAP kinases and their substrates in cell culture systems.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1995

Los Angeles County after the 1992 civil disturbances: degree of exposure and impact on mental health.

The impact of the 1992 Los Angeles (L.A.) civil disturbances on psychosocial functioning was assessed as part of a larger project investigating the views and attitudes of residents in L.A. County. Random digit dialing methodology identified a household probability sample of 1,200 adults (age 18 or older) from L.A. County. Respondents completed a telephone interview 6 to 8 months after the disturbances. Respondents' degree of exposure to the disturbances, mental health impact of the disturbances, and mental health effects of chronic versus acute exposure to violence were assessed. Consistent with hypotheses, the impact of the disturbances was the worst in the South Central communities. Higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; both diagnostic level and subclinical symptomatology) were found among respondents who reported disturbance-related experiences. Exposure to an acute event (i.e., the disturbances) was predictive of current PTSD symptomatology after controlling for demographics, lifetime trauma, and other types of stressful events.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Clinical supervision: insider reports of a private world.

An exploratory study, funded by the Department of Health, London and the Scottish Home and Health Department, Edinburgh, was conducted over an 18-month period to provide an informed view on possible assessment tools that could be used to assess the impact of clinical supervision (CS) in nursing and to report on the CS activities in 23 selected sites in England and Scotland. The study not only examined the utility of several standardized research instruments, to be reported separately, but also explored the experience of a small sub-sample of nurses (n = 34) engaged in CS, as supervisors and supervisees. Interviews were undertaken to help better understand some of the issues involved around the domains of structure, process and outcome. Respondents reported an enthusiasm for the opportunity to talk meaningfully to a trusted colleague about their personal circumstances at work. Such opportunities were particularly welcomed by nurses who wished to reflect upon their own practice with patients, especially when dealing with their clinical conditions which were upsetting, or otherwise challenging, and sometimes harrowing. Substantive and methodological areas of interest for future research are suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Research experience in an undergraduate physical therapy program.

For the past five years, two required courses in research methodology have been presented to physical therapy students during their senior year. The overall objective was to prepare students to use the scientific method in their approach to physical therapy practice. The content of the first course included didactic instruction on the research process with emphasis on reading and interpreting the medical and scientific literature. In conjunction with this experience, students developed research proposals. During the second course, students gathered data, analyzed and synthesized results, and prepared a complete research paper. To date 67 projects have been completed. Reactions to this learning experience and samples of abstracts written by students are presented.

Boston↗