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PubMed2004

The risk of adverse reproductive and developmental disorders due to occupational pesticide exposure: an overview of current epidemiological evidence.

The epidemiological studies presented in this paper refer to the association between agricultural occupation of parents and the incidence of infertility, congenital malformations, miscarriage, low birthweight, small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth, preterm delivery and stillbirth. The results of the analyses showed that employment in agriculture increases the risk of specific morphological abnormalities in sperm, including the decreased sperm count per ejaculate and declined percentage of viable sperm. In general, no effect of exposure to pesticides on sexual hormones was observed. The data on the effect of employment in agriculture on the time to pregnancy are unequivocal, but most of them suggest that there is a relationship between the decreased fecundability ratio and pesticide exposure. Nor does the research on the sex ratio of offspring provide explicit results. The analyses indicate that parental employment in agriculture could increase the risk of congenital malformations in the offsprings, particularly such as orofacial cleft, birthmarks in the form of hemangioma as well as musculoskeletal and nervous system defects. The data on the effect of occupational exposure to pesticides on birthweight are inconsistent. Although most of epidemiological studies do not reveal a significantly increased risk of SGA, a slower pace of fetal development corresponding to SGA in the population of women exposed to pyrethroids has been recently reported. There are also some indications that exposure to pesticides may contribute to stillbirth and female infertility. The literature review suggests a great need to increase awareness of workers who are occupationally exposed to pesticides about their potential negative influence on fertility and pregnancy outcome. In the light of existing although still limited evidence of adverse effects of pesticide exposure on fertility during the preconceptual period, it is necessary to reduce the exposure to pesticides.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed1991

Use of medication in pervasive developmental disorders.

Medication does not cure PDD, and its use is generally not indicated. However, neuroleptics like haloperidol or trifluoperazine can be useful in the management of behavioral problems. The most common adverse reaction to their use is extrapyramidal effects. However, if one increases the dose gradually and keeps the total daily dose low, the incidence of extrapyramidal effects is likely to remain quite low. A number of drugs that have been used with PDD children and their effectiveness are reviewed. Guidelines for selecting and using an optimal medication for a given patient are also presented. The need to exercise caution in the use of chemicals with severely dysfunctional children, the etiology of whose pathology continues to remain elusive, is stressed.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1991

[Methods for the prevention of psychologic developmental disorders within the scope of early childhood education--experiences in an American parent-child center].

Preventive methods for the work with children and parents are presented by the example of a mental health prevention center, where the early development of children is carefully attended on the basis of psychoanalysis and own movement studies. Besides a child-centered setting and multifarious ways of fostering the child's creative expression the emphasis is laid on methods helping to mediate between parents and child in everyday life, as well as methods supporting the child's ego to enable it to cope with future traumatic events.

Child Behavior Disorders↗